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Objectives - To compare the impact of primary canine and primary first molar extractions with extractions of only the primary canine regarding correction of palatally displaced canines (PDCs). Materials and Methods - Thirty-two children aged 9.5–13.5 years with 48 PDCs were randomly allocated to either the double-extraction group (DEG) or single-extraction group (SEG). Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed at baseline and at 6-month intervals until the canine emerged or orthodontic treatment was started. Outcome measures were: emergence of maxillary canine (yes/no), emergence of maxillary canine into a favorable position (yes/no), and maxillary canine positional change (angulation and sector). Factors influencing PDC emergence were analyzed using logistic regression. Results - In the DEG, 64% (16/25) of canines emerged into the oral cavity vs 78% (18/23) in the SEG (P = .283). Favorable PDC position at trial end was seen in 64% (16/25) of the DEG vs 57% (13/23) of the SEG (P = .600). Significant distal movement of PDCs was recorded in the DEG and SEG, though no significant difference was observed between groups. Significant predictors of canine emergence were initial canine angulation (Angle A) (P = .008) and space conditions at T0 (P = .030). Conclusions - Double or single primary tooth extraction procedures are equivalent in supporting PDC eruption into the oral cavity and into a favorable position in the dental arch. Initial canine angulation and space assessments may be used as predictors of successful PDC eruption.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out in what extend the dental age and skeletal maturity relate with the chronological age, in a sample of 50 subjects in the range 7 – 16 years old, from the Northern part of Norway Subjects and methods: The subjects were all patients who had received/were undergoing orthodontic treatment at the Public Dental Service Competence Centre of Northern Norway (TkNN). The sample consisted of 25 males and 25 females, from 7-16 years in age. The subjects were selected to represent 5 different age groups, and each group consisted of 5 boys and 5 girls. The inclusion criteria were age between 7 and 16 at the time the OPG and lateral cephalogram were taken, and presence of the 7 left side mandibular teeth. Dental age was assessed on panoramic radiographs by using Demirjian and Goldstein radiographic analysis. This method is based on ratings of radiographs of the seven left side teeth of the mandible. Skeletal maturity was assessed by using the Cervical Vertebral Maturation method, which is a method for assessing adolescent growth stage and for predicting the start of the pubertal growth spurt in orthodontic patients. Results: There was a strong correlation between all measured variables. The correlation coefficients between chronological age and cervical stage were 0,871 for girls and 0,902 for boys, between chronological age and dental age 0,900 for both girls and boys, and between dental age and cervical stage 0,846 and 0,900 for girls and boys respectively. Chronological age was significantly higher than dental age among both boys (P=0,020) and girls (P=0,002) and the difference was more marked in girl. In average, girls reached their pubertal growth spurt (CS 3) at a younger age than boys. Dental age in the end of the pubertal growth spurt (CS 4) varied considerably more among girls (range 10,1-15,2 years) as compared with boys (range 13.1-14.7 years). Conclusion: In this sample, the chronological age was generally higher than the dental age. There were strong correlations between chronological age, dental age and the skeletal maturity. The usefulness of the high correlations found in our study may be limited in clinical orthodontics.

The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of reproducing maximal intercuspal position (IP) on dental casts without using a wax-index as compared with the IP determined by the wax index on the same models. The material consisted of dental casts, which were taken from 15-year old adolescents as part of oral examinations during the ”Fit Futures – part of The Tromsø Study”. All dental casts having wax bites were included in this study (N=80). Two examiners assessed Angle’s classification and overjet on all dental casts twice, first fitting the dental casts together by hand articulation without using the wax index and second time using the wax index. Differences between the first and second assessment were measured and the agreement was analyzed using Cohen’s kappa. In 49 % of the models, there was no difference in overjet measurements with or without using an occlusal index, while 21 % of the casts showed a difference of more than 0.5 mm, out of which 2 casts differed more than 1 mm. Agreement on Angle’s classification was 93 % on the right side and 91 % on the left between the two measurements. In molar millimeter measurements 16- 20% of the cases showed more than 0.5 mm difference between the assessments. An agreement on treatment need between the first and second measurement, based on overjet values, was found in 84% of the cases. The results suggest that in the majority of dental casts with permanent dentition and no extreme malocclusions, the maximal intercuspal position may be reproduced acceptably by hand articulation without a wax index. However, this method may not be reliable enough for research purposes or for planning of orthodontic treatment in some individual patients with severe occlusal deviations.

There are many possible causes to external apical root resorption (EARR) as a sequela of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance. This literature review examines root morphology, age, commonly affected teeth, magnitude of force, continuous versus interrupted forces and duration of treatment, in order to evaluate if root resorption can be predicted. Qualitative analysis of a range of studies in this area has been made. All of the contributing factors above had a connection to root resorption of varying extents. It is therefore essential for a clinician to be aware of these factors, to be able to estimate the risk of root resorption individually for each patient.Abnormal root morphology may increase the risk of root resorption. This is specially valid for pipette-shaped roots. Maxillary incisors seem to be the teeth most likely to suffer from EARR. From the root resorption point of view orthodontic treatment should begin as early as possible since there is less risk of root resorption in young and developing teeth. Light orthodontic forces seem to present a smaller risk of resorption than heavy forces. If initial resorption is detected, a pause in treatment of two-three months should be considered. With sustained quality, treatment duration should always be as short as possible.

The aim of this study was to assess orthodontic treatment outcome and quality of documentation in patients with different types of anterior crossbite, who had received and finished treatment at the student clinic in Tromsø in the period between 2008 and 2010. A total of 34 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. Existing pre and post treatment records from all subjects, was collected and supplemented by recalling of subjects. The definition of the treatment being successful was that positive overjet was achieved in all four incisors. The treatment was successful in 68 % of the patients included in the study, and the treatment tended to be more successful in patients with only single incisors in crossbite. Important determining parameters for the treatment outcome were the duration of active treatment and patient compliance. The treatment success rate was significantly higher in subjects who were treated 8 months or less as compared to subjects who had longer treatments. Our results suggest that 2 out of 3 anterior crossbites were successfully corrected in the student clinic in Tromsø, and longer treatment time seemed to affect the treatment success negatively. The common lack of post-treatment documentation calls for considerable improvement.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite and factors related to the treatment outcome in patients treated in the University student clinic. Another aim was to evaluate the adequacy and quality of documentation of the posterior crossbite treatments.

Det finnes ulike oppfatninger angående ortodontisk behandling av tenner som er tidligere rotfylt eller tidligere traumatisert. Noen mener at det finnes mer risiko for resorpsjon ved ortodontisk forflytning av slike tenner enn levende "friske" tenner. Det første målet med dette litteraturstudiet var å se om det finnes vitenskapelige bevis for eventuell risiko for resorpsjon ved ortodontisk forflytning av rotfylte/tidligere traumatiserte tenner. Det andre målet var å finne ut hva praktiserende tannleger mener om temaet. 23 artikler var samlet inn gjennom PubMed og veiledere, samt 6 bøker var valgt fra det Helse- og Naturvitenskapelige Biblioteket ved UiT. Et spørreskjema med påstander ang ortodontisk forflytning av rotfylte tenner og tidligere traumatiserte tenner var delt ut til tannleger/spesialister på Studentklinikken og TkNN. Antall spørreskjema utdelt var 41,og 21 var besvart. Resultatene fra litteraturen var at rotfylte tenner (hvis godt renset og tettet) kan forflyttes med samme sikkerhet som vitale tenner. Når det gjelder tenner med tidligere historie av trauma, så sa mesteparten av litteraturen at det er noe større risiko for resorpsjon ved ortodontisk behandling av slike tenner. Besvarelsene av spørreskjema viste at meningen er delt (50/50) ang mer risiko for resorpsjon av rotfylte tenner. Derimot var de fleste deltakere (95%) enige om at det er mer risikabelt å forflytte tenner med tidligere trauma enn tenner uten trauma. Hovedkonklusjonen er at på grunn av lite tilgjengelige artikler og ingen RCT-studier (randomiserte kontrollerte studier) angående tema diskutert i denne masteroppgaven, trengs det mer forskning for å gjøre opp en sikker mening. Større antall deltakere i spørreundersøkelsen er også ønskelig for å føre resultatene over på allmenheten av praktiserende tannleger i Norge.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out how screening and referring arrangements of patients with malocclusions was working between different dental professional groups in the public dental health services in Troms County. We also wanted to find out to what extent general dentists in Troms County were involved in interceptive orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods: The study subjects were dental hygienists, dentists and orthodontists in Troms County. All dentists and dental hygienists working in the dental public health care in Troms County were invited to participate in the survey. After several reminders 18 dental hygienists, 39 general dentists and 6 orthodontists responded (total N=63). The data was collected through a questionnaire, which included questions on personal data, orthodontic screening, treatment and referring, and a clinical photo of a unilateral posterior crossbite. Results: The response rate was 64%. The most common age of referring children to orthodontic treatment was at 12-13 years of age. Late referral age (14 years or older) was significantly more often favored by dentists, as compared to the dental hygienists. 71% of dental hygienists preferred referring patients straight to a specialist, and the rest made the decision between dentist and specialist. There was no significant difference (P=0,741) in the approximated number of referrals made by the dentists and dental hygienists. 62% of the dentists and 44% of the hygienists considered that treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite belonged to both dentists and specialists. Almost one third of the dentists reported that they did no orthodontic treatment at all. The most common malocclusion treated by the dentists was unilateral posterior crossbite. The procedures related to orthodontics done by dentists in their daily practice, were screening for malocclusion, preventive palpation of the position of permanent canines and primary tooth extractions due to orthodontic reasons. 83% of the orthodontists consulted dentists regarding interceptive orthodontic treatments and/or planning treatments of patients. Conclusions: The majority of dentists in Troms County were involved in orthodontic treatment, but only to a small extent. Dental hygienists and dentists referred approximately the same number of patients to orthodontic treatment, but general dentists may prioritize later age of referral. Availability of continuing education in orthodontics might enhance the treatment skills and interest in orthodontics among the general practitioners.