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Energy has always been the cornerstone of the development of the world and even human society. Energy affects mankind in economy, life, culture and other aspects. Therefore, energy has always been one of the most important things in human society. As the world changes, energy security is always on the minds of world leaders. At the same time, as a very important investment product in the world, the price trend of energy has been affecting the attention of investors around the world. Therefore, this paper will take the European natural gas price as an analysis case, and help analyze the possible trend of the European natural gas price by analyzing the demand and supply and detailing the supply situation. In addition, this paper will analyze European energy supply sources in detail, and put forward constructive suggestions for European leaders to solve energy security problems with the goal of helping Europe achieve energy self-sufficiency.

Reinforcing the visible photon absorption and charge separation are the key issues to maximize the photocatalytic performance of graphitic carbon nitride. Herein, holey bridging-nitrogen-defected graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets were prepared through solid-state copolymerization and subsequently thermal annealing with melamine and hexamethylenetetramine as the precursors. Numerous pores and bridging nitrogen defects that embedded into the thin-layer framework were evidenced through comprehensive characterization. The synthesized textural and electronic structure enables the significant improvement of photocatalytic hydrogen production, with the optimized sample of D-CNNS(0.3) representing a hydrogen evolution rate of 2497.1 μmol∙g−1∙h−1 under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). This is about 10.4 and 41.1 folds improvement compared with pristine nanosheets and bulk carbon nitride, respectively. Both experimental and theoretical results demonstrate the bridging nitrogen defects are beneficial to enhance photoabsorption, promote charge separation and transfer. Together with the enlarged surface area, the optimized nanosheet sample shows a dramatically improved quantum yield in visible region.

Objective. This study describes a randomized controlled trial that assesses percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) combined with a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) rod in patients with GLDH (herniation affecting 50% of the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal) and reports the 2-year follow-up outcome. Methods. In all, 243 patients were randomly assigned to undergo PELD or PELD combined with a PEEK rod by generating random numbers with a random number generator. Clinical outcome data, including the numerical rating scale (NRS), were used to assess the patients’ back and leg pain, while the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to quantify pain and disability. Imaging data included intervertebral disc height (IDH), range of motion (ROM), and modified Pfirrmann grades. Results. At the final follow-up, the NRS for back and leg pain and the ODI scores were significantly decreased in both groups. The NRS for back pain and the ODI scores in the PELD + PEEK group (1.32 ± 0.70, 14.10 ± 4.74) were better than those in the PELD group (1.91 ± 0.69, 16.93 ± 4.33) (P<0.05). The IDH of the PELD + PEEK group (10.54 ± 1.62) was significantly higher than that in the PELD group (9.98 ± 1.90) (P=0.025). The ROM of the PELD + PEEK group (2.39 ± 0.90) was significantly lower than that of the PELD group (9.49 ± 1.62) (P<0.001). Conclusion. For symptomatic patients with GLDH, both PELD and PELD combined with a PEEK rod showed good efficacy. However, the long-term effect of PELD combined with a PEEK rod is better than that of PELD alone. Moreover, PELD combined with a PEEK rod can effectively reduce the recurrence rate. Maximum benefit can be gained if we adhere to strict selection criteria for PELD combined with a PEEK rod.

HIV-infected (HIV+) women may be more vulnerable to neurocognitive impairment (NCI) due to psychological and physiological factors but previous studies show mixed findings. We investigated the neurocognitive performances in HIV+ versus HIV- women and men. This cross-sectional analysis included 669 HIV+ patients (223 women) and 1338 HIV-uninfected (HIV-) controls (446 women) which were frequency matched on sex, education, and 5-year age categories. NCI was screened using the Mini-mental State Examination. Psychomotor speed was assessed using timed alternating hand sequence test. Prevalence of NCI was higher among women versus men in the HIV+ group (16.1% vs 10.5%) but not the HIV- group (4.3% vs 3.5%). HIV+ women performed worse compared to men on psychomotor speed, orientation, attention, and calculation, whereas HIV- women performed worse compared to men on attention and calculation. Adjusted interaction effects of HIV status × sex (women vs men) were significant on orientation, attention, and calculation, and marginally significant on psychomotor speed (p = 0.053). In multivariable models, among both HIV+ women and men, less years of education and depressive symptoms were associated with NCI. Waist-to-hip ratio above the cut-off was strongly associated with NCI among HIV+ women. HIV+ women perform worse on cognitive measures compared to HIV+ men. The association of central obesity with NCI in HIV+ women should be noted.

Background: Literature shows an inverse association of circulating cholesterol level with the risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD); this finding has important ramifications, but its interpretation has been debated. Objective: To longitudinally examine how blood total cholesterol changes during the development of PD. Methods: In the Health, Aging and Body Composition study (n = 3,053, 73.6±2.9 years), blood total cholesterol was measured at clinic visit years 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 11. We first examined baseline cholesterol in relation to PD risk, adjusting for potential confounders and competing risk of death. Then, by contrasting the observed with expected cholesterol levels, we examined the trajectory of changes in total cholesterol before and after disease diagnosis. Results: Compared to the lowest tertile of baseline total cholesterol, the cumulative incidence ratio of PD and 95% confidence interval was 0.41 (0.20, 0.86) for the second tertile, and 0.69 (0.35, 1.35) for the third tertile. In the analysis that examined change of total cholesterol level before and after PD diagnosis, we found that its level began to decrease in the prodromal stage of PD and became statistically lower than the expected values ∼4 years before disease diagnosis (observed-expected difference, –6.68 mg/dL (95% confidence interval: –13.14, –0.22)). The decreasing trend persisted thereafter; by year-6 post-diagnosis, the difference increased to –13.59 mg/dL (95% confidence interval: –22.12, –5.06), although the linear trend did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.10). Conclusion: Circulating total cholesterol began to decrease in the prodromal stage of PD, which may in part explain its reported inverse association with PD.

During the visual search task performed by the operator, if the magnitude of the information flow does not match the design of the boundary, it will directly affect the information decoding process of the operator’s brain. The resulting visual load will easily cause the operator to fatigue, Which seriously affects the performance of visual search tasks. Most of the literature focuses on the relationship between the physiological data of the eyes and operator fatigue, and the research on the relationship between the source of fatigue and the design of interface elements is insufficient. This research focuses on the eye movement data during the visual search task, and studies the relationship between the objective complexity of the human-machine interface and operator fatigue, and provides design suggestions and empirical evidence for interface designers when designing interfaces. The study found that in visual search tasks, the number of interface elements exceeding 20 and the interface element size being too small can significantly induce operator fatigue.

Anti-poverty governance is a worldwide problem. Foreign experience in rural anti-poverty governance is helpful to examine the rural poverty problem in developing countries around the world and to explore a new governance paradigm. Taking India's rural anti-poverty governance policy as an example, this paper gives focuses on revealing and summarizing India's typical experience and advantages in poverty governance through literature comparison. The study finds that the anti-poverty governance in rural India has formed a network pattern based on agriculture, funding, participation of social subjects, specialized poverty alleviation institutions and legislative guarantee. These typical experiences have certain experience enlightenment and knowledge accumulation for the global developing country rural anti-poverty governance.

Background Posterior percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) has become a preferred procedure for the treatment of simple lumbar disc herniation (LDH) but has rarely been reported for distant upward migration. The purpose of this research was to investigate the feasibility, safety, clinical efficacy and technical points of posterior PELD combined with the vertical anchoring technique (VAT) for the treatment of LDH with distant upward migration. Methods Thirteen patients with distant upward migrated LDH who underwent posterior PELD combined with the VAT from March 2016 to May 2018 were selected. Among these cases, the herniated disc was located at L3/4 in 2 patients, L4/5 in 9 patients and L5/S1 in 2 patients. The operative time, length of hospital stay and postoperative complications were recorded. The visual analogue score (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and modified MacNab criteria were used to assess surgical efficacy. Results All 13 patients underwent successful surgery. We compared the VAS, ODI and JOA scores before and after surgery. The differences were statistically significant (P Conclusion Posterior PELD combined with the VAT is a safe and feasible procedure for the treatment of LDH with distant upward migration and represents a new approach for this type of surgery.

Surface engineering is an efficient way to enhance photoabsorption, promote charge separation and boost photocatalysis. Herein, sulfur-doped holey g-C3N4 nanosheets have been prepared through a universal self-templating approach with thiocyanuric acid as the single-precursor. By subtly controlling the feeding amount of precursor, the synthesized sulfur-doped holey g-C3N4 nanosheets exhibit excellent visible-light driven photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. The optimized catalyst presents a hydrogen evolution rate of 6225.4 μmol g−1h−1, with an apparent quantum yield of 10 % at 420 nm. Comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations suggest that the enhanced photocatalysis is attributed to the synergy of the enlarged surface area, the negatively-shifted conduction band, and the narrowed bandgap due to sulfur-doping and ultra-thin two-dimensional topology. This work highlights the importance of controlling the precursor dosage and inducing sulfur doping into the polymer, providing a promising and reliable strategy to simultaneously regulate the nanostructural and electronic structure of g-C3N4 for highly efficient photocatalysis.

To investigate the efficacy and safety of the treatment of percutaneous endoscopic debridement (PED) and continuous lavage drainage (CLD) on lumbar tuberculosis. Total 31 patients diagnosed with lumbar tuberculosis, who underwent the PED and CLD from January 2012 to January 2018 in our hospital were included. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, complications were analyzed. The recovery of local tuberculosis was evaluated by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and visual analogue scale (VAS) before and after operation. The patients were followed up for 18 to 84 months. At the last follow-up, lumbar lordosis (LL), the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and imaging data were used to evaluate the recovery of spinal structure and function. There were no complications for all patients. During the follow-up of 3 to 12 months after operation, ESR and CRP returned to normal. The VAS score of local pain was significantly lower than that before operation ( p PED and CLD might be an effective surgical treatment for spinal tuberculosis.

This retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2009 to July 2016 to explore the occurrence and risk factors of self-reported fatigue within the first 6 months after receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) among patients living with HIV in Taizhou City of Zhejiang province, Eastern China. In total, 1163 HIV-infected patients with a median follow-up duration of 27.8 months were included in the analysis. Among them, 261 (22.4%) reported fatigue within the first 6 months after ART. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, self-reported fatigue within the first 6 months after ART was negatively associated with junior middle-school education or above, baseline CD4 cell count of 200-349 and350 cells/μL (vs200 cells/μL), overweight at baseline (vs normal weight) but positively associated with ≥50 years old at initiation of ART (vs30 years old), underweight at baseline, use of efavirenz (EFV) in the first-line regimen. Our data suggest that earlier initiation of ART and higher body mass index are preferred to restore the energy of HIV-infected patients with the EFV use in the era of ART in China.

Growing evidence suggests that HIV infection may accelerate biological aging. Insomnia symptoms, particularly in later life, exacerbate cellular aging. We examined the association between insomnia symptoms and leukocyte telomere length (LTL), and further explored how this association was affected by HIV serostatus and age. Data were assessed from 244 HIV-infected individuals ≥40 years and 244 HIV-uninfected individuals who were frequency-matched by age, gender and education level. Insomnia symptoms were assessed by responses to four sleep-related questions covering the past month. We performed multivariable linear regression with logarithmically transformed LTL and reported exponentiated coefficients. HIV-infected individuals had shorter LTL compared to uninfected individuals (geometric mean 0.82 vs 0.89, P=0.052), and this association remained after adjustment for gender, education level, and smoking history (-7.4%, P=0.051) but markedly attenuated after additional adjustment for insomnia and depressive symptoms (-3.7%, P=0.367). Significant interactions between age group (55-82 vs 40-54 years) and insomnia symptoms on LTL were observed in the HIV-infected individuals (-28.4%, P=0.033) but not the uninfected (-17.9%, P=0.250). After stratifying by age group, LTL was independently associated with insomnia symptoms in those 55 years and older among the HIV-infected individuals (-24.5%, P=0.026) but not those 40-54 years old (-9.8%, P=0.428). Our findings suggest that elevated insomnia and depressive symptoms may partly explain the correlation between HIV serostatus and shorter LTL. Significant association between insomnia and shorter LTL observed in elderly HIV-infected but not in uninfected individuals suggest that such adverse effect may begin at an earlier age or is more pronounced in HIV-infected individuals but requires further investigation.

To assess the status of, and factors associated with, residents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to air pollution and respiratory health of children in Shanghai, we conducted a cross-sectional survey. Demographic factors associated with residents’ knowledge were identified by multiple logistic regressions. The questionnaires were completed by 972 participants, half from the Shanghai Children Hospital and the other half from the Jiading communities. Half of the participants’ scores of knowledge and attitudes were equal or greater than 8.0 on a 9-point scale, over 75% of respondents’ practice scores were equal to or less than 4.0. Our studies demonstrated a significant difference of average knowledge scores between the two groups (t = 1.27, p &lt, 0.05). The parents’ educational level (OR = 1.89, 2.48) and average annual household income (AAHI) (OR = 2.37, 2.40, 2.12) were the two strongest factors on knowledge awareness. In addition, statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the two groups in their attitudes towards air quality and their perception of the government’s efforts to alleviate it. The hospital and community groups also showed significant differences in practices geared towards protecting their children’s health. Nearly 90% of the respondents agreed that improving air quality is the responsibility of every citizen, and the joint action of governments and all citizens should be utilized for enhanced control. In addition, more resources should be allocated towards providing citizens with appropriate practices to help lessen the effects of poor air quality.

Background Shanghai, along with many major cities in China, faces deterioration of air quality and increases in air pollution-related respiratory diseases (RDs) in children due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to qualitatively and quantitatively measure the willingness to pay (WTP) for reducing children's RDs through air quality improvement. Methods: Between April and May, 2014, 975 face-to-face interviews were collected from parents in a community-based and a hospital-setting in Shanghai. Multiple imputation and the Probit model were used to determine the relationship between the WTP and the related environmental factors, child health factors and the socio-economic status. Results Most respondents reported being willing to make a financial contribution to improve air quality in both the community (52.6%) and hospital (70.2%) samples. Those in the hospital setting were willing to pay significantly more ¥504 (USD$80.7) compared to the community sample ¥428 ($68.5) as expected. Reasons for those not being willing to pay included lack of disposable income and believing that responsibility of the air quality was a community issue. These did not differ by sample. Annual household income and education were related to WTP. Conclusion This study indicated that parents in Shanghai would be willing to pay for improved air quality. Children's health can be the incentive for the citizens' participation and support in the air quality improvement, therefore, hospital settings may present unique places to improve education about air quality and enhance advocacy efforts. This study also suggested that future environmental policies be addressed more rigorously for targeted populations.