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11. Efficient Battery Cell Balancing Methods for Low-Voltage Applications: A Review

Author

Abdul-jabbar, Thealfaqar A., Kersten, Anton, Mashayekh, Ali, Obed, Adel A., Abid, Ahmed J., and Kuder, Manuel

Subjects
Battery management system, Battery protection, Battery balancing, Cell equalizer, Low voltage application
Abstract

Battery balancing technologies are a crucial mechanism for the safe operation of electrochemical energy storage systems, such as lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, balancing between battery cells is essential for battery systems' life. Without any balancing circuitry, individual cell voltages can reach their maximum/minimum battery voltage limit faster than others, posing safety hazards. Furthermore, battery capacity reduction can occur when overcharging/over-discharging individual cells. So far, many balancing methodologies have been proposed and discussed in available literature. This paper presents a review of different state-of-the-art cell balancing methods suitable for low voltage applications. The required control complexity, switch stress, balancing speed, cost and circuit size are considered as key aspects. Typically, cell bypass techniques, such as passive balancing, have the lowest cost and require no complex control strategies. In contrast, cell-to-cell balancing techniques can significantly increase the energy efficiency compared to cell bypass balancers, but these come with higher system costs and control complexity.

Published
2022

13. Capacitor Voltage Balancing of a Grid-Tied, Cascaded Multilevel Converter with Binary Asymmetric Voltage Levels Using an Optimal One-Step-Ahead Switching-State Combination Approach

Author

Kuder, Manuel, primary, Kersten, Anton, additional, Marques-Lopez, Jose-Luis, additional, Estaller, Julian, additional, Buberger, Johannes, additional, Schwitzgebel, Florian, additional, Thiringer, Torbjörn, additional, Lesnicar, Anton, additional, Marquardt, Rainer, additional, Weyh, Thomas, additional, and Eckerle, Richard, additional

Published
2022
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16. Battery Emulation for Battery Modular Multilevel Management (BM3) Converters and Reconfigurable Batteries with Series, Parallel and Bypass Function

Author

Hogerl, Tobias, primary, Buberger, Johannes, additional, Schwitzgebel, Florian, additional, Obkricher, Lukas, additional, Estaller, Julian, additional, Hohenegger, Michael, additional, Kersten, Anton, additional, Kuder, Manuel, additional, Eckerle, Richard, additional, and Weyh, Thomas, additional

Published
2021
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24. Analysis and Estimation of the Maximum Switch Current During Battery System Reconfiguration.

Author

Han, Weiji, Kersten, Anton, Zou, Changfu, Wik, Torsten, Huang, Xiaoliang, and Dong, Guangzhong

Subjects
*ENERGY consumption, *ENERGY storage, *BATTERY storage plants
Abstract

Batteries are interconnected in series and/or parallel to meet wide-range power or energy demands in various industrial applications. To pursue the benefits of multiple connection structures in one system, reconfigurable battery systems (RBSs) have recently emerged for safe and efficient operation, extended energy storage, delivery, etc. Switches are the essential elements to enable the battery system reconfiguration, but selecting appropriate switches for RBS designs has not been systematically investigated. To bridge this gap, analytical expressions are derived in this article to estimate the maximum switch current and its upper limit to facilitate the selection of RBS switches. An RBS prototype based on H-bridges is set up and experimental results verify the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed estimation method. These analytical expressions, relying only on resistances of batteries and switches, are readily applicable to practical RBS design and much more efficient than conducting numerous circuit experiments, simulation tests, or circuit analyses, especially for large-scale systems. Moreover, the analysis framework and estimation method proposed for series–parallel mutual conversion can be adaptively extended to other complex system reconfigurations to facilitate various RBS designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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