37 results on '"Kenway S"'
Search Results
2. How scale and technology influence the energy intensity of water recycling systems-An analytical review
- Author
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Paul, R., Kenway, S., and Mukheibir, P.
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The research-policy nexus in climate change adaptation: experience from the urban water sector in South East Queensland, Australia
- Author
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Laves, G., Kenway, S., Begbie, D., Roiko, A., Carter, R. W., and Waterman, P.
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- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Expert opinion on influential factors driving renewable energy adoption in the water industry
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Strazzabosco, A., Conrad, S. A., Lant, P. A., Kenway, S. J., Strazzabosco, A., Conrad, S. A., Lant, P. A., and Kenway, S. J.
- Abstract
Interest in renewable energy adoption in the water industry is growing amid numerous barriers. Overcoming these barriers requires an understanding of the influencing factors that drive renewable energy adoption, namely i) what drives the industry to uptake renewable energy projects, ii) what policies and regulations are perceived by the industry as effective in supporting this trend, and iii) what renewable energy technologies are preferred. To identify influencing factors, a survey was conducted of Australian professionals working in water and wastewater related fields. Reducing costs associated with energy consumption were perceived as the most significant factors influencing renewable energy projects. Respondents perceived compulsory greenhouse gas emissions reduction as the most influential policy. Respondents did not perceive any government financial policy or regulation established for the development of a renewable energy market as highly influential for the water industry. Among all respondents, biogas from sewage sludge and solar photovoltaic were considered the most important technologies available to the industry. Yet, the priority of these technologies differed between respondents working for water/wastewater utilities and the rest of respondents, as the former perceived biogas from co-digestion as the most important technology, while the rest perceived solar PV as the dominant technology.
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- 2020
5. Quantification of renewable electricity generation in the Australian water industry
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Strazzabosco, A., Kenway, S. J., Lant, P. A., Strazzabosco, A., Kenway, S. J., and Lant, P. A.
- Abstract
Water and wastewater utilities have increasingly invested in on-site renewable electricity generation to address rising energy costs, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and meet renewable energy targets. Yet, the extent to which renewable electricity sources are currently adopted by these utilities is unknown. This work quantifies the current level of renewable electricity generated by Australian water and wastewater utilities, the renewable electricity sources adopted, and their overall contribution to the total water industry electricity generation. In 2018, the Australian water industry generated 18% (279 GWh/y) of its electricity demand from on-site renewable electricity sources. Biogas from anaerobic digestion of wastewater and sewage sludge accounted for 67% (187 GWh/y) of the electricity generated, followed by hydropower (30%, 84 GWh/y), biogas from co-digestion and waste-to-energy through anaerobic digestion of organic feedstock (2%, 5.5 GWh/y), and solar photovoltaic (1%, 2.2 GWh/y). Further recovery of biogas from wastewater and sewage sludge might be limited by the economies of scale. However, hydropower could still be an untapped resource. Solar photovoltaic did not contribute significantly to the electricity generation of the industry, and space requirements to install large systems might limit its future development to a more significant level of electricity generation. To increase electricity generation and achieve the renewable energy targets, external energy sources will need to be imported, such as organic feedstock in co-digestion systems or waste-to-energy through anaerobic digestion facilities.
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- 2020
6. Urban metabolism of Bangalore City: A water mass balance analysis (vol 22, pg 1413, 2018)
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Paul, R, Kenway, S, McIntosh, B, and Mukheibir, P
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Environmental Sciences - Published
- 2019
7. Urban Metabolism of Bangalore City: A Water Mass Balance Analysis
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Paul, R, Kenway, S, McIntosh, B, and Mukheibir, P
- Subjects
Environmental Sciences - Abstract
© 2018 by Yale University Cities are increasingly depending on energy-intensive water sources, such as distant rivers and the ocean, to meet their water demand. However, such expensive sources could be avoided using alternative local sources of water such as wastewater, rainwater, and stormwater. Many cities do not have robust accounts of those localized water resources, as estimating those resources requires comprehensive accounting in complex urban water systems. In this article, we investigate whether an urban metabolism evaluation framework built on the urban water mass balance can help analyze these resources, especially in a rapidly growing developing city. We first refined the water mass balance equation developed by Kenway and his colleagues in 2011 for a developing country context with the inclusion of some significant components such as system loss. Then, we applied the refined equation for the first time to Bangalore city in India, a developing country, for the year 2013–2014 as a real case example, which is a rare water mass balance analysis of its kind. The refined equation helped analyze Bangalore's urban water system. The total available wastewater, stormwater, and rainwater were 656 gigaliters (GL). The gap between water demand and supply could be met if 54% of this recycled potential were harnessed. Wastewater had enough potential (362 GL) to replace the whole centralized water supply from the Cauvery. A scenario analysis showed that the gap between water demand and supply in 2021 can be met if 60% of total recycled potential is utilized. This approach can be used to help other cities identify the potential of alternative water sources and support integrated water planning and monitoring water metabolic performance.
- Published
- 2018
8. How has urban water metabolism been communicated? Perspectives from the USA, Europe and Australia
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King, S., Kenway, S. K., Renouf, M. A., King, S., Kenway, S. K., and Renouf, M. A.
- Abstract
Urban metabolism is increasingly being adopted to guide city planning towards improved water, energy and material efficiency. Stakeholder participation in the adoption of this concept will be important, and hence effective communication will be crucial. This study aimed to determine how urban metabolism has been communicated and interpreted, with attention to water. The approach included (i) literature review, (ii) structured international interviews and (iii) thematic analysis. We demonstrate how diverse language, metaphors, methods, visual imagery, data and information have been used to communicate this complex topic. Maps, Sankey diagrams, concept figures, spider diagrams, pictorial flow diagrams, art, and animation have all been used. We observe barriers to communication in order to understand the communication techniques which may be effective, and clarify issues relating to awareness and target audiences. We include a discussion of the themes that emerged from the research that are relevant for integrated water planning and the power of visual imagery. Inconsistent language is influenced by widely different overarching metaphors which range from ‘organism’ to ‘ecosystem’ metabolism. Fragmented data are a major gap for shared understanding. The research provides new understanding of how stakeholders perceive urban water metabolism and its relationship to Integrated urban water management.
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- 2019
9. How scale and technology influence the energy intensity of water recycling systems-An analytical review
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Paul, R, Kenway, S, Mukheibir, P, Paul, R, Kenway, S, and Mukheibir, P
- Abstract
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Many cities are moving towards increased use of recycled water to meet water demand due to freshwater scarcity, population growth, urbanisation and climate change. Water recycling requires substantial energy. Water utilities are facing serious challenges providing cost-effective and reliable water services under rising energy cost. Energy is further linked with global climate change through carbon intensive Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions. However, few studies have attempted to understand the energy use of water recycling systems and how energy intensity of those systems varies with scale and technology. In this paper, we undertook a comprehensive and systematic literature and data review to understand the energy intensity of water recycling systems. We used four “cases”: (1) Centralised Potable (2) Centralised Non-Potable, (3) Decentralised Potable and (4) Decentralised Non-Potable systems to structure our work. Our analysis demonstrates how energy intensity of water recycling systems decreases with increasing size for a wide range of scale and for different treatment technologies. The treatment energy intensity for centralised systems having capacity less than 5 MLD varies from 0.48 to 2.0 kWh/kL for non-potable and 0.75 to 2.0 kWh/k for potable; for capacities between 5 and 200 MLD varies from 0.2 to 0.9 kWh/kL for potable and from 0.25 to 0.75 kWh/kL for non-potable; and for any capacity greater than 200 MLD, the treatment energy intensity is less than 0.8 kWh/kL for potable and 0.55 kWh/kL for non-potable systems. But current centralised water recycling systems have a treatment energy intensity from 0.65 to 1.4 kWh/kL for Potable for capacity from 21 to 378 MLD and from 0.6 to 1.0 kWh/kL for non-potable systems for 6 to 350 MLD. In the case of decentralised systems, smaller systems consume higher energy than centralised systems but larger decentralised Systems (mid-size) have lower energy intensity. Though the treatment energy intensity of
- Published
- 2019
10. Evaluation of adsorption and coagulation as membrane pretreatment steps for the removal of organic material and disinfection-by-product precursors
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Mavinic, D S, Bérubé, P R, Hall, E R, Kenway, S E, and Roett, K
- Published
- 2002
11. How has urban water metabolism been communicated? Perspectives from the USA, Europe and Australia
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King, S., primary, Kenway, S. K., primary, and Renouf, M. A., primary
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- 2019
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12. The Australian industrial ecology virtual laboratory and multi-scale assessment of buildings and construction
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Baynes, TM, Crawford, RH, Schinabeck, J, Bontinck, PA, Stephan, A, Wiedmann, T, Lenzen, M, Kenway, S, Yu, M, Teh, SH, Lane, J, Geschke, A, Fry, J, Chen, G, Baynes, TM, Crawford, RH, Schinabeck, J, Bontinck, PA, Stephan, A, Wiedmann, T, Lenzen, M, Kenway, S, Yu, M, Teh, SH, Lane, J, Geschke, A, Fry, J, and Chen, G
- Abstract
As global population and urbanization increase, so do the direct and indirect environmental impacts of construction around the world. Low-impact products, buildings, precincts and cities are needed to mitigate the effects of building construction and use. Analysis of embodied energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across these scales is becoming more important to support this direction. The calculation of embodied impacts requires rigorous, flexible and comprehensive assessment tools. Firstly, we present the Australian Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab) as one such tool discussing its structure, function and wide scope of application. Secondly, we demonstrate its potential high level of resolution in a case study: assessing embodied GHG emissions in an aluminium-framed window by combining product-specific life-cycle inventory data. The input-output analysis at the core of the IELab is mathematically comprehensive in the assessment of direct and indirect impacts and the tool can be applied at a range of scales from building component, to precincts and cities, or to the entire construction industry. IELab uses a flexible formalism that enables consistent harmonisation of diverse datasets and tractable updating of input data. The emissions and energy database supporting IELab has detailed data, aligning with economic accounts and data on labour, water, materials and waste that enrich assessment across other dimensions of sustainability. IELab is a comprehensive, flexible and robust assessment tool well positioned to respond to the challenge of assessing and aiding the design of a low-impact built environment.
- Published
- 2018
13. Integrated intelligent water-energy metering systems and informatics: Visioning a digital multi-utility service provider
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Stewart, RA, Nguyen, K, Beal, C, Zhang, H, Sahin, O, Bertone, E, Vieira, AS, Castelletti, A, Cominola, A, Giuliani, M, Giurco, D, Blumenstein, M, Turner, A, Liu, A, Kenway, S, Savić, DA, Makropoulos, C, Kossieris, P, Stewart, RA, Nguyen, K, Beal, C, Zhang, H, Sahin, O, Bertone, E, Vieira, AS, Castelletti, A, Cominola, A, Giuliani, M, Giurco, D, Blumenstein, M, Turner, A, Liu, A, Kenway, S, Savić, DA, Makropoulos, C, and Kossieris, P
- Abstract
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Advanced metering technologies coupled with informatics creates an opportunity to form digital multi-utility service providers. These providers will be able to concurrently collect a customers’ medium-high resolution water, electricity and gas demand data and provide user-friendly platforms to feed this information back to customers and supply/distribution utility organisations. Providers that can install low-cost integrative systems will reap the benefits of derived operational synergies and access to mass markets not bounded by historical city, state or country limits. This paper provides a vision of the required transformative process and features of an integrated multi-utility service provider covering the system architecture, opportunities and benefits, impediments and strategies, and business opportunities. The heart of the paper is focused on demonstrating data modelling processes and informatics opportunities for contemporaneously collected demand data, through illustrative examples and four informative water-energy nexus case studies. Finally, the paper provides an overview of the transformative R&D priorities to realise the vision.
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- 2018
14. Distributed recycled water systems to reduce energy intensity for urban water services
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Paul, R, Mukheibir, P, and Kenway, S
- Abstract
The energy expenditure of water utilities is likely to increase due to the need to supply water from more energy-intensive sources such as distant rivers, sea water, recycled water and lower quality water sources. Currently water utilities face serious challenges to provide cost effective water services and this will further worsen due to rising energy price. This paper discusses research undertaken to date on the energy associated with the delivery of urban water services and presents a justification of how distributed recycled waste water systems can reduce energy consumption in urban water and wastewater systems.
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- 2017
15. ANALYSING WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN OPTIONS
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Meng, X, primary and Kenway, S, additional
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- 2018
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16. New multi-regional input–output databases for Australia–enabling timely and flexible regional analysis
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Lenzen, M, Geschke, A, Malik, A, Fry, J, Lane, J, Wiedmann, T, Kenway, S, Hoang, K, Cadogan-Cowper, A, Lenzen, M, Geschke, A, Malik, A, Fry, J, Lane, J, Wiedmann, T, Kenway, S, Hoang, K, and Cadogan-Cowper, A
- Abstract
Decision-making at regional scales requires timely information. Within four months of the release of official national statistics, we have produced a time-series (2008–2015) of balanced sub-national, multi-regional supply-and-use tables (MR-SUT), integrated with a set of socio-economic and environmental accounts. This was achieved using the Australian IELab, where data used in this study are available (https://ielab.info/resources/91). Four multi-regional, environmentally extended supply-use tables regionalised in different ways were produced to demonstrate the flexibility of tailoring input–output models to specific research or policy questions. Results for satellite coefficients are sensitive to the chosen regional grouping and method for regionalisation. We demonstrate the relevance of such purpose-built information to government and corporate decision-makers by analysing the indirect economic and employment consequences of a slowdown of the mining boom in Western Australia. The demonstrated innovations in flexibility and timeliness will help move past some of the limitations that have historically hindered the uptake and utility of applied input–output analysis.
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- 2017
17. Connecting land-use and water planning: Prospects for an urban water metabolism approach
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Serrao-Neumann, S., Renouf, M., Kenway, S. J., Low Choy, D., Serrao-Neumann, S., Renouf, M., Kenway, S. J., and Low Choy, D.
- Abstract
The current fabric of urban areas is largely the result of past land development and land-use planning decisions. Historically, there was relatively little consideration of the impact of these decisions upon hydrological systems within and outside urban areas. Despite their close relationship, urban and regional planning and water resources management have typically been carried out separately and guided by different institutional arrangements. The range of impacts of urbanisation on hydrological systems at the city-region scale, and the dependence of urbanised areas upon these systems, call for better integration between the sectors of urban and regional planning and water resources management to ensure the sustainability and resilience of cities and their regions to future changes and uncertainties. This paper evaluates the extent to which planning mechanisms currently support integration between land-use and water resource sectors. The evaluation draws on a comparative analysis of 113 statutory and non-statutory planning mechanisms in three Australian capital city-regions: South East Queensland, and the Melbourne and Perth Metropolitan regions. Results indicate that the function of water at the city-region scale, including its role in supporting environmental connectivity, needs to be better understood and considered by land-use planning systems; improved institutional capacity is required to enable both sectors to deal with future changes and uncertainties related to water resources; and emergent planning trends supportive of the consideration of water connectivity at the city-region scale are yet to be fully implemented. Based on the results, the paper concludes by exploring how the concept of urban metabolism may facilitate better integration between the two sectors, along with the identification of best suited planning mechanisms and needed changes in governance and institutional arrangements conducive to integration.
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- 2017
18. Urban water metabolism indicators derived from a water mass balance: Bridging the gap between visions and performance assessment of urban water resource management
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Renouf, M. A., Serrao-Neumann, S., Kenway, S. J., Morgan, E. A., Low Choy, D., Renouf, M. A., Serrao-Neumann, S., Kenway, S. J., Morgan, E. A., and Low Choy, D.
- Abstract
Improving resource management in urban areas has been enshrined in visions for achieving sustainable urban areas, but to date it has been difficult to quantify performance indicators to help identify more sustainable outcomes, especially for water resources. In this work, we advance quantitative indicators for what we refer to as the ‘metabolic’ features of urban water management: those related to resource efficiency (for water and also water-related energy and nutrients), supply internalisation, urban hydrological performance, sustainable extraction, and recognition of the diverse functions of water. We derived indicators in consultation with stakeholders to bridge this gap between visions and performance indicators. This was done by first reviewing and categorising water-related resource management objectives for city-regions, and then deriving indicators that can gauge performance against them. The ability for these indicators to be quantified using data from an urban water mass balance was also examined. Indicators of water efficiency, supply internalisation, and hydrological performance (relative to a reference case) can be generated using existing urban water mass balance methods. In the future, indicators for water-related energy and nutrient efficiencies could be generated by overlaying the urban water balance with energy and nutrient data. Indicators of sustainable extraction and recognising diverse functions of water will require methods for defining sustainable extraction rates and a water functionality index.
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- 2017
19. Energy implications of the millennium drought on urban water cycles in Southeast Australian cities
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Lam, K. L., primary, Lant, P. A., primary, and Kenway, S. J., primary
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- 2017
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20. Compiling and using input-output frameworks through collaborative virtual laboratories
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Lenzen, M, Geschke, A, Wiedmann, T, Lane, J, Anderson, N, Baynes, T, Boland, J, Daniels, P, Dey, C, Fry, J, Hadjikakou, M, Kenway, S, Malik, A, Moran, D, Murray, J, Nettleton, S, Poruschi, L, Reynolds, C, Rowley, H, Ugon, J, Webb, D, West, J, Lenzen, M, Geschke, A, Wiedmann, T, Lane, J, Anderson, N, Baynes, T, Boland, J, Daniels, P, Dey, C, Fry, J, Hadjikakou, M, Kenway, S, Malik, A, Moran, D, Murray, J, Nettleton, S, Poruschi, L, Reynolds, C, Rowley, H, Ugon, J, Webb, D, and West, J
- Abstract
Compiling, deploying and utilising large-scale databases that integrate environmental and economic data have traditionally been labour- and cost-intensive processes, hindered by the large amount of disparate and misaligned data that must be collected and harmonised. The Australian Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab) is a novel, collaborative approach to compiling large-scale environmentally extended multi-region input-output (MRIO) models.The utility of the IELab product is greatly enhanced by avoiding the need to lock in an MRIO structure at the time the MRIO system is developed. The IELab advances the idea of the "mother-daughter" construction principle, whereby a regionally and sectorally very detailed "mother" table is set up, from which "daughter" tables are derived to suit specific research questions. By introducing a third tier - the "root classification" - IELab users are able to define their own mother-MRIO configuration, at no additional cost in terms of data handling. Customised mother-MRIOs can then be built, which maximise disaggregation in aspects that are useful to a family of research questions.The second innovation in the IELab system is to provide a highly automated collaborative research platform in a cloud-computing environment, greatly expediting workflows and making these computational benefits accessible to all users.Combining these two aspects realises many benefits. The collaborative nature of the IELab development project allows significant savings in resources. Timely deployment is possible by coupling automation procedures with the comprehensive input from multiple teams. User-defined MRIO tables, coupled with high performance computing, mean that MRIO analysis will be useful and accessible for a great many more research applications than would otherwise be possible. By ensuring that a common set of analytical tools such as for hybrid life-cycle assessment is adopted, the IELab will facilitate the harmonisation of fragmented, di
- Published
- 2014
21. Energy implications of the millennium drought on urban water cycles in Southeast Australian cities.
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Lam, K. L., Lant, P. A., and Kenway, S. J.
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DROUGHTS & the environment ,HYDROLOGIC cycle ,DROUGHTS ,WATER management - Abstract
During the Millennium Drought in Australia, a wide range of supply-side and demand-side water management strategies were adopted in major southeast Australian cities. This study undertakes a time-series quantification (2001-2014) and comparative analysis of the energy use of the urban water supply systems and sewage systems in Melbourne and Sydney before, during and after the drought, and evaluates the energy implications of the drought and the implemented strategies. In addition, the energy implications of residential water use in Melbourne are estimated. The research highlights that large-scale adoption of water conservation strategies can have different impacts on energy use in different parts of the urban water cycle. In Melbourne, the per capita waterrelated energy use reduction in households related to showering and clothes-washing alone (46% reduction, 580 kWhth/p/yr) was far more substantial than that in the water supply system (32% reduction, 18 kWhth/p/yr). This historical case also demonstrates the importance of balancing supplyand demand-side strategies in managing long-term water security and related energy use. The significant energy saving in water supply systems and households from water conservation can offset the additional energy use from operating energy-intensive supply options such as inter-basin water transfers and seawater desalination during dry years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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22. Water and energy futures for Melbourne: implications of land use, water use, and water supply strategy
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Kenway, S. J., primary, Turner, G. M., primary, Cook, S., primary, and Baynes, T., primary
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- 2013
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23. The research-policy nexus in climate change adaptation: experience from the urban water sector in South East Queensland, Australia
- Author
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Laves, G., primary, Kenway, S., additional, Begbie, D., additional, Roiko, A., additional, Carter, R. W., additional, and Waterman, P., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Managing water-related energy in future cities – a research and policy roadmap
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Kenway, S., primary, McMahon, J., primary, Elmer, V., primary, Conrad, S., primary, and Rosenblum, J., primary
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- 2013
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25. Quantifying water–energy links and related carbon emissions in cities
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Kenway, S. J., primary, Lant, P., primary, and Priestley, T., primary
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- 2011
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26. The connection between water and energy in cities: a review
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Kenway, S. J., primary, Lant, P. A., primary, Priestley, A., primary, and Daniels, P., primary
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- 2011
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27. Evaluation of adsorption and coagulation as membrane pretreatment steps for the removal of organic material and disinfection-by-product precursors
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Bérubé, P R, primary, Mavinic, D S, additional, Hall, E R, additional, Kenway, S E, additional, and Roett, K, additional
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Water and energy futures for Melbourne: implications of land use, water use, and water supply strategy
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Kenway, S. J., Turner, G. M., Cook, S., and Baynes, T.
- Published
- 2014
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29. Integrative risk assessment and management for recycled water schemes: An Australian study
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West, C., Hassall, M., Kenway, S., and zhiguo yuan
30. Opportunities and challenges of tackling Scope 3 "Indirect" emissions from residential hot water.
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Kenway SJ, Pamminger F, Yan G, Hall R, Lam KL, Skinner R, Olsson G, Satur P, and Allan J
- Abstract
The water sector could play a major role towards a Net Zero greenhouse gas (GHG) future if Scope 3 emissions were embraced and operationalised. Significant opportunities and challenges exist in tackling Scope 3 emissions including those associated with customer hot water use. Present GHG emission reduction practices predominantly focus on Scope 1 "within utility" and Scope 2 "purchased energy" emissions. In the urban water cycle, Scope 3 "indirect" emissions dominate, and water use is only one example of Scope 3 emissions. Over 90% of all water cycle GHG emissions can be attributed to water use in residential, industrial and commercial premises, collectively some 7% of global GHG emissions. One possibility is for water utilities to actively support efficient hot water use such as new ultra-low flow shower heads. Scope 3 opportunities also offer a range of cost-effective emissions-reduction opportunities, particularly when the wider perspective of "community value" is considered and not just a "business financial perspective". Hot water efficiency is additionally essential to Net Zero carbon futures, even with decarbonised grids, because most major Net Zero roadmaps require energy efficiency gains. Scientific and management advance needed includes: accounting methodologies, clear roles, collaboration, new business models, and clear definitions. The water sector has the opportunity to play a significant role in achieving Net Zero cities. The decision how much is yet to be made., Competing Interests: All authors declare they have no financial or personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. There are no interests to declare., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2023
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31. What roles do architectural design and on-site water servicing technologies play in the water performance of residential infill?
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Moravej M, Renouf MA, Kenway S, and Urich C
- Abstract
More than half of new urban residential developments are planned as infill in Australia's major cities. This provides an unprecedented opportunity to use innovative design and technology to address urban water challenges such as flooding, reduced water security and related infrastructure and urban heat island issues. However, infill can have positive or negative water impacts, depending on architectural design and on-site water servicing technologies implemented. In this study we asked, "What influence does residential infill development have on the local urban water cycle?" and "What roles do architectural design and technologies play?" To answer these questions, a set of 196 design-technology configurations were developed by combining 28 architectural designs and 7 on-site water-servicing technology options. The configurations represent three cases: (i) existing (EX) or before infill, (ii) business-as-usual development (BAU), and (iii) alternative development (ALT). Using the Site-scale Urban Water Mass Balance Assessment (SUWMBA) model and a set of water performance indicators, the impact of configurations on the urban water cycle was quantified. The results showed BAU, on average, increases population density, stormwater discharge, and imported water by 98%, 44% and 85%, and decreases evapotranspiration and infiltration by 53% and 34%, compared to the EX conditions. More population density (141%) with lower impacts on the urban water cycle (21% and 64% increase for stormwater discharge and imported water, and 29% and 17% reduction in evapotranspiration and infiltration) can be achieved by appropriate integration of ALT designs and technologies. Architectural design has a greater influence on urban water flows than the implementation of on-site water servicing technologies. The results have a great implication for sustainable urban water management for managing the risks associated with pluvial flooding, water insecurity, and urban heat. It also highlights the underutilised role of architects and urban planners to address urban water issues., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2022
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32. Global socio-economic losses and environmental gains from the Coronavirus pandemic.
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Lenzen M, Li M, Malik A, Pomponi F, Sun YY, Wiedmann T, Faturay F, Fry J, Gallego B, Geschke A, Gómez-Paredes J, Kanemoto K, Kenway S, Nansai K, Prokopenko M, Wakiyama T, Wang Y, and Yousefzadeh M
- Subjects
- COVID-19, Commerce, Conservation of Natural Resources, Greenhouse Gases, Humans, Socioeconomic Factors, Coronavirus Infections economics, Pandemics economics, Pneumonia, Viral economics
- Abstract
On 3 April 2020, the Director-General of the WHO stated: "[COVID-19] is much more than a health crisis. We are all aware of the profound social and economic consequences of the pandemic (WHO, 2020)". Such consequences are the result of counter-measures such as lockdowns, and world-wide reductions in production and consumption, amplified by cascading impacts through international supply chains. Using a global multi-regional macro-economic model, we capture direct and indirect spill-over effects in terms of social and economic losses, as well as environmental effects of the pandemic. Based on information as of May 2020, we show that global consumption losses amount to 3.8$tr, triggering significant job (147 million full-time equivalent) and income (2.1$tr) losses. Global atmospheric emissions are reduced by 2.5Gt of greenhouse gases, 0.6Mt of PM2.5, and 5.1Mt of SO2 and NOx. While Asia, Europe and the USA have been the most directly impacted regions, and transport and tourism the immediately hit sectors, the indirect effects transmitted along international supply chains are being felt across the entire world economy. These ripple effects highlight the intrinsic link between socio-economic and environmental dimensions, and emphasise the challenge of addressing unsustainable global patterns. How humanity reacts to this crisis will define the post-pandemic world., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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- 2020
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33. Solar PV adoption in wastewater treatment plants: A review of practice in California.
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Strazzabosco A, Kenway SJ, and Lant PA
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- Biofuels, California, Solar Energy, Wastewater
- Abstract
This is the first study to assess the current status of solar photovoltaic (PV) adoption across a range of wastewater treatment plant sizes, and to identify the opportunities for solar PV in the wastewater sector. It quantifies solar PV contributions to the energy demand of the wastewater treatment plants and improves knowledge of sector-specific factors influencing PV uptake. California was used as a case study due to its high commitment to solar power and the high data availability. The study compiled and examined data on multiple wastewater treatment plant attributes from 105 Californian plants, representing 78% of total state flows. The analysis focused on the effect of three sector-specific influencing factors: size of wastewater treatment plant, presence/absence of anaerobic digestion and geographical location (urban vs rural). Solar PV adoption was observed to vary significantly with the size of the wastewater treatment plants. Of the 105 plants analysed, 41 installed a solar PV system. Of these 41, 39 were installed in wastewater treatment plants with a flow rate below 50 mega gallons day
-1 (MGD). Only two plants with flow above 50 MGD had solar PV installed. In wastewater treatment plants with a flow rate above 5 MGD, solar PV was primarily installed in hybrid configurations with anaerobic digestion. In these plants, biogas contributed 25-65% to the overall energy demand, while solar provided 8-30%. In wastewater treatment plants with a flow rates below 5 MGD, solar PV often represented the only source of renewable energy, producing 30-100% of the energy demand of these plants. Across all the plants analysed, 1 MW was the most adopted solar installation size and solar PV installations were mostly found in wastewater treatment plants in rural settings. While acknowledging multiple other factors of potential influence, these results demonstrate the role of solar PV in wastewater treatment plants under three sector-specific influencing factors. The results will support the sector in making informed decisions over solar PV investments, helping wastewater utilities to transition towards sustainable management practices., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Urban water metabolism indicators derived from a water mass balance - Bridging the gap between visions and performance assessment of urban water resource management.
- Author
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Renouf MA, Serrao-Neumann S, Kenway SJ, Morgan EA, and Low Choy D
- Subjects
- Cities, Water, Water Supply, Conservation of Natural Resources, Water Resources
- Abstract
Improving resource management in urban areas has been enshrined in visions for achieving sustainable urban areas, but to date it has been difficult to quantify performance indicators to help identify more sustainable outcomes, especially for water resources. In this work, we advance quantitative indicators for what we refer to as the 'metabolic' features of urban water management: those related to resource efficiency (for water and also water-related energy and nutrients), supply internalisation, urban hydrological performance, sustainable extraction, and recognition of the diverse functions of water. We derived indicators in consultation with stakeholders to bridge this gap between visions and performance indicators. This was done by first reviewing and categorising water-related resource management objectives for city-regions, and then deriving indicators that can gauge performance against them. The ability for these indicators to be quantified using data from an urban water mass balance was also examined. Indicators of water efficiency, supply internalisation, and hydrological performance (relative to a reference case) can be generated using existing urban water mass balance methods. In the future, indicators for water-related energy and nutrient efficiencies could be generated by overlaying the urban water balance with energy and nutrient data. Indicators of sustainable extraction and recognising diverse functions of water will require methods for defining sustainable extraction rates and a water functionality index., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Expert opinion on risks to the long-term viability of residential recycled water schemes: An Australian study.
- Author
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West C, Kenway S, Hassall M, and Yuan Z
- Subjects
- Australia, Humans, Water, Expert Testimony, Recycling, Water Supply
- Abstract
The water sector needs to make efficient and prudent investment decisions by carefully considering the long-term viability of water infrastructure projects. To support the assessment and planning of residential recycled water schemes in Australia, we have sought to clarify scheme objectives and to further define the array of critical risks that can impact the long-term viability of schemes. Building on historical information, we conducted a national survey which elicited responses from 88 Australian expert practitioners, of which 64% have over 10 years of industry experience and 42% have experience with more than five residential recycled water schemes. On the basis of expert opinion, residential recycled water schemes are considered to be highly relevant for diversifying and improving water supply security, reducing wastewater effluent discharge and pollutant load to waterways and contributing to sustainable urban development. At present however, the inability to demonstrate an incontestable business case is posing a significant risk to the long-term viability of residential recycled water schemes. Political, regulatory, organisational and financial factors were also rated as critical risks, in addition to community risk perception and fall in demand. The survey results shed further light on the regulatory environment of residential recycled water schemes, with regulatory participants rating the level and impact of risk factors higher than other survey participants in most cases. The research outcomes provide a comprehensive understanding of the critical risks to the long-term viability of residential recycled water schemes, thereby enabling the specification of targeted risk management measures at the assessment and planning stage of a scheme., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Why do residential recycled water schemes fail? A comprehensive review of risk factors and impact on objectives.
- Author
-
West C, Kenway S, Hassall M, and Yuan Z
- Subjects
- Humans, Risk Factors, Water Purification, Water Supply, Recycling, Water
- Abstract
In Australia, recycled water schemes have been implemented in residential developments to contribute to sustainable urban development, improve water supply security and reduce pollutant discharges to the environment. A proportion of these schemes, however, have been decommissioned well before the end of their design life which raises questions about the adequacy of the risk assessment and management practices adopted for recycled water schemes. Through a detailed literature review, an investigation of 21 residential recycled water schemes and in-depth interviews with nine scheme stakeholders, we identified 34 risk factors arising from six sources which have the potential to impact the long-term viability of residential recycled water schemes. Of the 34 risk factors identified, 17 were reported to have occurred during the development and implementation of the 21 schemes investigated. The overall risk rating of the 17 factors was qualitatively defined on the basis of the likelihood of occurrence and the impact of the risk factors on the scheme objectives. The outcomes of the assessment indicate that the critical risks to the long-term viability of residential recycled water schemes are 1. unanticipated operational costs, 2. legal and contractual arrangements, 3. regulatory requirements and approval process and 4. customer complaints and expectations not met. To date, public health risks associated with the provision of recycled water have been of primary concern, though the outcomes of this study indicate that the impact to public health has been low. Evidently there is a need for improved assessment and management practices which address the range of critical risk factors, in addition to the routine consideration of public health risks., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Compiling and using input-output frameworks through collaborative virtual laboratories.
- Author
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Lenzen M, Geschke A, Wiedmann T, Lane J, Anderson N, Baynes T, Boland J, Daniels P, Dey C, Fry J, Hadjikakou M, Kenway S, Malik A, Moran D, Murray J, Nettleton S, Poruschi L, Reynolds C, Rowley H, Ugon J, Webb D, and West J
- Subjects
- Australia, Databases, Factual, Environment, Cooperative Behavior, Laboratories, Software, User-Computer Interface, Workflow
- Abstract
Compiling, deploying and utilising large-scale databases that integrate environmental and economic data have traditionally been labour- and cost-intensive processes, hindered by the large amount of disparate and misaligned data that must be collected and harmonised. The Australian Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab) is a novel, collaborative approach to compiling large-scale environmentally extended multi-region input-output (MRIO) models. The utility of the IELab product is greatly enhanced by avoiding the need to lock in an MRIO structure at the time the MRIO system is developed. The IELab advances the idea of the "mother-daughter" construction principle, whereby a regionally and sectorally very detailed "mother" table is set up, from which "daughter" tables are derived to suit specific research questions. By introducing a third tier - the "root classification" - IELab users are able to define their own mother-MRIO configuration, at no additional cost in terms of data handling. Customised mother-MRIOs can then be built, which maximise disaggregation in aspects that are useful to a family of research questions. The second innovation in the IELab system is to provide a highly automated collaborative research platform in a cloud-computing environment, greatly expediting workflows and making these computational benefits accessible to all users. Combining these two aspects realises many benefits. The collaborative nature of the IELab development project allows significant savings in resources. Timely deployment is possible by coupling automation procedures with the comprehensive input from multiple teams. User-defined MRIO tables, coupled with high performance computing, mean that MRIO analysis will be useful and accessible for a great many more research applications than would otherwise be possible. By ensuring that a common set of analytical tools such as for hybrid life-cycle assessment is adopted, the IELab will facilitate the harmonisation of fragmented, dispersed and misaligned raw data for the benefit of all interested parties., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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