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Monografija donosi povijest i razvoj stomatološke izobrazbe u Hrvatskoj te na Stomatološkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. The monograph presents the history and development of dental education in Croatia and at the School of Dental medicine of the University of Zagreb.

Analizom ortopantomografskih snimki u odgovarajućem programu mogli bi se utvrditi pokazatelji koji upućuju na potencijalnu smanjenu mineralnu gustoću skeleta i rizik od osteopenije/osteoporoze.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of anxiety and the use of physical therapy combined with topical application of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen gel for the treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. Methods: During an 8-month period 32 patients were examined (mean age 38.3 years) and went to physical therapy with topically applied Fastum gel. The control group consisted of 20 students of dental medicine (mean age 23.5 years). All subjects were examined by magnetic resonance imaging. The main outcome measuring criteria were: pain intensity rated on a visual-analogue scale (VAS), maximal mouth opening capacity, and anxiety evaluated by Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI 1 - concerning anxiety as subjective state, in a period of last week, including today, and STAI 2 - concerning anxiety as relatively stable individual characteristic). Results: The median of active mouth opening for patients was 40.75 mm before treatment and 52.25 mm for control subjects, which was statistically significant (p

Temporomandibularni poremećaji najčešća su muskuloskeletalna patologija koja zahvaća temporomandibularne zglobove (TMZ). Iako je etiopatogeneza nespecifična, magnetska je rezonancija postala zlatni standard dijagnostike u izboru radioloških metoda prikaza tvrdih i mekih unutarzglobnih struktura TMZ-a. Najčeća simtomatologija (patološki zvukovi, artralgija, limitacija otvaranja usta) vezana je za nalaz osteoartritičnih promjena, anteriornog promaka zglobnog diska te rjeđe intraartikularnog upalnog eksudata. Od siječnja 2001. do rujna 2009. u 141 pacijenata sa simptomima temporomandibularnih poremećaja utvrđen je anteriorni pomak diska. Prosječna dob pacijenata je bila 41 godina, a 82, 9% su bili ženskoga spola. 80, 7% pacijenata je izjavilo da im je glavni simtpiom zbog kojega su tražili stomatološku pomoć bila bol u TMZ-u, dok ostali su imali kao glavne simptome škljocanje, odnosno smanjenu mogućnost otvaranja usta. Kod dijela pacijenata provedena je i dodatna komparativna dijagnostika TMZ-a – klasični radiografski prikaz, komjuterizirana tomografija i ultrazvuk.

Introduction: The modern approach to the interaction of oral health and bisphosphonates treatment became important in 2003 when the first osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bisphosphonates was diagnosed. Materials and methods: The aim of the paper is to review current scientific facts which explain the causal relationship between the onset of jaw osteonecrosis and the effects of bisphosphonates. By reviewing Medline scientific database as well as dental and biomedical journals, a possible etiopathogenic basis of jaw osteonecrosis was found along with a clinical and multidisciplinary need for diagnostics and treatment. Results. The unique ethiopathogenic mechanism which relates osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonates treatment has not been explained. The emphasis lies on the toxicological effects of bisphosphonates on the physiology of the mandibular bone and on the lasting effect of tooth extraction followed by an infection of the extraction wound and consequent progression into deeper layers of osseous tissue. The risk is pronounced in oncological patients treated with bisphosphonates intravenously in relatively large doses and during a longer period of time, especially with highly potent bisphosphonates pamidronate and zoledronate. Jaw osteonecrosis related to bisphosphonates is directly connected to dental health, especially to periodontopathies and post-extraction healing of the alveolar ridge. The literature mostly describes individual clinical cases so there is a lack multicentric prospective research which would consider oral health criteria in such a way as to separate comorbidity from direct etiopathogenic connection. There is no gold standard for the treatment of jaw osteonecrosis ; instead, palliative and minimally invasive treatment is applied, without subsequent oral surgical interventions. Conclusions: In dental practice, the use of bisphosphonates should be registered as well as the connections between primary and specialist (mostly oral surgery) levels. Since there is a significant risk of jaw osteonecrosis in oncological patients, the level of oral health is an important factor for the indication of intravenous bisphosphonates treatment.

Terapija bisfosfonatima i njezina etiopatogenetska povezanost s aseptičkom osteonekrozom čeljusti važan je javnozdravstveni problem današnjice. Svrha je rada pregledom suvremene znanstvene literature utvrditi posljedice višestrukog djelovanja bisfosfonata (antiosteoklastična aktivnost, citotoksičnost na meka i koštana tkiva, antiangiogeneza, genski čimbenici, poremećena ravnoteža između osteoklasta i osteoblasta). Terapija bisfosfonatima jedan je od najčešćih uzroka razvoja osteonekroze čeljusti. Epidemiološki podaci pokazuju da se javlja u bolesnika koji su uzimali jedan ili kombinanciju nitrogenih bisfosfonata. Najvažniji čimbenici rizika za ovu nuspojavu su vrsta bisfosfonata (napose visokopotentni pamidronat i zoledronat koji se daju intravenski), njihova doza i duljina medikacije te vrsta bolesti zbog koje se propisuje terapija. Pojava osteonekroze čeljusti zabilježena je uglavnom u onkoloških bolesnika i u samo 5 % bolesnika s osteoporozom koji su liječeni bisfosfonatima. U patogenezi osteonekroze povezane s bisfosfonatima važno je, sa stajališta dentalnomedicinske prakse, dobro opće oralno zdravlje jer se osteonekroza javlja napose nakon prethodnoga parodontološkog i oralnokirurškog zahvata.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has enabled the accomplishment of a more effective diagnostics of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The sample included 40 patients with clinical symptoms of disc displacement (DD) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and 25 subjects included in our study were asymptomatic. DD were diagnosed by clinical examinations which were subsequently confirmed by MRI. DD was found in 18% of the TMJs of the asymptomatic patients. The highest prevalence of total DD without reduction was found in 44.1% of the patients' joints subsequently followed by total DD with reduction comprising 34.9% of the TMJs and by partial DD with reduction comprising 21% of the TMJs. This study may help us clarify the complicated relationship which exists between the radiographic and clinical findings of TMJ disorders.

Svrha rada je prikazati dijagnostiku poremećaja TMZ-a u pacijentice s otprije dijagnosticiranim Sjögrenovim sindromom. U ambulantu stomatološke protetike upućena je iz reumatološke ambulante 53-godišnja pacijentica zbog bolnih tegoba u području desnog TMZ-a. Oko mjesec dana prije osjetila je pritisak, a zatim i bol pri otvaranju i zatvaranju usta u desnom zglobu, dok je škljocalo imala od prije neutvrđenog vremena. Osim kod stomatologa oralne tegobe vezane neposredno za Sjögrenov sindrom, kao i tegobe kod reumatologa- fizijatra uzrokovanih poliartitisom i križoboljom. Osim artralgije prisutno je bilo i izrazito jak recipročni škljocaj u desnom TMZ-u. U kliničkoj dijagnostici primjenjene su tehnike manualne funkcijske analize. Bol se u zglobu javila i kod dinamičke kompresije i translacija, kao u bilaminarnoj zoni pri pasivnoj kompresiji, što je sve upućivalo na anteriorni pomak zglobnog diska s repozicijom. Bol u mirovanju desnog TMZ-a ocjenjena na analogno-vizulanoj skali bila je 5, pri jako otvorenim ustim 6, kod palacije 7. Oba TMZ-a snimana su magnetskom rezonancijom (MR-om). Potvrđen je djelomični anteriorni pomak zglobne pločice.Inicijalna terapija treba obuhvatiti reverzibilne metode stomatološkog ili nestomatološkog liječenja. Osim izradbe okluzijske udlage na gornjem zubnom nizu što uključuje i djelomičnu protezu, moguća je i primjena fizioterapijskih metoda, uključujući: kinezioterapijski program po Schulteu, ultrazvuk, TENS i lokalnu primjenu nesteroidnog antireumatika (npr. ketoprofenskog lijeka Fastum Gel). U dijagnostici diskopatija zlatni standard je MR. Orofacijalne tegobe mogu u komorbiditetu s Sjögrenovim sindromom, o čemu dijelom skrbe specijalisti oralne medicine.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has enabled the accomplishment of a more effective diagnostics of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The sample included 40 patients with clinical symptoms of disc displacement (DD) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and 25 subjects included in our study were asymptomatic. DD were diagnosed by clinical examinations which were subsequently confirmed by MRI. DD was found in 18% of the TMJs of the asymptomatic patients. The highest prevalence of total DD without reduction was found in 44.1% of the patients' joints subsequently followed by total DD with reduction comprising 34.9% of the TMJs and by partial DD with reduction comprising 21% of the TMJs. This study may help us clarify the complicated relationship which exists between the radiographic and clinical findings of TMJ disorders.

This case report describes a two-year treatment and follow-up of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder in a 58-year old retired female patient with previously diagnosed Paget’ s disease of bone (PGB). The patient was examined in 2006 due to clicking and pain in the right TMJ. The pain in the right TMJ was especially strong during speech and mastication of solid food, or on wider opening of the mouth. Pain intensity was rated on a visual-analogue scale (VAS=7). The mentioned symptoms appeared in 2004, when she visited an oral surgeon and was advised to perform oral exercises. Since PGB was diagnosed accidentally in 1992 on the basis of observed radiographic abnormalities during an examination of the urotract (radiographic irregularities in pelvic bones on right side), a multidisciplinary managing of the patient was indicated. The pagetic bones were compensated and she was treated with D vitamin only. Anterior disc displacement and shape loss as well as severe sclerosation with osteophyte formation of condyle in the right TMJ was shown by magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography confirmed degenerative disease of right TMJ and excluded any maxillary or mandibular bone abnormalities. Further treatment was performed in cooperation with a physiatrist-rheumatologist during 2007. The patient underwent physical therapy based on Schulte and continued the exercises at home, however, she was also advised to start treatment for osteoporosis. At the beginning of 2008 she obtained the occlusal splint again, however she was hospitalised in the meantime due to acute pains in the lower right lumbar region (lumbosacral syndrome). Recent densitometry showed spinal osteoporosis (Tscores: L1 -2.5, L2 -2.9, L3 -2.4). There is some limitation in the oral function therapy in patients with musculoskeletal and endocrinological diseases. Finally, the decision to begin with oral bisphosphonate therapy remains in the domain of her endocrinologist.

Background and Purpose. Radiological findings were compared between the patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and asymptomatic volunteers. Materials and Methods. OA was diagnosed in 16 patients (mean age 46.9, 69% women) with disc displacement. A second group consisted of 20 selected dental school students without any clinical signs or history of temporomandibular joint disorders. The inclusion criteria for patients comprised pain referred to the TMJ and/or crepitation. Magnetic resonance imaging was used in this study for all subjects. Results. There is no statistical difference between degenerative changes of the condyle of TMJs with and without clinical signs of OA (p>0.05). In 30% of osteoarthritic joints, flattening of condylar joint surfaces was observed and 58.3% of the joints were without clinical signs of OA. Sclerosis of the condyle was found in 30% of the joints and osteophyte formation in 15% of joints with OA. Moderate shape loss and severe sclerosation of the articular eminence were observed in two students in TMJs bilaterally – there is no difference between patients’ TMJs with and without OA (p>0.05). Pronounced shape loss and severe sclerosation of the articular eminence were found in 10 (50%) joints with OA. Conclusions. Scleroses of the condyle and osteophyte formation were the most common imaging findings of TMJs with OA. However, in asymptomatic volunteers only minimal bone changes were considered normal.

Introduction. Temporomandibular disorders consist of a disorder of masticatory muscles and/or a disorder of temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of physicomedical therapy combined with topical application of Fastum gel® for the treatment of TMJ disorder during an 8-month period. Material & Methods. In the period from September 2008 until May 2009 32 TMD patients were examined (mean age 38.3 years, 93.8% women). The criteria for inclusion were: pain in the TMJ, limited mouth opening and pathologic noise. In collaboration with a rheumatologist-physiatrist, patients went to physicomedical therapy and topically applied Fastum gel®, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen gel. The control group consisted of 20 students of dental medicine (mean age 23.5, 70% women). By means of magnetic resonance imaging the TMJ disorder was confirmed: discopathy (anterior disc displacement) in 25 (78.1%) and osteoarthritis in 7 (21.9%) patients. Results. The most prominent symptom was pain in TMJ in 31 (96.9%) of patients. The median of pain upon mandibular movement was 6 on AVS, 0 at rest, 3.55 during palpation. The median of active mouth opening for patients was 40.75 mm before treatment and 52.25 mm for asymptomatic subjects, which was statistically significant (t-test with p

Objectives. Level of anxiety and pain intensity before and after splint treatment of patients with temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD) was compared. Methods. TMJD in 60 patients (mean age 37.9 years, 80% women) was diagnosed using patient’ s history and clinical examination, and was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging of the TMJs. Pain intensity was rated on a visual-analogue scale. The anxiety was confirmed by Spielberger’ s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results. A higher level of anxiety was determined due to the fact that the mean score in STAI 1 was 39.80 and STAI 2 was 41.10. Before visiting a dentist, the patients suffered pain for 8.7 months on average. There is a statistically significant difference between patients depending on how long they previously suffered pain and anxiety values for all patients in STAI 1 and 2 (p0.05). There is a correlation between anxiety values on STAI 1 scale and post-treatment pain intensity (p

Cigarette smoking is accepted as an important factor that increases the risk for initiation and progression of chronic periodontitis (CP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the success of initial periodontal therapy (IPT) in smoking (S) and nonsmoking (NS) individuals with CP. Material and Methods: A comparative study was carried out on a systematically selected sample of 43 patients, 22 S (51.2%, median age 40) and 21 NS patients (48.8%, median age 43). Exclusion criteria for the study included: pregnancy, chronic use of antibiotics, significal illness or condition that could affect periodontal status. Subjects were interviewed about their smoking habits and clinical examination was performed by a qualified periodontist. We used periodontal pockets probing depth (PD) before and three months after the therapy, being the most important clinical index for prediction of further disease progression. Four PD measurements were recorded (buccal, lingual, mesial and distal) for each tooth. Results: Effectiveness of the IPT was tested by comparing the PD values before and after the therapy. By analyzing the number of tooth surfaces that showed reduction of PD more than 1.5 mm, we found statistically significant reduction in group of S patients (v2 = 6.62, P = 0.010). Conclusion: IPT was successful in S and NS patients. The reduction of periodontal pocket depth was significally higher in smoking patients that can be related to initial higer probing depths in this group of patients.

Svrha rada bila je utvrditi utjecaj fiksnih ortodontskih naprava na gustoću potporne kosti tijekom fiksne ortodontske terapije. Zbog toga su dvadeset i sedmorici ispitanika rendgenski snimljeni zubi prije postavljanja fiksne ortodontske naprave – prvo mjerenje bilo je obavljeno nakon jednog mjeseca te drugo nakon osam mjeseci nošenja naprave. Snimke su digitalizirane, a izmjerene razine sivila na mjestima gdje se očekivala najveća resorpcija kosti, pretvorene su u optičke gustoće. Zatim su optičke gustoće na promatranim mjestima uspoređene s optičkim gustoćama kalibracijskog klina te izražene kao ekvivalent njihove debljine. Rezultati dvoterminskih mjerenja pokazali su da nema veće razlike u gustoći koštanog tkiva potpornog sustava zuba tijekom osmomjesečne primjene fiksne ortodonstske naprave. Na osnovi tih rezultata možemo zaključiti da nošenje fiksne ortodontske naprave tijekom osam mjeseci, uz odgovarajući odabir pacijenata, ispravnu dijagnozu i kontrolirano opterećenje, ne uzrokuje promjene u potpornom sustavu zuba. Aim: To establish the influence of fixed orthodontic appliances on the density of the supporting bone tissue. Materials and methods: Radiographs of twenty-seven subjects were taken before (1st measurement ), and after eight months( 2nd measurement ) of fixed orthodontic therapy. The radiographs were digitalized, and levels of gray measured at the points where the greatest bone resorption was expected, and were computed to optic density. In standardization and comparison of values from both measurements we used a cooper caliper wedge(stepwedge), and optical densities at measured points were compared to the optical densities of the stepwedge, and expressed as equivalents of their thickness. Results: There is no significant difference in the change of the bone density before and after eight months of fixed orthodontic therapy. Conclusion: Fixed orthodontic therapy, with proper patient selection and optimal use of orthodontic forces, does not cause adverse resorption of the tooth supporting structures.

It is well documented that the changes in the lifestyle, primarily nutrition influenced evolutionary changes of the size of human jaw. This research presented herein aims at identifying the possible changes in the size of the maxilla within the population inhabiting the area of today's Croatia. We studied archeological remains of populations from antique period (AP, 6th - 7th century, Štrbinci, Osijek), early Middle Ages (EMA, 10th – 11th century, Bijelo Brdo), late Middle Ages (LMA, 18th – 19th century, Požega), and the recent population (RP, 20th century, Zagreb). Anterior and posterior upper dental arch widths and the palatal height were measured on 106 upper jaw archeological samples and 48 dental casts of contemporary population. Whereas the differences in anterior upper width between the samples were negligible, the differences in posterior upper widths (PUW) were significant. PUW of RP (51.33± ; ; 2.69 mm) was found to be significantly higher then that of both Middle Ages samples, whilst that of the LMA sample (48.88± ; ; 3.53 mm) was significantly higher then the one from the EMA (47.18± ; ; 2.32 mm). The AP sample had significantly larger PUW (50.26± ; ; 2.96 mm) than those from the EMA. The palatal height was significantly higher in the RP (18.88± ; ; 2.00 mm) than in medieval samples, whereas the Antiquity sample was higher than the EMA sample (16.19± ; ; 2.52 mm). The deviation within the Antiquity sample could be caused by the mixing of different populations - Romans who inhabited the location until the 7th century when Croats (South Slavs) permanently displaced them. Our findings indicate that both posterior upper width as well as palatal height of the jaw increased in the analyzed population. Whether it is result of different genetic expression of one population or interbreeding of different nations on area of today's Croatia, still needs to be researched.

Žvačne kretnje ovise o mnogo čimbenika, a način žvakanja je individualan. Svrha istraživanja bila je utvrditi opseg žvačnih kretnji s obzirom na konzistenciju hrane i veličinu zalogaja. Istraživanje je obavljeno na 30 ispitanika u dobi od 25 do 40 godina i imali su potpuno ili posve sanirano zubalo. Svi su pet minuta žvakali tri vrste hrane različite tvrdoće, a imali su i dvije veličine zalogaja. Snimanje je obavljeno stereo- foto-grametrijskim postupkom koje omogućuje definiranje prostornih koordinata određenim markerima na čeljusti ispitanika. Tri reflektirajuća markera bila su postavljena na korijen nosa (philtrum nasi), vrh brade (gnation) te na trup donje čeljusti ispod prvog kutnjaka, a njihova je putanja od početnog položaja tijekom žvakanja do povratka u položaj maksimalne interkuspidacije, promatrana u odnosu prema osi X, Y i Z. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da različite vrste hrane, s obzirom na tvrdoću i zalogaj različite veličine, utječu na opseg kretnji donje čeljusti. On je najveći dok se žvače tvrda hrana, a i veličina zalogaja povećava opseg žvačnih kretnji. Tvrdoća hrane i veličina zalogaja znatno utječu na opseg žvačnih kretnji donje čeljusti. Postoji pozitivna korelacija između opsega žvačnih kretnji i tvrdoće hrane te opsega žvačnih kretnji i veličine zalogaja.

Aims The purpose of this study is to evaluate undergraduate students' knowledge about temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and diagnostic efficiency of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) imaging. Materials and Methods The study carried out on 37 students of School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb, 27 students of Department of Dental Medicine at School of Medicine University of Rijeka. All students were on the last year of studying. The study included also 25 interns at University clinic in Zagreb and Rijeka. The average age of all participants (31 male, 58 female) was 24.8 years. The study consisted of a questionnaire survey (11-point scale with 0-“ disagree” to 10-“ agree” ). Results There was a statistical difference in the classification of TMDs: 55.65% of students from Rijeka considered TMDs to be a unique disorder in the human body, while 72.9% of students from Zagreb and 64% of interns thought they were related to musculoskeletal disorders from the field of rheumatology (p=0.019). In comparison with students, interns had the lowest score of personal satisfaction with the level of practical TMDs knowledge (mean score 39.1) (p=0.02) as well as the disagreement whether there is any difference in acute and chronic pain mechanisms (mean score 32.2) (p=0.013). Conclusions The level of participants’ knowledge of the all evaluated groups showed that it is important to strengthen the undergraduate dental teaching. All participants demonstrated partly inadequate knowledge, because they usually took a neutral standpoint with regards to basic TMDs statements.

The objective of the investigation was to determine the relationship between the position of the condyle head and disc position in the glenoid fossa between two different sections of same temporomandibular joints (TMJs) with partial anterior disc displacement (DD). M&M. The investigation was conducted on 40 patients with DD of TMJs (aged between 15 and 71 (mean: 35.5 years ; 1:3 ratio men to women). The clinical diagnosis of DD was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging of bilaterally recorded TMJs. 9 TMJs with partial reducing DD were diagnosed. Partial DD with reduction was analyzed in the representative laterocentral or centromedial parasagittal section of TMJ. 34 joints with no disc displacement (NDD) of the same patients with DD in contralateral TMJ served as a control group of TMJs. Other categories were complete (n=15) reducing DD and complete (n=19) nonreducing DD. Position of the condyle and disc was calculated using the Kurita et al. method on the parasagittale view of the TMJ. Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon’ test of pairs were used and in data analysis the left and the right TMJs of a single patient were presented as two entities. One NDD joint with osteoarthritis in a patient was excluded. Results showed that a statistically significant difference between the position of the disc in sections with DD and sections without DD in same TMJs with partial DD was determined (p0.05). The measured values between sections without DD of the groups of joints with partial DD with joints with NDD of all patients with DD showed no significant difference in either the disc position (p>0.05) or in condyle (p>0.05) position. Conclusion. There were differences of disc position in different parts of same TMJs with partial DD. The results of this study have shown that the dorsocranial condyle head position could not indicate the anterior DD in sections of same partial disc displaced TMJs, and in comparing with TMJs with NDD.

Svrha istraživanja je bila evaluirati znanje studenata dodiplomske nastave i stažista o radiološkoj dijagnostici poremećaja čeljusnog zgloba. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 37 studenata Stomatološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu, 27 studenata Studija stomatologije Medicinskog fakulteta u Rijeci, koji su svi bili posljednje godine studiranja. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo i 25 stažista iz Rijeke i Zagreba. Prosječna dob svih ispitanika bila je 24, 8 godina. Istraživanje je zasnovano na upitniku koji se sastojao od skale 0-10, pri čemu je 0 značila neslaganje, a 10 slaganje s ponuđenim pitanjem. Iako nema razlike u odgovorima na pitanje da li je ortopantomogram najvažniji u radiološkoj dijagnostici, samo 49, 4% svih ispitanika to potvrđuje, čak 20, 2% njih to smatra točnim, a najviše se s tim slažu stažisti (64%). Da se radiološkim metodama može prikazati pomak, odnosno položaj zglobne pločice potvrdilo je 58, 3% svih ispitanika, a od njih najviše studenti iz Rijeke (66, 7%). Ispitanici podjednako (prosječno 68, 5%) smatraju da se mogu prikazati osteoartritične promjene zgloba magnetskom rezonancijom (p=0, 63). Bolju implikaciju magnetske rezonancije u praktičnoj nastavi podržava glavnina ispitanika svih skupina (71, 9%), međutim njih 20, 2% ima neutralno stanovište. Najčešća radiološki postupak dijagnostike je tijekom studija u svih ispitanika bio ortopnatomogram (p=0.028). Postoji statistički signifikantna povezanost između grupa studenata i izbora radiološke metode (p=0.029): samo su studenti iz Rijeke (37, 4%) smatrali da bi stomatolog subspecijalist izabrao ortopantomogram kao dijagnostičku metodu, dok je 45, 9% studenata iz Zagreba te 52% stažista izabralo kompjuteriziranu tomografiju. Razina znanja svih sudionika istraživanja pokazala je važnost poboljšanja dodiplomske nastave uključujući i znanja o dijagnostici pomoću magnetske rezonancije. The purpose of this study is to evaluate undergraduate students' and interns’ knowledge about radiological diagnostics of temporomandibular joint disorders. The study carried out on 37 students of School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb, 27 students of Department of Dental Medicine at School of Medicine University of Rijeka. All students were on the last year of studying. The study included also 25 interns at University clinic in Zagreb and Rijeka. The average age of all participants (31 male, 58 female) was 24.8 years. The study consisted of a questionnaire. Although there was no difference in answers to the question if an orthopantograph was the most important method in radiological diagnostics, only 49.4% of all participants confirmed it, 20.2% of them thought it was correct and interns agreed with it the most (64%). 58.3% of all participants confirmed that radiological methods could show displacement, that is, position of the articular disc ; most of them students from Rijeka (66.7%). The participants equally agreed (68.5% on average) that osteoarthritic changes in joints could be seen in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (p=0.63). A better implication of MRI in practical courses is supported by the majority of all participants (71.9%), while 20.2% of them took a neutral standpoint. The most common imaging diagnostic modality during studying in 94.4% of all participants was the panoramic x-ray radiograph (p=0.028). There was a statistically significant correlation between the groups of students and choice of radiological method (p=0.029): only the students from Rijeka (37.4%) thought that a subspecialist would choose an orthopantomograph as a diagnostic method, while 45.9% of students from Zagreb and 52% of interns chose CT. The level of participants’ knowledge of the all evaluated groups showed that it is important to strengthen the undergraduate dental teaching including knowledge about MRI diagnostics.

Bruxism is the most common form of maxillofacial hyperkinesia. Behavioral disorders as well as affective psychological factors, depression and anxiety being one of the most prominent factors, can together with emotional stress, induce bruxism. There has been the correlation between medications and bruxism (for example SSRI’ s). We reported a case of a 47-year-old female patient who has been psychiatrically treated for depression since 1988 (F 32.1 by ICD 10). In 2005, she was hospitalised for the second time, this time for depression with psychotic traits (F 33.3 by ICD 10) due to which she was also hospitalised in 2006 and 2007. During 2005 and 2006 she was taking mirtazapine, paroxetine as well as olanzapine and since 2007 she has been taking sertraline and olanzapine. There was an excessive wear of tooth surfaces and edges due to bruxism on seven-year-old bridge, which she noticed herself two years ago. She was awake during the diurnal bruxism and nocturnal bruxist activity was confirmed by her husband. Michigan splint was fabricated, thus alleviating the destructive impact of masticatory forces on the teeth and their supportive tissues. Bruxism, associated with medications or mental disorders and very detrimental to teeth, the periodontium and oral health in psychiatric patients should be also treated as a general health problem and oral health problem. The prognosis for stopping bruxist activity is bad because a complete prosthodontic treatment was extremely limited due to the patient’ s psychiatric condition.

Clinical and radiological findings were compared between the patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and asymptomatic volunteers, both groups with no disc displacement (DD). OA of TMJ in 16 patients (mean age 46.9, 69% women) was diagnosed using RDC/TMD Axis I and manual functional analyses. A control group consisted of 20 selected dental school students (mean age 23.5, 70% women) without any clinical signs or history of DD or OA. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and panoramic imaging were used in this study for all subjects. OA was diagnosed in 20 (62.5%) of all TMJs, in 4 (25%) of the patients bilaterally (20 TMJs with and 12 TMJs without diagnosis of OA). There was a significant difference between active opening of patients (average 42.9 mm) and students (average 52.1 mm) (t-test, p=0.002). There is also no statistical difference between degenerative changes of the condyle of joint with and without OA (p>0.05). In 19% of osteoarthritic joints, flattening of condylar joint surfaces was observed and 22% of the joints were without clinical signs of OA. Sclerosis of the condyle was found in 16% of the joints and osteophyte formation in 9% of TMJs with OA. There were no degenerative changes of the condyle in TMJs of dental students. There is no difference between patients’ TMJs with and without OA (p>0.05). Pronounced shape loss and severe sclerosation of the articular eminence was found in 10 (50%) joints with OA. Moderate shape loss and severe sclerosation of the articular eminence was observed in two students in TMJs bilaterally. The most common imaging findings of osteoarthritic TMJs were sclerosis of the condyle and osteophyte formation. There is a limitation in interpretation of structural bone changes – the gold standard for hard structures analysis is computerized tomography.

Osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) associated with osteoporosis may disturb the functional harmony of stomatognathic system and may increase the possibility for TMJ disorder. The case presented is of a 36 year-old male patient treated for secondary osteoporosis. Hyperthyroidosis has been diagnosed and treated since 1999. He underwent radioactive iodine therapy from 2002 until April of 2003. During 2002 he had physical therapy due to back pain. Due to bone, spine and joint pain densitometry was performed in 2004 (femoral osteoporosis (Tscore:-2.51) and spinal osteopenia (L1-L4) (Tscore:-2.00)). Approximately in 2004 symptoms in the left TMJ appeared. Osteoarthritis of TMJ was diagnosed by a clinical examination and manual functional analysis - crepitations and joint pain of 4.5 on the visual-analogue scale (VAS). Osteoarthritis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (Figure: 1 - articular tuberculum, 2 - condyle, arrows - subchondral sclerosation in the articular tuberculum). Occlusal splint treatment since October 2006 reduced the pain significantly and TMJ crepitation during mouth opening does not disturb the patient (VAS=0.5). The densitometry in 2006 showed a significant improvement after biosposphonates (Fosamax T) treatment: femoral osteopenia (Tscore:-2.16) and spinal osteopenia (L1-L4) (Tscore:-1.14). Three years later, the patient only has painless crepitation in the TMJ (AVS=0). The findings of the present case report suggest that the symptoms of osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint are concurrent with osteoporosis. Like osteoarthritis, osteoporosis has multifactorial etiology, and all possible relationships between osteoporosis and pathological changes in the orofacial system are unknown.

Opisana je dijagnostika i terapija pacijentice sa simptomima i kliničkim znakovima osteoartritisa temporomandibularnog zgloba. Nakon radiološke dijagnostike pomoću MR-a i CT-a izrađena joj je okluzijska udlaga i upućena na fizioterapiju. Nakon 11 mjeseci terapije nije više imala bolove, već samo krepitacije u desnom zglobu.

Degenerative osteoarthritis (OA) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a form of arthrogenic temporomandibular disorders (1, 2). The purpose of this study is to determine the success of short-term occlusal splint treatment at patients with OA of TMJ. 16 patients (median of age 41.5, 69% women) with OA collected in the period 2001-2006 on the basis of clinical examinations and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography and conventional radiography of TMJ (Figure 1). The temporomandibular pain was evaluated with analogous visual scale. Psychological status of the patients was confirmed by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (3). Occlusal splint treatment was followed during 3-6 months (Figure 2). Results. OA was diagnosed in 62.5% of all TMJs, in 25% of the patients bilaterally. Clinical diagnostics and MRI findings of OA were matching in 12 (75%) patients. The most frequent symptoms felt by the patients were pain (95%) and crepitation (80%) in TMJs. 19% of the patients had acute pain (duration ≤ 3 months), 37% had subacute pain (≤ 12 months) and 44% of the patients experienced chronic pain (>12 months). The median of pain evaluated by analogous visual scale was 7 (range 9.8– 3.0) before and 1 (range 6-0) after splint treatment. The mean score in STAI 1 was 40.69 and STAI 2 was 42.44. Conclusion. Applying the occlusal splint resulted in painless TMJs (also painless crepitation) in 63% patients. A higher average level of anxiety was determined by STAI for all examined patients.

Temporomandibular disorders are a group of musculoskeletal disorders accompanied by pain in masticatory muscles and/or temporomandibular joints. They are of unknown etiology and the possible etiological factors can be of different importance for certain patients. TMJ disorder can be an anterior articular disc displacement (discopathy) and/or articular arthrosis. The case described is of a female patient who initially suffered from pain and clicking in both temporomandibular joints and after some time only in the right joint which started two years ago. Six months later she visited the prosthodontist due to unsuccessful initial treatment by an oral surgeon (AVS=7). The occlusal splint she was wearing at the time was replaced by a new one which ensured the stability of joints and teeth occlusion. Discopathy in both joints was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imagining. Although she felt better, the follow-up magnetic resonance images did not show a significant reduction of anterior articular disc displacement. However, two years later the patient suffered a traffic accident. She experienced pain remission in her right temporomandibular joint together with polytrauma (brain commotion, nose, leg and rib fracture as well as a whiplash neck injury). She immediately received two block injections due to swelling and after that she visited a dentist. She continued wearing the splint but without improvement. A year later she still suffers from strong pain (AVS=8.5) with limited mouth opening but the pain is now more expressed in the left joint. The chronification of temporomandibular pain can be explained by an increased anxiety level in the period starting with the first visit (STAI according to Spielberger (2004/2007): STAI 1=31/64 and STAI 2=31/58) and the functional status cannot be explained by MRI of the joints which remained the same. The unsuccessful initial treatment can be attributed to irregular pharmacotherapy accompanied by stomach pain, lack of physical therapy facilities in the area and the impossibility of wearing the splint due to its breaking. Treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain requires a multidisciplinary cooperation of medical and dental specialists together with the patient’ s active participation in the planning and course of initial treatment.

Uspoređivan je radiološki nalaz osteoartritisa i učestalost klinički utvrđenih znakova i simptoma poremećaja temporomandibularnog zgloba (TMZ-a). Osteoartritis TMZ-a je dijagnosticiran u 16 pacijenata (srednja dob 46, 9 godina, 69% žene) u skupini od ukupno 92 pacijenta s poremećajem TMZ-a između 2001. i 2006. Od toga čak 44% pacijenata su bili mlađi od 40 godina. U radiološkoj dijagnostici upotrebljena je magnetska rezonancija kod svih, a kod 25% pacijenata i kompjuterizirana tomografija te rtg-prikaz zgloba. Deplaniranu glavicu kondila imalo je 19% osteoartritičnih zglobova i 22% asimptomatskih zglobova. Skerozaciju zglobne kvržice imalo je 59% osteoartritičnih zglobova i 28% asimptomatskih zglobova. Sklerozaciju kondila imalo je 16% i osteofita 9% zglobova s osteoartritisom. U jednom simptomatskom zglobu nađena je cista u glavici kondila. Klinička dijagnostika upotpunjena s radiološkim tehnikama prikaza tvrdih i mekih tkiva korisne su u dijagnosticiranju osteoartritisa TMZ-a. Nedovoljno se zna o osteoartritisu jer ima znatno manju učestalost u odnosu na poremećaje zglobne pločice (diskopatije)

Osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) belongs to the arthrogenic group of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), which are the most common cause of orofacial musculoskeletal pain. Concepts of TMD etiology is described as biopsychosocial etiologic theory. The theory included biologic and psychological components. Multifactorial etiologic theory was described under various physical and psychological factors, which could be potentially significant in development of TMD forms. But at the individual patient level the most common is that the TMD etiology has been unknown. The case presented is of a 36 year-old male patient treated for secondary ostheoporosis. Hyperthyroidosis has been diagnosed and treated since 1999. Densitometry was performed in 2004 due to bone, spine and joint pain. Femoral osteoporosis (Tscore:-2.51) and spinal osteopenia (L1-L4) (Tscore:-2.00) were determined. The control densitometry in 2006 showed a significant improvement after Fosamax T treatment: femoral osteopenia (Tscore:-2.16) and spinal osteopenia (L1-L4) (Tscore:-1.14). At the approximately same time, symptoms in the left TMJ appeared. Osteoarthritis of TMJ was diagnosed by a clinical examination and manual functional analysis - crepitations and joint pain of 4.5 on the visual-analogue scale (VAS). Symptoms of osteoarthritis were confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Initial treatment by occlusal splint reduced the pain significantly and TMJ crepitation during mouth opening does not disturb the patient (VAS=0.5). Like TMDs, osteoporosis has multifactorial etiology, and it is unknown all possible relationship between osteoporosis and pathological changes in the orofacial system, including also TMJs. Male osteoporosis include primary or idiopathic, and secondary osteoporosis caused by many factors, including hyperthyroidosis. Especially secondary osteoporosis in men appears to be an an important public health problem. Osteoarthritis of TMJ has a multifactorial etiology, and the connection of osteoarthritis with osteoporosis has not been confirmed sufficiently. The reversible and non-invasive reduction of pain or pain intensity control is considered a successful functional treatment of osteoarthritis.

Disc displacement (DD) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the most frequent form of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) with the aethiopathogenesis not being sufficiently clarified. Occlusal splint is the most frequent reversible and unspecific form of initial treatment of patients with DD, but also of persons with parafunctional oral activity - bruxism. Initial treatment includes various types of supportive therapies, like pharmacologic therapy. The main goal of TMD treatment is directed toward the reduction of pain. The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are helpful with most temporomandibular pains. The purpose of this study is to determine the success in eliminating clinical symptoms in patients with DD after occlusal splint therapy, possibly depending on a level of anxiety. DD was diagnosed in 40 patients (mean age 35.5, 76% women) using Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis I and was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging of the TMJs. Pain intensity was rated on a visual-analogue scale (VAS 0-10). The control group consisted of 25 asymptomatic volunteers (mean age 23.4, 72% women). Bruxism was diagnosed based on case history and clinical findings. The anxiety was confirmed by Spielberger’ s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). By applying occlusal splint a reduction of pain was achieved in 61% of TMJs. 40% of patients had bruxism and tooth wear was significantly more correlated in patients (p0.05) with respect to the asymptomatic volunteers. Also, success of splint treatment was not dependent on anxiety (p>0.05). Including only patients with determined anxiety resulted in 62.5% of patients with anxiety according to the STAI 1=42.84, and 72.5% of patients with anxiety according to the STAI 2=44.20. Distribution of patients according to diagnosed bruxism, and scores in STAI 1 and STAI 2 test was significant (p

In last ten years numerous reforms significantly affect the health care sector, its laws and regulations as well as the organizational structure of the healthcare profession in Croatia. The School of Dental Medicine at the University of Zagreb established a practically oriented ethics corse. 179 students enrolled in the Master s degree program were given a task to write an essay analyzing the most troubling everyday ethical concern they encountered in their past and more recent clinical practise. The aim of this paper is to present the preliminary research resoults and the data will be categorized according to the students perceived and reported ethical issues. The main goal of this paper is to enrich our future ethics curricula with the priority issues that dentists themselves identify as relevant for their everyday proffesional practise. These curricula would strenghten the future young dentists capacity to better understand the ethical dilemmas they could be facing in their professional life as well as increase their respect for patients rights and decisions.

This paper is an overview on differently interpreting tooth wear, clinical appearance and etiopathogenic models. A process of tooth wear on the ultrastructural level of dental surfaces may be explained by tribological mechanisms, clinically classified as: attrition, abrasion, erosion and abfraction. There are some difficulties in clinical differentiation of certain processes of hard dental tissue wear due to multifactorial etiology and synergistic effects of different mechanisms of tooth wear together with synchronized action over a longer period of time. In order to predict further actions with regard to both existing and planned procedures used during the period of oral rehabilitation, it is important to detect the mechanism which caused the loss of dental tissue, which should ensure clinical success. U radu su prikazane različite interpretacije trošenja zubi, njihove kliničke manifestacije te etiopatogenetski modeli nastanka. Tribološki mehanizmi objašnjavaju proces trošenja zubnih površina na ultrastrukturnoj razini, a klinički se klasificiraju kao: atricija, abrazija, erozija i abfrakcija. Složena etiologija, te sinergistički učinci različitih mehanizama trošenja uz njihovo sinkrono djelovanje tijekom dužeg vrijema uvjetuju teško kliničko razlikovanje pojedinih procesa trošenja tvrdih zubnih tkiva. Za klinički uspjeh je važno pravovremeno dijagnosticirati mehanizam koji je prouzročio gubitak zubnoga tkiva radi predvidivosti daljnjih zbivanja obzirom na postojeće i planirane zahvate tijekom oralne rehabilitacije.

Bruxism is a pathophysiological disorder of the masticatory muscles whose increased activity causes non-physiological teeth attrition. The aim of this study was to report on a case of bruxism in a female psychiatric patient treated for alcoholism and consequently for a full-blown and progressive psychoorganic syndrome. The patient's almost constant bruxist activity caused the diminishing of the vertical occlusal dimension. As a form of initial prosthodontic treatment a Michigan splint was fabricated, thus alleviating the destructive impact of masticatory forces on the teeth and their supportive tissues.

The purpose of this study is to determine the success in eliminating clinical symptoms in patients with disc displacement of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) after Michigan splint (MS) treatment. 40 patients with a form of DD in at least one TMJ were included in this study. The diagnoses were given on the basis of clinical examinations and with magnetic resonance imaging of TMJ. The most frequent symptoms felt by the patients were pain (97.7% joints) and clicking (93% joints) in TMJ. Only two patients showed symptoms of burning mouth syndrome. There is no significant difference between patients classified by sex or the form of DD (with or without reduction) depending on lower or higher evaluation of pain by AVS and no significant statistical frequency of pain is shown as to the subjectively greater intensity of pain before treatment (p>0, 05). Applying MS eliminated pain at 42.4% TMJs, at 35.6% TMJs pain was eliminated with joint sound still present, and pain was still present at 22% TMJs. MS is the most frequent reversible and unspecific form used in successful reduction of temporomandibular joint pain. Relevance: Temporomandibular pain constitutes the most common cause of musculoskeletal pain in the orofacial region. Initial symptomatic treatment by MS is suggested, but there is actually no treatment that represents the gold standard of chronic TMJ pain conditions.

Objective: The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the state of fixed prosthodontic dentures (FPD) relative to the oral hygiene habits and periodontal health in a population of a rural region in Croatia. Methods: Oral hygiene habits, dental status and periodontal health anamnesis were recorded in a group of 212 individuals with fixed prosthodontic dentures (mean age 41, 1 yrs, S.D. 18, 9) and in a control group of 47 individuals without FPDs, by trained examiners. The WHO Oral hygiene index and the CPI index were used in assessment of oral and periodontal health. State of FPDs was evaluated according to the CDA index for the crowns and bridges. Results: Oral hygiene habits were inadequate for the complete sample (91% examinees ≤ 2 brushing/day). Oral hygiene index showed poor results, with both groups having plaque formation and gingivitis. Spearman’ s correlation analysis showed significant correlation between the OHI index scores and CDA index values (rho=-0.468, p

The subject of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of caries at recruits comparing the years 1998 and 2000. The oral health has been investigated applying the DMFT and FST index in the military dental polyclinic in Koprivnica, Croatia. 190 randomly chosen recruits were examined in 1998 and 248 recruits in 2000. The subjects were divided according to their age and residence environment (urban, rural). The methods of non parameters statistics were used due to the abnormal data distribution. It has been stated that in 1998 2.6% of recruits had healthy teeth. In 2000 4% of recruits had healthy teeth. The median value of the DMFT index were in 1998 7, and in 2000 6. In both investigations the median values of the FST index were 25. A statistically significant difference was found was to the residence environment and age, only in the investigation of 1998. Totally untreated teeth (treatment=0%) were present at 18% recruits in 1998, and 28% in 2000. Treated teeth (treatment=100%) had 26.8% recruits in 1998, and 18.6% in 2000. In both investigations of caries at recruits has been stated bad oral health, which indicates more effective preventive measures in childhood and in adolescent age.

In a sample which included subjects of the Croatian population we made measurements of intercondylar distances between the temporomandibular joints in radiographs. We measured the intercondlyar distances from the condyle centers in the postero-anterior cranial radiographs which had previously been examined and traced on acetate paper. The development of this radiographic assessment method should improve evaluation of subjects seeking treatment.

Estimation of age at death is an essential part of reconstructing information from skeletal material. Given that skeletal remains coming from archaeological series are very often poorly preserved, fragmentary, and demand careful handling to prevent further damage, age determination can be particularly complex. The research was carried out on 192 skulls from excavations from the crypt at St. Theresa's Cathedral, Požega, Croatia. The exhumation of the burials was done in 2004. The skeletal remains were dated from the 18th and 19th century. The aim of the investigation was to reconstruct the chronological age of the archaeological samples from Croatia using cranial skeletal remains and subsequently to make an evaluation of the methods used for age estimation. For this purpose, four age calculation methods were used: palatal suture closure, occlusal tooth wear, tooth root translucency and pulp/tooth area ratio. Cramer's V test was used to test the association between the age calculation methods. According to the time of palatal suture obliteration, 51.4% of the population was younger than 35 years at time of death. Results of the analysis of occlusal tooth wear showed an average age at death of 31.4 years. Age estimation using root dentine translucency was performed on 77 intact upper permanent canines and showed an average age at death of 51.0 years. Age estimation using pulp/tooth area ratio was performed on radiographs of 88 intact upper permanent canines and showed an average age at death of 48.2 years. Cramer's V test showed high association (0.677) between age determination results using palatal suture closure and occlusal tooth wear, and low association (0.177) between age determination results using palatal suture closure and pulp/tooth area ratio. Simple methods like palatal suture closure can provide data about age at death for large number of individuals, but with less accuracy. More complex methods which require qualified and educated personnel can provide data about age for a smaller number of individuals, but with more accuracy. Using different, both simple and complex, age calculation methods in archaeological samples can raise the level of confidence and percentage of success in determining age.

Predmet istraživanja bila je pojavnost karijesa u novaka Hrvatske vojske. Klinički je utvrđeno oralno zdravlje upotrebom DMFT (KEP indeks) i FST (zbroj zdravih zubi i zubi liječenih ispunom) indeksa 248 novaka u stomatološkoj ambulanti vojarne „ Ban Krsto Frankopan“ 2000. godine. Ispitanici su podijeljeni prema prebivalištu (urbano, ruralno ; po županijama Središnje Hrvatske) i dobi. Zbog neravnomjerne distribucije podataka korištene su metode neparametrijske statistike. Zdrave zube imalo je samo 4% ispitanika. Medijan vrijednost DMFT je 6, a FST indeksa je 25. Nije bilo razlike između pojedinih indeksa s obzirom na prebivalište i dob novaka. Pokazala se je statistički znatna razlika između DT i FST indeksa (p

According to head index cephalometric investigations confirmed that brachicephali prevailed in the Central Croatia sample, while mesocephali prevailed in the Southern Croatia sample. According to face index euriprosops prevailed in Central Croatia, and leptoprosops in Southern Croatia. The aim of this investigation was to determinate if there are differences in palatal height and the width of lower incisors according to face shape. The study sample comprised 60 subjects, of both sex from two different geographic regions of Croatia. Anatomic impressions of upper and lower dental arch were taken in alginate and plaster models were made for all subjects. Gnathometric variables of palatal height and the intermolar width were measured. The palatal hight indices were calculated according to given values. In the sample of Central Croatia palatal height was 1064.00+/-35.50 and of Southern Croatia 1240.78+/-41.36 mm (high palate) The sum of lower incisors in the sample of Southern Croatia confirmed wider incisors in comparison with the control group in Central Croatia.

Predmet je istraživanja pojavnost karijesa u novaka Hrvatske vojske s obzirom na osobitost pojedinih društvenih zajednica. U 190 novaka karijes je utvrđen upotrebom DMFT indeksa. Ispitanici su podijeljeni prema prebivalištu (gradsko, prigradsko, seosko) i prema dobi. Zdrave zube imalo je 5 (2, 6%) ispitanika. Prosječna DMFT vrijednost iznosi7, 76 (DT:2, 03 ; MT:1, 49 ; FT:4, 25). Postoji statistički znatna razlika između DT (p=0, 009) i FT (p

This paper deals with the torsional moment depending on the angle of torsion of the compact bone in laboratory animals and humans. Based on the data from laboratory animals, obtained by measurement, the data on dependence of the torsional moment and the angle of torsion were assumed for humans. Measurements were carried out on four groups of compact bone in laboratory animals. One was the control group, and three other groups were treated by various vitamin D3 metabolites. Equal measurements were performed in only one group of compact bone in humans, due to the impossibility to treat humans with vitamin D3 metabolites. Functional relations between the angle of torsion and the torsional moment for all groups of animal body tissue were determined by measurements, and the results were used to assume the reaction of human compact bone tissue if treated by vitamin D3 metabolites.

The abstract present the results on hereditary and environmental dental findings in identification of human remains exhumed from mass graves in the Republic of Croatia. The total of 17.880 teeth from all the categories was examined. Hereditary findings of the teeth such as shape, size, position, as well as age were used in all of the cases confirming and completing the identification. In only 15% of the cases they were the starting points for the identification that would be later confirmed with another 3-5 traditional identification procedures. Disturbances in tooth eruption were recorded in 22% of the cases, impaction of teeth in 10%, and retarded eruption of teeth in 12%. Disturbances of tooth position were recorded in 65% of the cases. Disorders of tooth number in the form of unilateral and bilateral missing of lateral maxillary incisors were recorded only in 2% of the monitored cases.Abnormalities of the tooth shape were found in 11% of the cases. Environmental dental findings that were the most significant for the identification were prosthetic appliances in 30% of cases. Good knowledge of all the segments odontology, including all anthropological dental traits are prerequisites for achieving better quality and quantity of dental identification.

Znanost pokušava otkriti sve aspekte djelovanja magnetnoga polja na čovjeka. Podatci su o uporabi magneta u stomatologiji malobrojni. Svrha rada bila je izmjeriti magnetna polja u zubnim laboratorijima, a istodobno oduzeti istosmjernu sastavnicu Zemljinoga magnetnoga polja. Pri mjerenju se upotrebljavao posebno konstruiran uređaj koji se sastoji od dvaju pojačala i niskofrekventnoga filtra, kojega je zadaća izmjeriti srednje kvadrate vrijednosti polja u ovisnosti o položaju objekta u prostoru. Rezultati našeg ispitivanja pokazuju da se magnetno polje smanjuje udaljavanjem od izvora zračenja, te da noviji uređaji emitiraju slabije magnetno polje od uređaja starije proizvodnje.

The focus of this paper is caries in military recruits. Our sample consisted of 190 recruits of the Croatian army at the ages of 19 to 27. This study of dental caries is carried out in accordance with the DMFT index with regard to residential community. Only 2.6% subjects indicated DMFT=0. The total DMFT value for all subjects is 7.76. A statistically significant difference for the DT and FT values was found between living areas. There were 54.76% of restored teeth in all subjects on average. The subjects from urban areas had a higher number of restored teeth. The majority of teeth comprised by the DMFT values were restored, and smaller excent decayed teeth. In this study we identified the incidence of dental caries in military recruits according different social and economic status and the need for dental treatment.

Comparative measurements were made of 144 orthopantomographs in 50 patients with successful and 94 patients with unsuccessful inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia. The results show that the bony lingula is prominent in 28.5% of all patients, or in 56.0% of those with unsuccessful anesthesia. The variables mandibular notch vs. mandibular foramen (MN-MF) and the anterior ramus ridge vs. mandibular foramen (ARR-MF) show greater distances in the group of patients with successful anesthesia, while the variables of posterior ramus ridge vs. mandibular foramen (PRR-MF) and mandibular angle vs. mandibular foramen (MA-MF) were greater in the group of patients with unsuccessful anesthesia (p > 0.05). It is concluded that the variability in position of the mandibular foramen among others may be responsible for an occasional failure of inferior alveolar nerve block.

The paper presents the results of hereditary and environmental dental findings in identification of human remains exhumed from mass graves in Republic of Croatia. The total 17.880 teeth from all categories (incisor, canines, premolars and molars) was examined. Hereditary findings of the teeth such as shape, size, position, as well as the age were used in all of the cases confirminsg and completing identification.

U regruta Hrvatske vojske upotrebom DMFT indeksa i utvrđena je saniranost zubi (osim umnjaka) prema dobi ispitanika (19 do 27 godina) i specifičnosti pojedinih socijalnih zajednica (urbana, periurbana i ruralna). Istraživanje je pokazalo da 5 (2, 6%) regruta ima zdrave zube (DMFT=0). Prosječni DMFT indeks je 7, 76 (DT:2, 03, MT:1, 49 i FT:4, 25). Broj saniranih zubi povećava se s dobi ispitanika, a karijes je nešto učestaliji u mlađim i brojnijim skupinama regruta. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između DT i FT vrijednosti prema prebivalištu. Ispitanici iz ruralnih sredina imaju više pokvarenih zubi, dok u urbanim su sredinama zubi sanirani. Stupanj saniranosti u urbanoj sredini je 79, 2%, periurbanoj 68, 8% i ruralnoj 57, 6%. Istraživanje oralnog zdravlja regruta Hrvatske vojske rijetka su i nepotpuna. Stoga provedeno istraživanje utvrđuje zdravlje zubi regruta Hrvatske vojske i pridonosi osmišljvanju najoptimalnijih prevencijskih programa.

U radu su mjerena magnetna poljau zubnim ordinacijama uz pomoć posebno konstruirane naprave s Hallovim pokusom. Napravom su se mjerili srednji kvadrati udaljenosti magnetnoga polja u ovisnosti o položaju pojedinog stomatološkog uređaja u prostoru. Dobiveni su podaci analizirani metodom jednostavne statističke regresije. Istraživanja su pokazala da je jakost magnetnoga polja većine ispitivanih uređaja neopasna za čovjeka. Ona se smanjuje što je udaljenost veća od izvora zračenja. Stariji uređaji zrače jače od uređaja novije proizvodnje.

The principal objective was to measure the magnetic fields occuring in dentists work place at simultaneous subtraction of direct ground component of magnetic field. The research instrument used to measure the power of magnetic field was of our own design. It measures the magnetic field by the Hall sensor that is powered with 5 to 10 V and is integrated in chip together with pre-amplifier. Its tasks was to measuremean square values of the field ( RMS ) dependent on the position in space. The obtain was analysed by simple statistical regression method and for that purpose the data were transformed from the exponential model into the linear one that is appropriate for regression analysis that enables the calculation of magnetic field values at any point in the space. Deviations are relatively small for which reason the regression model describes the obtained data in satisfactory manner.The following conclusion is made on the basis of our stady results and their statistical analysis: The power of magnetic field decreases with increasing distance from the source ; Magnetic field spreads through space in ISOTROPIC manner ; The investigated instruments produce negligible effects on dental staff and their patients ; The newly designed and produced instruments act on their environment by smaller magnetic fields ; The sensitivity of measurement instruments was 0.0001uT ; the majority of instruments produce magnezicfield radiation higher than 40G.