Search

The aim in this study was to estimate variance components and heritability of different longevity measures related to productive life and survival at a specified age, using linear and threshold models, to specify the more appropriate measure to express longevity in Brazilian Holstein cows. Production and reproduction records of Holstein cows were collected from 1991 to 2010, for cows born between 1987 and 2006. Variance components were obtained by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) for measures of productive life and a Bayesian analysis for survival measures. The heritability estimates for longevity measures ranged from 0.06 to 0.09, using the linear model and from 0.05 to 0.18 for traits using the threshold model. This suggests an inexpressive genetic gain using selection for these traits, whereas improvements in environmental factors which affect these animals may lead to greater phenotypic gains. Survival up to 48 months from first calving was the measureing point defined as the most appropriate to be included in future official genetic evaluations of Holstein cattle in Brazil.

A longevidade é uma característica relacionada à lucratividade da atividade leiteira. Contudo, sua seleção em rebanhos de vacas Holandesas no Brasil ainda é pouco considerada. Objetivou-se determinar os fatores não genéticos que influenciam a longevidade funcional em vacas Holandesas no Brasil, bem como estimar os parâmetros genéticos e conhecer a contribuição das características de tipo e da contagem de células somáticas (CCS) sobre o risco relativo de descarte das vacas. Utilizou-se um modelo de riscos proporcionais Weibull estratificado. Os efeitos fixos foram independentes do tempo, como a idade ao primeiro parto, e dependentes do tempo, como o efeito da região por ano de parto, classes de produção de leite por ano de parto dentro de rebanho, classes de percentagem de proteína e gordura dentro de rebanho, classes de produção de leite por número de lactações dentro de rebanho e variação nas classes de tamanho de rebanho. Os efeitos aleatórios foram: rebanho-ano, touro e de touro-avô materno. O risco de descarte aumentou com a idade ao primeiro parto, com o tamanho do rebanho, com o número de lactações e com o estágio de lactação. A produção de leite apresentou maior efeito sobre o risco de descarte. Vacas de baixa produção de leite, gordura e proteína apresentaram maior probabilidade de descarte em comparação à classe mediana. Vacas pertencentes às regiões do Paraná e São Paulo permaneceram mais tempo no rebanho do que as vacas de outras regiões. Os valores de h² variam de 7,8% a 6,1% para a h² equivalente e a efetiva, respectivamente. Observou-se tendência genética positiva para a longevidade. As características de tipo, escore final, angularidade, nivelamento da linha superior, textura do úbere e ligamento suspensório foram as características que se apresentaram mais relacionadas com a longevidade funcional. Foram observadas diferenças no risco de descarte dependendo do número de vacas classificadas para tipo dentro de rebanho. Até a 4ª lactação, o risco de descarte foi menor para vacas com baixa CCS em comparação a vacas da classe mediana. Já para vacas na 5ª lactação, a alta CCS conduziu ao menor risco de descarte. A rotina de avaliação genética é necessária para melhorar a duração da vida produtiva de vacas da raça Holandesa no Brasil. Características preditivas, tais como escore final, angularidade, nivelamento da linha superior, textura do úbere, ligamento suspensório e a CCS podem ser utilizadas para aumentar a confiabilidade dos valores genéticos dos touros para longevidade funcional. Longevity is a trait related to the profitability of dairy activity. However, its selection in Brazilian Holstein herds is still little considered. The aim of this study was to determine the non-genetic factors that influence functional longevity in Holstein cows in Brazil, as well as to estimate the genetic parameters and the contribution of somatic cell score (SCS) and type traits on the relative culling risk of cows. A piecewise Weibullproportional hazard model was used. The fixed effects were time-independent, as age at first calving, and time-dependent, as the interaction effects of region by year of calving, milk production class by year of calving within herd, within herd milk production class by lactation number, within herd fat and protein content, and variation in herd size class. The random effects were herd-year effect, additive genetic contribution from the sire and maternal grandsire of the cow. The relative risk increased with age at first calving, lactation number by stage of lactation, and herd size but lower risks were observed when herd size was increasing or decreasing, compared to stable herds. Milk production had a greater effect on the risk of culling. The relative risk increased as milk production, protein and fat decreased, but to a lesser extent for protein and fat compared to milk yield. Cows from Paraná and São Paulo regions remained longer in the herd than cows from the other regions. The h² values varied from 7.8% to 6.1% for equivalent and effective h², respectively. A positive genetic trend of functional longevity was observed. The type traits, final score, angularity, top line, udder texture and suspensory ligament showed the strongest relationship with productive life. Differences in risk of culling were observed depending on the fraction of type-scored animals within a herd. The absence of type trait phenotypes was associated with a strong increase of culling risk for the cows. The impact of SCS on longevity was high in cows from 1st to 4th lactation with high SCS. Interestingly, for 5th lactation, cows with lower SCS have higher culling risk compared to cows with higher SCS. A routine of genetic evaluation is necessary to improve length of productive life of Brazilian Holsteins under local conditions. The use of early predictors correlated with longevity, as final score, angularity, top line, udder texture, suspensory ligament and SCS, may be recommended to increase the reliability of sires’ estimated breeding values for functional longevity.

Survival analysis of productive life in Brazilian Holstein using a Weibull proportional hazard model. 66. Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science (EAAP)

Objetivou-se com este estudo estimar parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos para medidas de longevidade relacionadas à vida produtiva ou vida no rebanho, sobrevivência no rebanho até determinado tempo, e para características lineares de tipo, além de avaliar a possibilidade de reduzir a dimensionalidade, por meio da análise de fatores, do conjunto original de características lineares de tipo, a fim de indicar quais são as mais importantes para a seleção da longevidade e produção de leite até 305 dias na primeira lactação, em vacas da raça holandesa. Os componentes de (co)variância para as características lineares de tipo e para as medidas de longevidade relacionadas a vida produtiva e ou vida no rebanho foram obtidos pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, sob modelo animal linear, e para a sobrevivência no rebanho pela abordagem bayesiana, considerando-se um modelo animal não-linear (limiar). A associação dos fatores extraídos sobre as medidas de longevidade e a produção de leite em até 305 dias na primeira lactação foi realizada com o procedimento GLM do SAS. As herdabilidades para as medidas de longevidade relacionadas a vida produtiva e ou vida no rebanho e sobrevivência no rebanho variaram de 0,05 a 0,09, e 0,05 a 0,18, respectivamente. Para as características lineares de tipo, as herdabilidades foram maiores, variando de 0,08 a 0,39. As correlações genéticas entre as medidas de longevidade relacionadas à vida produtiva ou a vida no rebanho e as medidas de sobrevivência com as características lineares de tipo, variaram de -0,39 a 0,31, e -0,36 a 0,41, respectivamente. A seleção direta para a longevidade pode conduzir a pequenas respostas a seleção. As características profundidade do úbere, colocação das tetas posteriores, textura do úbere, altura do úbere, qualidade óssea, largura torácica e profundidade corporal, apresentaram as correlações genéticas mais elevadas com as medidas de longevidade, podendo ser utilizadas como características auxiliares para a seleção da longevidade. A análise de fatores extraiu dois fatores com autovalores maiores que um, o primeiro englobou basicamente as características relacionadas ao úbere, teta e qualidade óssea, e o segundo a estrutura da vaca. Uma futura seleção com base nas características do fator 1 pode condicionar em maior permanecia das vacas no rebanho e maior produção de leite na primeira lactação. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for measures of longevity related to productive life and or herd life, survival in the herd until certain time, and to linear type traits, and reduce the dimensionality by means of factor analysis, of the original set of linear type traits in order to indicate which are the most important for the selection of longevity and milk production until 305 days in first lactation in Holstein cows. The components of (co) variance for linear type traits and to measures of longevity related to productive life or herd life were obtained by restricted likelihood maximum method, with a linear animal model, and survival in the herd with Bayesian methodology considering an animal model non-linear (threshold). The relationship of the factors about measures of longevity and milk production until 305 days in first lactation was performed with the GLM procedure of SAS. The heritability for measures of longevity related to productive life or herd life, and survival in the herd ranged from 0.05 to 0.09, and 0.05 to 0.18, respectively. For linear type traits, heritability was higher, ranging from 0.08 to 0.39. Genetic correlations between linear type traits with measures of longevity related to productive life and survival measures ranged from -0.39 to 0.31, and -0.36 to 0 41, respectively. The traits of the udder depth, fore teat placement, udder texture, rear udder height, bone quality, chest width and body depth showed highest genetic correlations with measures of longevity can be used as auxiliary traits for the selection of longevity. Factor analysis extracted two factors with eigenvalues greater than one, the first, basically encompassed the traits related to the udder, teats and bone quality, and the second factor, cow structure. Indirect selection based on the traits of the 1 factor can contribute to higher permanence of the cows in the herd and toward milk production increase in first lactation.

International audience; Longevity is an important trait due to its relationship with profitability. Type traits have been used as indirect predictors for productive life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of 20 type traits on length of productive life in Brazilian Holsteins, using a piecewise Weibull proportional hazard model. Three analyses were performed i) productive life was corrected for within herd level of production as a proxy for functional longevity, which included the time-dependent effects of region within year, class of milk production within herdyear, milk production class within lactation number, fat class and protein contents within herd and (variation in) herd size as well as the time-independent fixed effect of age at first catering and the type trait score; ii) the effects related to production were omitted from the first model (true longevity) and iii) with the first model, the effect of type was also studied considering five classes of percentage of type-scored cows within the herd. All analyses were performed using the Survival Kit program. The final score, angularity, top line, udder texture and suspensory ligament showed the strongest relationship with productive life. When type traits were available only for a small fraction of the herd, the cows had a better chance of remaining longer in the herd. The absence of type trait phenotypes was associated with a strong increase of culling risk for the cows. Type traits were not found to be good indirect predictors of productive life in Brazil.