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En Ecuador se utiliza el método del análisis químico con Olsen-Modificado para determinar N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn y Cu en el suelo como el disponible. Pero no puede evaluar el Na ni CIC en la región salina y/o sódica. Es muy importante que evalúe el nuevo método para determinar las cuatro bases (K, Na, Ca y Mg), CIC y saturación de bases en el suelo. En Ecuador, tiene región de Costa y Sierra que tienen la región salina y/o sódica. En el suelo arcilloso Vertisol con mineral arcilloso tal como montmorillonita e ilita, es necesario que evalúe las bases intercambiables por acetato de amonio y CIC. Además, es necesario que evaluar calidad de agua irrigada y extracto de pasta para determinar las bases soluciones solubles para determinar la salinidad del suelo. Actualmente, se manifestó la acumulación de las bases con sodio en el suelo ecuatoriano. Como aprovechamiento del suelo, es muy importante que introduzca planta tal como Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) que pueden adaptar con alta absorción del N, K Ca y Fe…etc. Se utiliza como abono verde con el fin de reciclar los nutrientes.

Background While it is essential to understand how long is sufficient for return-to-work when designing paid sick-leave systems, little attempt has been done to collect cause-specific information on when and how many of sickness absentees returned to work, became unemployed, or passed away. Methods We studied the first sick-leave episode of ≥30 consecutive days in those ≤55 years of age during 2012-2013 among 11 Japanese private companies (n = 1209), which were followed until 2017. Overall and disease-specific cumulative incidences of return-to-work, resignations, and deaths were estimated using competing risk analysis. Results During the 3.5-year period (follow-up rate: 99.9%), 1014 returned to work, 167 became unemployed, and 27 died. Overall, return-to-work occurred within 1 year in 74.9% of all absentees and in 89.3% of those who successfully returned to work. Resignation occurred within 1 year in 8.7% of all absentees and in 62.9% of all subjects who resigned. According to ICD-10 chapters, the cumulative incidence of return-to-work ranged from 82.1% for mental disorders (F00-F99) to 95.3% for circulatory diseases (I00-I99). The cumulative incidence of return-to-work due to mental disorders ranged from 66.7% in schizophrenia (F20) to 95.8% in bipolar affective disorders (F31). Death was rarely observed except for cases of neoplasms (C00-D48), of which the cumulative incidence of death reached 14.2% by 1.5 years. Conclusions Return-to-work and resignations occurred commonly within 1 year of sick leave among long-term sickness absentees in the Japanese private companies. Our findings may assist occupational physicians and employers in developing effective social protection schemes.

Aims: We aimed to investigate the association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its subtypes. Methods: In this contemporary cohort study, we analyzed the data of 63,814 Japanese employees aged ≥ 30 years, without known CVD in 2012 and who were followed up for up to 8 years. The non-HDL-C level was divided into 5 groups: ＜110, 110-129, 130-149, 150-169, and ≥ 170 mg/dL. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD and its subtypes associated with each non-HDL-C group, considering 130-149 mg/dL as the reference group. Results: During the study period, 271 participants developed CVD, including 78 myocardial infarctions and 193 strokes (102 ischemic strokes, 89 hemorrhagic strokes, and 2 unknowns). A U-shaped association between non-HDL-C and stroke was observed. In the analysis of stroke subtypes, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for hemorrhagic stroke was 2.61 (1.19–5.72), 2.02 (0.95–4.29), 2.10 (1.01–4.36), and 1.98 (0.96-4.08), while that for ischemic stroke was 1.54 (0.77-3.07), 0.91 (0.46-1.80), 0.73 (0.38-1.41), and 1.50 (0.87-2.56) in the ＜110, 110-129, 150-169, and ≥ 170 mg/dL groups, respectively. Individuals with elevated non-HDL-C levels had a higher risk of myocardial infarction. Conclusions: High non-HDL-C levels were associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Moreover, high and low non-HDL-C levels were associated with a high risk of stroke and its subtypes among Japanese workers.

Increased visit-to-visit variability (VVV) of blood pressure, which is calculated based on several readings, has been suggested to be a significant predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality, independent of mean blood pressure. This study examined associations between the VVV of systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured annually and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among 72,617 Japanese subjects. Data were obtained from the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study, which is an ongoing epidemiological survey of workers in Japan. VVV was calculated as the coefficient of variation of SBP readings from 2008 to 2011; information on fatal and nonfatal CVD events was collected from registries of specific outcomes between April 2012 and March 2019. A Cox proportional hazards model was applied to investigate associations after adjusting for mean SBP between 2008 and 2011 and covariates. During the 7-year follow-up period, there were 63 CVD fatalities and 314 CVD events (combining fatal and nonfatal events). The results showed that a one-standard deviation increase in VVV was associated with a significant increase in the risk of CVD mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32–1.54); those in the highest tertile had a 3.20 times (95% CI = 1.26–8.17) higher risk of CVD mortality than those in the lowest tertile. We found less pronounced associations regarding CVD events (HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.02–1.15). In conclusion, VVV was significantly associated with CVD mortality in our Japanese working population.

OBJECTIVE Prediabetes has been suggested to increase risk for death; however, the definitions of prediabetes that can predict death remain elusive. We prospectively investigated the association of multiple definitions of prediabetes with the risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer in Japanese workers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study included 62,785 workers who underwent a health checkup in 2010 or 2011 and were followed up for death from 2012 to March 2019. Prediabetes was defined according to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values or a combination of both using the American Diabetes Association (ADA) or World Health Organization (WHO)/International Expert Committee (IEC) criteria. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to investigate the associations. RESULTS Over a 7-year follow-up, 229 deaths were documented. Compared with normoglycemia, prediabetes defined according to ADA criteria was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.53; 95% CI 1.12–2.09) and death due to cancer (HR 2.37; 95% CI 1.45–3.89) but not with death due to CVD. The results were materially unchanged when prediabetes was defined according to ADA FPG, ADA HbA1c, WHO FPG, or combined WHO/IEC criteria. Diabetes was associated with the risk of all-cause, CVD, and cancer deaths. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of Japanese workers, FPG- and HbA1c-defined prediabetes, according to ADA or WHO/IEC, were associated with a significantly increased risk of death from all causes and cancer but not CVD.

Se evaluaron tres híbridos de maíz bajo tres niveles de fertilización nitrogenada (50, 100 y 150 kg de N/ha) durante la estación lluviosa 2019 en la Granja Experimental Agrícola de la ESPOL (Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral), Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador. El suelo donde se implementó el experimento se clasifica como Vertisol y es conocido como de alta fertilidad, teniendo en cuenta su alto contenido de mineral arcilloso tipo 2:1 tales como la montmorillonita y/o ilita. Con una CIC y saturación de bases en la superficie son de 43,9meq/100g y 99,4%, respectivamente. Los híbridos que se experimentaron son: Pioneer 4039 (P4039), Advanta 9313 (AV9313) y Advanta 9139 (AV9139), distribuidos por la compañía FARMAGRO. En el área experimental, se aplicaron tres niveles de fertilización nitrogenada (50, 100 y 150kgN/ha), 50 kg de P2O5 y 50 kg de K2O/ha, respectivamente. Como característica agronómica, se observó diferencia significativa al 1% no sólo para el híbrido sino también para el nitrógeno, así como en la longitud de hoja, obteniendo el más alto valor para el AV 9139. Al igual que el caso anterior, el rendimiento del grano con 14% de humedad, se observó una diferencia significativa al 5% para la interacción. Aunque el más alto rendimiento fue para el AV9139, se observó una tendencia negativa de acuerdo a la mayor dosis de nitrógeno. Recomendándose el híbrido AV 9139 con la aplicación de 50kgN/ha de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en el análisis económico.

For the development of lithium–air battery (LAB), which is one of the most promising next generation batteries, it is essential to understand the structure and properties of Li2O2, which is the dis...

Objective In contrast to the association between excess weight and sickness absence (SA), the association in relation to underweight has been under‐researched. This study aimed to examine the effects of BMI at both extremes of its distribution on SA. Methods Data came from the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health study of 77,760 workers aged 20 to 59 years (66,166 males, 11,594 females). Information was collected on medically certified long‐term SA (LTSA) (i.e., SA lasting ≥ 30 consecutive days) from April 2012 to March 2017. A sex‐specific Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the associations. Results Among males, both obesity (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.50‐2.17) and underweight (HR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.23‐1.96) were significantly associated with LTSA compared with normal weight. This U‐shaped association between BMI categories and LTSA was observed both for mental and physical disorders. Among females, an elevated risk was observed among those with overweight (HR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.16‐2.05). Conclusions In a cohort of the Japanese working‐age population, both obesity and underweight were associated with a greater risk of LTSA in males. Future research should not overlook the excess risk of LTSA associated with underweight.

Se trata de un estudio en gran parte de los suelos del Arco Seco de la República de Panamá en donde han sido identificados como suelos degradados, con baja fertilidad (ANAM, 2004) por la deforestación a través del largo plazo. La finalidad fue establecer un sistema sostenible de la producción del pasto con bajos insumos en la tierra usada. Para ello se realizó el experimento después de corte de la Brachiaria humidicola viva, se preparó como un bloque experimental fue de 3m por 5m y totalmente, 6 tratamientos (comparación de manera de la fertilización periódica para recuperar el mismo pasto) al azar con 4 repeticiones (24 bloques) en la finca experimental de El Coco, Coclé. La duración del experimento se empezó del día 13 de agosto al día 2 de octubre del 2007, y la duración del cultivo de la Brachiaria humidicola fue de los 50 días, al alcanzar 5cm de la altura, se realizó el corte.

As a challenge to measure the extraction surface of the negative ion beam, a laser Thomson scattering system with high spatial resolution was applied to a weakly ionized plasma in a negative ion source for the first time. The first target was to measure electron density around extraction region because shape of the extraction surface can be estimated by electron spatial profile. However, stray light by injected laser, filament and plasma was too intense compared to signal from the low density region. To solve this, a triple grating spectroscopy and a multilayer black screen were introduced, and the laser spot size was minimized to reduce slit sizes of the spectroscopy. As a result, electron density was successfully measured accurately in low density region. From an error estimation, measurement of electron density 3×10^16 m^-3 with spatial resolution of 0.5 mm at extraction region can be realized with accumulation of signals from multiple laser shots. This system can contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of formation of the extraction surface, which is a long-term issue in the negative ion source.

Plasma temperature, density, and flow velocity are the critical physical properties of laser produced plasma (LPP) to reveal the ablation dynamics, energy transport, and hydrodynamic evolution. In the time window during and just after laser irradiation, experimental data are very scarce so that many theoretical models remain untested. Here we report a clear evolution history of LPP expansion dynamics within 0–14 ns after the laser peak and in a region very close to the target (0.13–0.6 mm). A table-top Nd:YAG laser (intensity 6 × 109 W cm−2, pulse 7 ns) was used to generate the LPP from a planar graphite target, whose width was arranged to be smaller than the laser spot diameter to produce a one-dimensional planar expansion plasma near the target. The electron density ( n e ), temperature ( T e ), and drift velocity ( V d ) in the LPPs were measured using the ion feature of collective Thomson scattering, providing a space- and time-resolved 2D profile of the LPP. The experimental observations made it possible for the expansion dynamics to be compared directly with the LPP expansion models. The results suggest that during the laser pulse, the LPP is approximately isothermal and expands predominantly one-dimensionally in the target normal direction, in which the LPP drift velocity is found to increase linearly with distance. The linear extrapolation of the velocity indicates that the LPP has a considerable velocity at the initial target surface; this velocity is approximately the speed of sound derived from the observed T e . The experimental results were found to be in moderate agreement with the 1D self-similar isothermal expansion model. The ratio of the internal to kinetic energy in the observed area was ∼0.6, as predicted by the isothermal expansion model. The experimental findings were compared with the results of the 2D hybrid code STAR, and good agreement was obtained.

To investigate the association of diabetes and prediabetes with long-term sickness absence (LTSA) due to mental disorders or specific mental disorders.A prospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. A total of 62,065 workers who received health check-ups in 2011 (nine companies) or 2014 (two companies) and were followed up to March 31, 2020 were included in this study. Diabetes status was defined based on the American Diabetes Association criteria, and diabetes was differentiated into diabetes with/without anti-diabetic treatment for additional analysis. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to investigate these associations.During maximum 8-year follow-up period, 1024 participants underwent LTSA due to mental disorders. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) of LTSA due to all mental disorders were 1.10 (0.88-1.38) and 1.45 (1.07-1.98) for prediabetes and diabetes, respectively. Diabetic individuals with/without treatment were both at a high risk of LTSA due to mental disorders. For specific mental disorders, diabetes was associated with a higher risk of LTSA due to reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders (aHR = 3.02, 95% CI = 2.01-4.52) while it was marginally associated with LTSA due to depressive episode (aHR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.98-1.60). Prediabetes was also associated with LTSA due to reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders (aHR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.08-1.84).The present study suggests the importance of screening diabetes status and providing psychological support for decreasing the risk of LTSA due to mental disorders within working populations.

Background Few studies have investigated the association between tobacco smoking and sick leave (SL) in Japan. Methods We followed 70 896 workers aged 20–59 years (60 133 males, 10 763 females) between April 2012 and March 2017. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the associations between smoking (smoking status and intensity) and long-term SL (ie, SL lasting ≥30 consecutive days). Cause-specific analyses were also conducted. Results A total of 1777 people took long-term SL during a follow-up of 307 749 person years. Compared with never-smokers, current smokers were at a higher risk of long-term SL (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19 to 1.48). Cause-specific analyses revealed that current smoking was associated with a higher risk of SL due to all physical disorders (HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.22 to 1.69), cancer (HR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.10 to 2.01), cardiovascular disease (CVD; HR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.31 to 3.55), and injuries/external causes (HR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.31 to 2.58). Former smokers were at a higher risk of SL due to cancer at a borderline significance level (HR = 1.38, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.92). Low-intensity smoking (ie, 1–10 cigarettes smoked per day) was associated with all-cause SL, SL due to CVD, and SL due to injuries/external causes compared with never-smokers. Conclusion In a large cohort of working-age Japanese, smoking was associated with a greater risk of long-term SL. Greater effort is needed to mitigate disease burden associated with smoking at workplace in Japan. Implications Our study contributes to the literature on the association between smoking and SL in several ways. First, the study was conducted among a Japanese working population. While the association has been extensively studied in Western setting, few attempts have been made elsewhere. Second, cause-specific analyses were undertaken in our study. Third, we paid attention to the effect of low-intensity smoking on SL given that there is growing evidence of an elevated health risk associated with low-intensity smoking.

In occupational settings, smokers may take quitting smoking seriously if they experienced long-term sick leave due to cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, no study has elucidated the smoking cessation rate after long-term sick leave. We examined the smoking cessation rate after long-term sick leave due to cancer and CVD in Japan. We followed 23 survivors who experienced long-term sick leave due to cancer and 39 survivors who experienced long-term sick leave due to CVD who reported smoking at the last health exam before the leave. Their smoking habits before and after the leave were self-reported. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted smoking cessation rates. Smoking cessation rate after long-term sick leave due to cancer was approximately 70% and that due to CVD exceeded 80%. The adjusted smoking cessation rate was 67.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 47.0, 88.2) for cancer and 80.7% (95% CI: 67.7, 93.8) for CVD. Smoking cessation rate after a longer duration of sick leave (≥60 d) tended to increase for both CVD and cancer. Although any definite conclusion cannot be drawn, the data suggest that smoking cessation rate after long-term sick leave due to CVD is slightly higher than that for cancer.

El trabajo se realizó en la finca experimental de El Coco perteneciente al Subcentro Pacífico Marciaga del IDIAP, distrito de Penonomé, provincia de Coclé, sobre un suelo clasificado en la familia fino, mezclado, isohipertérmico, Aeric Tropaquept. El clima del sitio se caracteriza por ser tropical húmedo, con promedio de 1,480 mm de precipitación al año, con una temperatura promedio que oscila entre 20 y 35ºC. Se evaluaron 4 niveles de Urea (0, 30, 60 y 100kgN/ha) y 2 niveles de KCl (0 y 40kgK2O/ha) en el cultivo de arroz bajo riego con 3 réplicas en Llanos de Coclé en Panamá. La siembra se realizó al voleo y la cantidad fue de 113kg/ha de semilla (La Variedad: IDIAP145-05), ajustada de acuerdo el porcentaje de germinación. De los resultados de análisis de varianza, se observó diferencia significativa al 1% no sólo en los niveles de N sino también en los de K sobre rendimiento del grano. Se aumentó hasta 3779 kg ha-1 como el rendimiento por la aplicación de 100 kgN ha-1 y de 40kg K2O ha-1. Se considera que la aplicación óptima-económica de N y K fue muy importante para asegurar el rendimiento adecuado para el cultivo de arroz bajo riego en la región de Llanos de Coclé en Panamá. Por otra parte, en el experimento, se observó diferencia significativa al 5% sobre la absorción de Fe en la planta en los tratamientos de K. Se esperará prevenir la absorción elevada de este elemento y Bronzeamiento en la planta de arroz bajo riego. En realidad, por presencia de Cl- (Electrodo potencial estándar: E0=1.46V), el Fe2+ se convertiría al Fe3+ (Electrodo potencial estándar: E0=0.77V). Por eso, se considera que hay dos efectos no sólo para abono potásico como nutrimento en el cultivo de arroz sino también para oxidación del hierro como mejoramiento química del suelo.

Introduction The effect of weight gain following smoking cessation on cardiovascular risks is unclear. We aimed to prospectively investigate the association of weight gain following smoking cessation with the trajectory of estimated risks of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods In a cohort of 18 562 Japanese male employees aged 30–64 years and initially free of cardiovascular diseases, participants were exclusively grouped into sustained smokers, quitters with weight gain (body weight increase ≥5%), quitters without weight gain (body weight increase Results During a maximum of 8-year follow-up, both quitters with and without weight gain had a substantially decreased level of estimated 10-year CHD risk after quitting smoking, compared with sustained smokers (all ps for mean differences < .001). The estimated 10-year CHD risk within the first year after cessation decreased more rapidly in quitters without weight gain than in quitters with weight gain (change rate [95% confidence interval, CI] −0.90 [−1.04 to −0.75] vs. −0.40 [−0.60 to −0.19] % per year, p < .0001). Thereafter, the estimated 10-year CHD risk in both groups increased at similar rates (change rate [95% CI] −0.07 [−0.21 to 0.07] vs. 0.11 [−0.09 to 0.30] % per year, p = .16, from year 1 to year 2; and 0.10 [0.05 to 0.15] vs. 0.11 [0.04 to 0.18] % per year, p = .80, from year 2 to year 8). Conclusions In this population of middle-aged, Japanese male workers, smoking cessation greatly reduces the estimated 10-year risk of CHD. However, weight gain weakens the beneficial effect of quitting smoking in a temporary and limited fashion. Implications To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the effect of weight gain following smoking cessation on the trajectory of the absolute risk of CHD. Our data imply that the benefits of cessation for reducing the absolute risk of CHD outweigh the potential risk increase due to weight gain, and suggest that in order to maximize the beneficial effects of quitting smoking, interventions to control post-cessation weight gain might be warranted.

Objective:To investigate the association between suicide death and serum cholesterol levels as measured at times close to suicide death.Methods:We conducted a nested case-control study of 41 cases of suicide deaths and 205 matched controls with serum total cholesterol (TC) levels till 3 years before suicide death in a large cohort of Japanese workers.Results:Individuals in the lowest versus highest tertile/predefined category of TC in a Japanese working population had a three- to four-fold greater risk of suicide death. Each 10 mg/dl decrement of average TC was associated with an 18% increased chance of suicide death (95% confidence interval, 2–35%). Similar results were found for TC levels at each year.Conclusion:These results suggest that a low serum TC level in recent past is associated with an increased risk of suicide death.

El presente artículo muestra la baja sostenibilidad de la producción arrocera de ssecano por el uso de crecientes cantidades de insumos químicos. Esto con la finalidad de lograr establecer un sistema sostenible con bajos insumos para el cultivo de arroz en la región. Por otra parte, la Acacia mangium, es un árbol leguminoso, robusto de fácil establecimiento en plantaciones. El trabajo consistió en la evaluación de los tratamientos en parcelas experimentales ubicadas en la finca experimental de El Coco perteneciente, sobre un suelo clasificado en la familia Fino, mezclado, isohipertérmico, Aeric Tropaquept. El clima del sitio se caracteriza por ser tropical húmedo, con promedio de 1480 mm de precipitación al año, con una temperatura promedio que oscila entre 20 y 35 ºC. Se utilizó los árboles leguminosos Acacia que se han establecido durante unos 13 años en la Finca experimental de El Coco en el Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá (IDIAP). De los resultados obtenidos, el crecimiento y análisis nutritivo de la Brachiaria en el tratamiento de Brachiaria asociada con Acacia fueron más altos que los de la Brachiria en el tratamiento de Brachiaria sola, relativamente, y especialmente, se observó más alto para proteína bruta en la hoja veija de la Acacia en comparación con el contenido de preteína bruta en la Brachiaria, teniendo en cuenta un árbol leguminoso.

En el departamento de Ñeembucú Paraguay (ver la Figura No1), la producción de esta hortaliza no alcanza a satisfacer las demandas locales, se requiere la técnica adecuada para la producción de esta fruta. En la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Pilar, Paraguay, se ha realizado una investigación sobre el rendimiento del tomate “Lycopersico nesculentum” Variedad “Santa Cruz Kada Gigante”; en suelo Entisol (Típico, Psammaquent), con el fin de obtener el máximo rendimiento y evaluar la aplicación fosfatada y nitrogenada. Se evaluó cuatro niveles del fósforo (0, 100, 200 y 400kgP2O5/ha)combinado con dos niveles del N (100 y 200kgN/ha) al azar con cuatro repeticiones en el cultivo del pasto en donde se utilizó la distribución en parcelas divididas. Se observó la diferencia significativa al 5% en número de fruta por planta, diámetro de fruta y altura de fruta como característica agronómica y al1% en el rendimiento de la fruta para los niveles del fósforo, y el mayor rendimiento en el tratamiento con 100kgP2O5/ha combinado con 200kgN/ha. Además, se observó alta relación entre la absorción fosfatada y nitrogenada, y el rendimiento de la fruta seca en la fruta con alto coeficiente correlativo de la vista de análisis de tejido vegetal.

Photochromic (PC) ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized for the first time by using a VHF plasma enhanced CVD apparatus. The prepared ZnO film changes from transparent to PC state under UV irradiation; on being subjected to heat treatment, it changes back to transparent state. There is a threshold temperature for attaining the PC phase. The Debye-Waller factor of Zn atoms is specifically large for the PC ZnO. The ZnO nanoparticles contain carbon as impurity. The effects of C-O bonds on the ZnO crystal structure and density of states (DOS) are simulated based on density-functional theory. The results reveal that the crystal structure is slightly distorted and a sufficient DOS for PC light absorption is formed in the band gap.

llevó a cabo una investigación tendiente a determinar la variación del rendimiento del cultivo del repollo variedades Corazón de Buey Gigante y Chato de Quintal a partir de diferentes niveles de fertilización Nitrogenada en el suelo Entisol. Se evaluó cuatro niveles del N (0, 100, 200 y 300kgN/ha) combinado con las dos variedades al azar con tres repeticiones en el cultivo del repollo en donde se utilizó el Arreglo en franja.De los resultados de análisis de varianza, se observó la diferencia significativa al 5% para la variedad y al 1% para los niveles de N sobre el rendimiento de la cabeza, y el rendimiento para la variedad Corazón de Buey Gigante fue más alto que la variedad Chato de Quintal. En cuanto el análisis económico de la utilización del nitrógeno en la variedad Corazón de Buey Gigante, el tratamiento en donde se aplicó 100kgN/ha, se obtuvo el máximo ingreso neto.

Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been associated with various chronic diseases which may lead to long-term sickness absence (LTSA), but there is lacking information on the direct association between MetS and LTSA. The present study aimed to investigate the all-cause and cause-specific associations between MetS and the risk of medically-certified LTSA among Japanese workers. Method We recruited 67,403 workers (57,276 men and 10,127 women), aged 20-59 years, of 13 companies in Japan, during their health check-ups in 2011 (11 companies) and 2014 (2 companies), and followed them up for LTSA events (≥ 30 consecutive days) until March 31, 2020. MetS was defined according to the Joint Interim Statement. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) for LTSA associated with MetS and its components. Results During 408,324 person-years of follow-up, 2,915 workers experienced LTSA. The adjusted HR for all-cause LTSA was 1.54 (95% CI, 1.41-1.68) among those with vs without MetS. In cause-specific analysis, HRs associated with MetS significantly increased for LTSA due to overall physical disorders (1.76), cardiovascular diseases (3.16), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (2.01), cancers (1.24), obesity-related cancers (1.35), mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders (1.28), reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorders (1.46) and external causes (1.46). The number of MetS components were also significantly associated with increased LTSA risk. Conclusion MetS was associated with an increase in the risk of LTSA due to various diseases among Japanese workers.