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21. The scale of dirham imports to the Baltic in the ninth century: new evidence from archaeometric analyses of early Viking-Age silver

Author

Kershaw, J, Merkel, SW, Oravisjärvi, J, Kooijman, E, Kielman-Schmitt, M, and Earth Sciences

Subjects
Lead isotopes, History and Archaeology, Silver, Gotland, Viking-Age, Dirhams, Historia och arkeologi
Abstract

We present a high precision, minimally-destructive geochemical (lead isotope and trace element) analysis of nine cast silver items from early Viking-Age hoards from the Baltic. Comparing the data to a large reference dataset comprising Islamic dirhams and ninth-century Western European silver, we find that the artefacts were cast chiefly from recycled Islamic silver. Isotopic modelling reveals, further, that the Islamic silver derives from a stock that entered the central Baltic in the first half of the ninth century. This period has traditionally been characterised as one of low-level dirham import, before the escalation of the dirham trade from c. AD 860/70. Our results suggest instead that dirhams entered the central Baltic in significant numbers before c. 850, but were routinely melted down for casting into artefacts. This has two important implications. First, it suggests that the early ninth-century Baltic economy was more closely coupled to Eurasian trade networks than current appreciated. Second, it calls into question the reliance on extant dirhams as a guide to Scandinavia’s engagement in long-distance trade routes.

Published
2021

24. 'Non-invasive' portable laser ablation sampling for lead isotope analysis of archaeological silver: A comparison with bulk and In situ laser ablation techniques

Author

Merkel, S. W., D'Imporzano, P., Van Zuilen, K., Kershaw, J., Davies, G. R., Merkel, S. W., D'Imporzano, P., Van Zuilen, K., Kershaw, J., and Davies, G. R.

Abstract

The main factor restricting lead isotope analysis of metals from museum collections is the requirement for physical material. Hence, there are major incentives for developing minimally invasive methods for lead isotope analysis that are accurate and precise enough to reveal historical information about artefacts and their origin. Portable laser ablation (pLA), collecting microscopic samples on Teflon filters, has four key benefits. It produces no visual impact to the artefacts, does not require transport of artefacts to laboratory facilities, there are no artefact size restrictions, and samples are processed under clean laboratory conditions allowing Pb purification prior to measurement by solution MC-ICPMS. To validate the efficacy of the pLA technique on silver, nine matrixed-matched commercial, in-house and archaeological reference materials were sampled and analysed multiple times (9-10). The pLA mean analyses (±2SD) were all consistent with inter-laboratory bulk analyses. The digestion of sample filters produces precisions that are consistently more than five-times better than in situ nsLA-MC-ICPMS and are the same order of magnitude expected for bulk samples processed in different laboratories. This journal is

Published
2022
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29. Quantitative Measurement of Diffusion-weighted Imaging Signal Using Expression-controlled Aquaporin-4 Cells: Comparative Study of 2-compartment and Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging Models

Author

Imaizumi A, Kershaw J, Yoichiro Abe, Obata T, Masato Yasui, Sayaka Shibata, Tachibana Y, Higashi T, Ichio Aoki, and Nitta N

Subjects
Cell membrane, Nuclear magnetic resonance, medicine.anatomical_structure, Aquaporin 4, Chemistry, Permeability (electromagnetism), medicine, Kurtosis, Diffusion (business), Compartment (pharmacokinetics), Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging, Diffusion MRI
Abstract

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare parameter estimates for the 2-compartment (2Comp) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKm) models obtained from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression-controlled cells, and to look for biomarkers that indicate differences in the cell membrane water permeability.MethodsDWI was performed on AQP4-expressing and non-expressing cells and the signal was analyzed with the 2Comp and DKm models. For the 2Comp model, the diffusion coefficients (Df, Ds) and volume fractions (Ff, Fs, Ff=1-Fs) of the fast and slow compartments were estimated. For the DKm model, estimates of the diffusion kurtosis (K) and corrected diffusion coefficient (D) were obtained.ResultsFor the 2Comp model, Ds and Fs showed clear differences between AQP4-expressing and non-expressing cells. Fs was also sensitive to cell density. There was no clear relationship with the cell type for the DKm parameters.ConclusionsChanges to cell membrane water permeability due to AQP4 expression affected DWI of cell suspensions. For the 2Comp and DKm models, Ds was the parameter most sensitive to differences in AQP4 expression.

Published
2021
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30. White matter changes following experimental pediatric traumatic brain injury: an advanced diffusion-weighted imaging investigation

Author

Zamani, A, O'Brien, TJ, Kershaw, J, Johnston, LA, Semple, BD, Wright, DK, Zamani, A, O'Brien, TJ, Kershaw, J, Johnston, LA, Semple, BD, and Wright, DK

Abstract

Pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI) is a major community health concern. Due to ongoing maturation, injury to the brain at a young age can have devastating consequences in later life. However, how pTBI affects brain development, including white matter maturation, is still poorly understood. Here, we used advanced diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) to assess chronic white matter changes after experimental pTBI. Mice at post-natal day 21 sustained a TBI using the controlled cortical impact model and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 6 months post-injury using a 4.7 T Bruker scanner. Four diffusion shells with 81 directions and b-values of 1000, 3000, 5000, and 7000s/mm2 were acquired and analyzed using MRtrix3 software. Advanced DWI metrics, including fiber density, fiber cross-section and a combined fiber density and cross-section measure, were investigated together with three track-weighted images (TWI): the average pathlength map, mean curvature and the track density image. These advanced metrics were compared to traditional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics which indicated that TBI injured mice had reduced fractional anisotropy and increased radial diffusivity in the white matter when compared to age-matched sham controls. Consistent with previous findings, fiber density and TWI metrics appeared to be more sensitive to white matter changes than DTI metrics, revealing widespread reductions in fiber density and TWI metrics in pTBI mice compared to sham controls. These results provide additional support for the use of advanced DWI metrics in assessing white matter degeneration following injury and highlight the chronic outcomes that can follow pTBI.

Published
2021

32. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1

Author

Gregory, S. G., Barlow, K. F., McLay, K. E., Kaul, R., Swarbreck, D., Dunham, A., Scott, C. E., Howe, K. L., Woodfine, K., Spencer, C. C. A., Jones, M. C., Gillson, C., Searle, S., Zhou, Y., Kokocinski, F., McDonald, L., Evans, R., Phillips, K., Atkinson, A., Cooper, R., Jones, C., Hall, R. E., Andrews, T. D., Lloyd, C., Ainscough, R., Almeida, J. P., Ambrose, K. D., Anderson, F., Andrew, R. W., Ashwell, R. I. S., Aubin, K., Babbage, A. K., Bagguley, C. L., Bailey, J., Beasley, H., Bethel, G., Bird, C. P., Bray-Allen, S., Brown, J. Y., Brown, A. J., Buckley, D., Burton, J., Bye, J., Carder, C., Chapman, J. C., Clark, S. Y., Clarke, G., Clee, C., Cobley, V., Collier, R. E., Corby, N., Coville, G. J., Davies, J., Deadman, R., Dunn, M., Earthrowl, M., Ellington, A. G., Errington, H., Frankish, A., Frankland, J., French, L., Garner, P., Garnett, J., Gay, L., Ghori, M. R. J., Gibson, R., Gilby, L. M., Gillett, W., Glithero, R. J., Grafham, D. V., Griffiths, C., Griffiths-Jones, S., Grocock, R., Hammond, S., Harrison, E. S. I., Hart, E., Haugen, E., Heath, P. D., Holmes, S., Holt, K., Howden, P. J., Hunt, A. R., Hunt, S. E., Hunter, G., Isherwood, J., James, R., Johnson, C., Johnson, D., Joy, A., Kay, M., Kershaw, J. K., Kibukawa, M., Kimberley, A. M., King, A., Knights, A. J., Lad, H., Laird, G., Lawlor, S., Leongamornlert, D. A., Lloyd, D. M., Loveland, J., Lovell, J., Lush, M. J., Lyne, R., Martin, S., Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M., Matthews, L., Matthews, N. S. W., McLaren, S., Milne, S., Mistry, S., Nickerson, T., O'Dell, C. N., Oliver, K., Palmeiri, A., Palmer, S. A., Parker, A., Patel, D., Pearce, A. V., Peck, A. I., Pelan, S., Phelps, K., Phillimore, B. J., Plumb, R., Rajan, J., Raymond, C., Rouse, G., Saenphimmachak, C., Sehra, H. K., Sheridan, E., Shownkeen, R., Sims, S., Skuce, C. D., Smith, M., Steward, C., Subramanian, S., Sycamore, N., Tracey, A., Tromans, A., Van Helmond, Z., Wall, M., Wallis, J. M., White, S., Whitehead, S. L., Wilkinson, J. E., Willey, D. L., Williams, H., Wilming, L., Wray, P. W., Wu, Z., Coulson, A., Vaudin, M., Sulston, J. E., Durbin, R., Hubbard, T., Wooster, R., Dunham, I., Carter, N. P., McVean, G., Ross, M. T., Harrow, J., Olson, M. V., Beck, S., Rogers, J., and Bentley, D. R.

Subjects
Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): S. G. Gregory (corresponding author) [1, 2]; K. F. Barlow [1]; K. E. McLay [1]; R. Kaul [3]; D. Swarbreck [1]; A. Dunham [1]; C. E. Scott [1]; K. [...]

Published
2006
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33. DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9

Author

Humphray, S. J., Oliver, K., Hunt, A. R., Plumb, R. W., Loveland, J. E., Howe, K. L., Andrews, T. D., Searle, S., Hunt, S. E., Scott, C. E., Jones, M. C., Ainscough, R., Almeida, J. P., Ambrose, K. D., Ashwell, R. I. S., Babbage, A. K., Babbage, S., Bagguley, C. L., Bailey, J., Banerjee, R., Barker, D. J., Barlow, K. F., Bates, K., Beasley, H., Beasley, O., Bird, C. P., Bray-Allen, S., Brown, A. J., Brown, J. Y., Burford, D., Burrill, W., Burton, J., Carder, C., Carter, N. P., Chapman, J. C., Chen, Y., Clarke, G., Clark, S. Y., Clee, C. M., Clegg, S., Collier, R. E., Corby, N., Crosier, M., Cummings, A. T., Davies, J., Dhami, P., Dunn, M., Dutta, I., Dyer, L. W., Earthrowl, M. E., Faulkner, L., Fleming, C. J., Frankish, A., Frankland, J. A., French, L., Fricker, D. G., Garner, P., Garnett, J., Ghori, J., Gilbert, J. G. R., Glison, C., Grafham, D. V., Gribble, S., Griffiths, C., Griffiths-Jones, S., Grocock, R., Guy, J., Hall, R. E., Hammond, S., Harley, J. L., Harrison, E. S. I., Hart, E. A., Heath, P. D., Henderson, C. D., Hopkins, B. L., Howard, P. J., Howden, P. J., Huckle, E., Johnson, C., Johnson, D., Joy, A. A., Kay, M., Keenan, S., Kershaw, J. K., Kimberley, A. M., King, A., Knights, A., Laird, G. K., Langford, C., Lawlor, S., Leongamornlert, D. A., Leversha, M., Lloyd, C., Lloyd, D. M., Lovell, J., Martin, S., Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M., Matthews, L., McLaren, S., McLay, K. E., McMurray, A., Milne, S., Nickerson, T., Nisbett, J., Nordsiek, G., Pearce, A. V., Peck, A. I., Porter, K. M., Pandian, R., Pelan, S., Phillimore, B., Povey, S., Ramsey, Y., Rand, V., Scharfe, M., Sehra, H. K., Shownkeen, R., Sims, S. K., Skuce, C. D., Smith, M., Steward, C. A., Swarbreck, D., Sycamore, N., Tester, J., Thorpe, A., Tracey, A., Tromans, A., Thomas, D. W., Wall, M., Wallis, J. M., West, A. P., Whitehead, S. L., Willey, D. L., Williams, S. A., Wilming, L., Wray, P. W., Young, L., Ashurst, J. L., Coulson, A., Blocker, H., Durbin, R., Sulston, J. E., Hubbard, T., Jackson, M. J., Bentley, D. R., Beck, S., Rogers, J., and Dunham, I.

Subjects
Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): S. J. Humphray (corresponding author) [1]; K. Oliver [1]; A. R. Hunt [1]; R. W. Plumb [1]; J. E. Loveland [1]; K. L. Howe [1]; T. D. Andrews [1]; [...]

Published
2004
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34. The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10

Author

Deloukas, P., Earthrowl, M. E., Grafham, D. V., Rubenfield, M., French, L., Steward, C. A., Sims, S. K., Jones, M. C., Searle, S., Scott, C., Howe, K., Hunt, S. E., Andrews, T. D., Gilbert, J. G. R., Swarbreck, D., Ashurst, J. L., Taylor, A., Battles, J., Bird, C. P., Ainscough, R., Almeida, J. P., Ashwell, R. I. S., Ambrose, K. D., Babbage, A. K., Bagguley, C. L., Bailey, J., Banerjee, R., Bates, K., Beasley, H., Bray-Allen, S., Brown, A. J., Brown, J. Y., Burford, D. C., Burrill, W., Burton, J., Cahill, P., Camire, D., Carter, N. P., Chapman, J. C., Clark, S. Y., Clarke, G., Clee, C. M., Clegg, S., Corby, N., Coulson, A., Dhami, P., Dutta, I., Dunn, M., Faulkner, L., Frankish, A., Frankland, J. A., Garner, P., Garnett, J., Gribble, S., Griffiths, C., Grocock, R., Gustafson, E., Hammond, S., Harley, J. L., Hart, E., Heath, P. D., Ho, T. P., Hopkins, B., Horne, J., Howden, P. J., Huckle, E., Hynds, C., Johnson, C., Johnson, D., Kana, A., Kay, M., Kimberley, A. M., Kershaw, J. K., Kokkinaki, M., Laird, G. K., Lawlor, S., Lee, H. M., Leongamornlert, D. A., Laird, G., Lloyd, C., Lloyd, D. M., Loveland, J., Lovell, J., McLaren, S., McLay, K. E., McMurray, A., Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M., Matthews, L., Milne, S., Nickerson, T., Nguyen, M., Overton-Larty, E., Palmer, S. A., Pearce, A. V., Peck, A. I., Pelan, S., Phillimore, B., Porter, K., Rice, C. M., Rogosin, A., Ross, M. T., Sarafidou, T., Sehra, H. K., Shownkeen, R., Skuce, C. D., Smith, M., Standring, L., Sycamore, N., Tester, J., Thorpe, A., Torcasso, W., Tracey, A., Tromans, A., Tsolas, J., Wall, M., Walsh, J., Wang, H., Weinstock, K., West, A. P., Willey, D. L., Whitehead, S. L., Wilming, L., Wray, P. W., Young, L., Chen, Y., Lovering, R. C., Moschonas, N. K., Siebert, R., Fechtel, K., Bentley, D., Durbin, R., Hubbard, T., Doucette-Stamm, L., Beck, S., Smith, D. R., and Rogers, J.

Subjects
Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): P. Deloukas (corresponding author) [1]; M. E. Earthrowl [1]; D. V. Grafham [1]; M. Rubenfield [2, 3]; L. French [1]; C. A. Steward [1]; S. K. Sims [1]; M. [...]

Published
2004
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48. Studies in isoquinoline chemistry

Author

Kershaw, J. R.

Subjects
547
Abstract

The use of Reissert compounds as intermediates for the synthesis of 1-benzylisoquinolines has been investigated. An improved method, utilising sodium hydride, for the generation of the carbanion of Reissert compounds and subsequent reaction with benzyl halides has been found and demonstrated to be a general procedure. This method has been successfully applied as the key stage in providing a new total synthesis of the alkaloid petaline. The stereochemistry of the Reissert compound system has been elucidated by spectroscopic techniques.

Published
1968

49. Silver, butter, cloth: Monetary and social Economies in the Viking Age

Author

Kershaw, J and Sindbæk, S

Abstract

Silver, Butter, Cloth advances current debates about the nature and complexity of Viking economic systems. It explores how silver and other commodities were used in monetary and social economies across the Scandinavian world of the Viking Age (c. 800-1100 AD) before and alongside the wide scale introduction of coinage. Taking a multi-disciplinary approach that unites archaeological, numismatic, and metallurgical analyses, Kershaw and Williams examine the uses and sources of silver in both monetary and social transactions, addressing topics such as silver fragmentation, hoarding, and coin production and re-use. Uniquely, it also goes beyond silver, giving the first detailed consideration of the monetary role of butter, cloth, and gold in the Viking economy. Indeed, it is instrumental in developing methodologies to identify such commodity monies in the archaeological record. The use of silver and other commodities within Viking economies is a dynamic field of study, fuelled by important recent discoveries across the Viking world. The 14 contributions to this book, by a truly international group of scholars, draw on newly available archaeological data from eastern Europe, Scandinavia, the North Atlantic, and the British Isles and Ireland, to present the latest original research. Together, they deepen understanding of Viking monetary and social economies and advance new definitions of 'economy', 'currency', and 'value' in the ninth to eleventh centuries.

Published
2018

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