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Aim To compare the associated discomfort and safety between transcutaneous (Tskin) and transconjunctival (Tconj) approaches of local anaesthetic (LA) administration in lower eyelid surgery. Methods A prospective randomised controlled trial comparing Tskin and Tconj LA in patients undergoing bilateral lower eyelid surgeries for horizontal laxity. Patients were randomised to receive LA via Tskin to one side and Tconj to the fellow side. LA injection was administered in a slow fashion accompanied by distraction (tapping of patient's forehead). Self-reported discomfort from the injections was rated using a 0-10 numerical rating scale. A single blinded assessor graded photographs for eyelid bruising (0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Results A total of 30 patients (mean age ± SD, 75.9 ± 6.7 years) were enrolled. The overall pain score (mean ± SD) was statistically lower for the Tconj than the Tskin group (3.90 ± 2.28 versus 5.33 ± 2.23, p = 0.017). More patients in the Tconj group reported substantially less pain (score of ≤3) in comparison to the Tskin group (56.7% versus 23.3%, p = 0.017). In individual patients, the Tconj pain score was found to be significantly lower than the Tskin side (p = 0.008). Bruising scores were higher in the Tskin group, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.13). No other adverse effects were found. Conclusion Tconj delivery of LA in lower eyelids with horizontal laxity is safe and associated with less discomfort and bruising than the conventional Tskin route. Trial registration number NCT04102878.

Desmoplasia is the formation of a dense collagenous stroma around a neoplasm. It occurs in a variety of malignancies including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While desmoplasia is uncommonly seen in cutaneous SCC, it is an independent risk factor for recurrence and metastasis. We report a case series of desmoplastic SCC in the periorbital region. Seven cases were identified: the median age was 68, four were men. The mean follow-up was 48 months. Two patients (29%) had aggressive local recurrence: one required salvage surgery including orbital exenteration, parotidectomy, and neck dissection to excise involved parotid and cervical lymph nodes; the other required repeat excision and adjuvant radiotherapy. Desmoplastic SCC is an uncommon but highly aggressive subtype. In the periorbital region, due to the high risk of orbital invasion, it is potentially sight and life-threatening.

Implant exposure is the most common serious complication of porous orbital implants, and often requires surgical repair. This study aims to describe a new repair technique using a bulbar conjunctival pedicle flap and a labial mucous membrane patch graft, as well as to report its long-term results. A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients whose porous orbital implant exposures were repaired using this technique from 1995 to 2014. Twenty-three patients were included. The maximal defect dimension ranged from 2 to 18 mm. Sixteen patients (70%) also received a banked human scleral patch graft during their repair. The mean follow-up was 130 months (range 29-267 months). Eighteen patients (78%) were successfully treated with one repair surgery. At the final follow-up, 21 patients (91%) could comfortably wear a prosthetic eye, and 18 patients (78%) reported satisfactory cosmesis. Two patients (9%) developed small conjunctival cysts that were successfully excised. The combination of a bulbar conjunctival pedicle flap and a labial mucous membrane patch graft is a simple but effective technique in salvaging exposed porous orbital implants. Its long-term results are promising.

Purpose To evaluate the practice patterns in the use of glaucoma drainage devices (GDD) and cyclodestruction among consultant ophthalmologists in Australia and New Zealand. Materials and methods A 22-part questionnaire regarding GDD implantation and cyclodestruction practices was sent to all ophthalmologists registered with the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists in 2008 by post or e-mail. Results Sixty-six percent of 872 questionnaires were returned, of these, 14% were from glaucoma subspecialists. Ten percent of all respondents performed GDD implantations. Molteno drains were the most popular device (69%). The most commonly recognized indications for GDD implantation were a history of 2 failed trabeculectomies (85%), neovascular glaucoma (71%), iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (55%), and uveitic glaucoma (52%). Only a minority of surgeons used intraoperative mitomycin C (38%) or 5-fluorouracil (26%) when implanting GDD. Cyclodestruction had been performed by 20% of all respondents. External diode cyclophotocoagulation was the most preferred treatment mode (73%). Sixty-seven percent treated 180 degrees of the ciliary body during initial treatment. Fifty-five percent treated only the earlier untreated area during retreatment. Only 11% of surgeons who performed cyclodestruction agreed that the indications for cyclodestruction are expanding. Conclusions A wide range of practice patterns for GDD implantation and cyclodestruction exist among Australian and New Zealand ophthalmologists. This likely reflects a paucity of good evidence to guide practice. The Australasian indications for GDD implantation were moderately different from the reported practice in America. Well-designed clinical trials are needed to better define the indications and best practice for these 2 important glaucoma treatment modalities.

To compare the relative efficacy of trabeculectomy surgery with 90-s and 5-min intraoperative exposure time to 5-fluorouracil. This was a retrospective, non-randomized comparative study. 41 eyes of 33 consecutive patients in the study group were compared to 40 eyes of 30 consecutive patients in the historical control group. Both groups were exposed to 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/ml) during trabeculectomy surgery. The exposure time was 90 s for the study group and 5 min for the control group. Three criteria were used to define surgical success: IOP (intraocular pressure) less than 21 mmHg; IOP less than 21 mmHg with more than 30% reduction in pressure; and IOP less than 15 mmHg with more than 30% reduction. The number of antiglaucoma medications, visual acuity, complications, and interventions were recorded at regular intervals. Mean preoperative IOP was 21.6 +/- 4.8 in the 90-s group and 21.2 +/- 4.9 in the 5-min group. Mean follow-up was 28.2 +/- 5.1 months in the 90-s group and 48.0 +/- 4.9 months in the 5-min group. During the first 30 postoperative months, there were no statistically significant differences in IOP and requirement for antiglaucoma medications between the two groups. The 90-s group had shorter survival rates using the 1st success criteria, but no significant difference was detected when the more stringent 2nd and 3rd criteria were applied. Choroidal effusions were significantly less common in the 90-s group (P = 0.0076). The results of this small study suggest that a 90-s application of 5-fluorouracil may be as effective as a 5-min one in trabeculectomy.

Background: To evaluate the efficacy of wide-field digital retinal imaging for retinopathy of prematurity screening. Design: Retrospective study in a quaternary public neonatal intensive care unit. Participants: A total of 108 premature infants screened for retinopathy of prematurity. Methods: Retrospective chart and photo review were performed on participants screened by both serial wide-field digital retinal imaging and concurrent binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Review of captured digital photos was performed independently by a masked reader. Using the binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy findings as the gold standard, the efficacy of wide-field digital retinal imaging in detecting treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity, defined as type 1 prethreshold disease, was determined. Main Outcome Measures: Sensitivity and specificity of wide-field digital retinal imaging in detecting treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity. Results: Treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity was detected in 11 infants by both binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy examination and telemedicine images taken at the same visit. Wide-field digital retinal imaging has a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 76.2–100%) and a specificity of 97.9% (95% CI: 93.4–99.7%) in detecting infants with treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity. Positive and negative predictive values of wide-field digital retinal imaging were 84.6% (95% CI: 57.8–97.3%) and 100% (95% CI: 96.9–100%), respectively. Conclusions: Wide-field digital retinal imaging is accurate, reliable and efficient in detecting treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity. Incorporating wide-field digital retinal imaging with telemedicine in standard retinopathy of prematurity management can potentially improve delivery, accessibility, quality and cost of retinopathy of prematurity care.

To evaluate the efficacy of wide-field digital retinal imaging for retinopathy of prematurity screening.Retrospective study in a quaternary public neonatal intensive care unit.A total of 108 premature infants screened for retinopathy of prematurity.Retrospective chart and photo review were performed on participants screened by both serial wide-field digital retinal imaging and concurrent binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Review of captured digital photos was performed independently by a masked reader. Using the binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy findings as the gold standard, the efficacy of wide-field digital retinal imaging in detecting treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity, defined as type 1 prethreshold disease, was determined.Sensitivity and specificity of wide-field digital retinal imaging in detecting treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity.Treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity was detected in 11 infants by both binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy examination and telemedicine images taken at the same visit. Wide-field digital retinal imaging has a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 76.2-100%) and a specificity of 97.9% (95% CI: 93.4-99.7%) in detecting infants with treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity. Positive and negative predictive values of wide-field digital retinal imaging were 84.6% (95% CI: 57.8-97.3%) and 100% (95% CI: 96.9-100%), respectively.Wide-field digital retinal imaging is accurate, reliable and efficient in detecting treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity. Incorporating wide-field digital retinal imaging with telemedicine in standard retinopathy of prematurity management can potentially improve delivery, accessibility, quality and cost of retinopathy of prematurity care.

To estimate the frequency of walking to school among primary school children and examine associated factors.In-class survey of Years 1-6 children attending Dunedin primary schools, November 2004, and a take home, written questionnaire for parents and caregivers.On study day, 34.5% of children walked to school and 36.8% intended to walk home. Overall, 1157 completed caregiver questionnaires were returned (68%) indicating that 47.5% of children walked to or from school less than three times per week. The strongest predictor of walking was proximity to school (1 km OR 29.3, 1-2 km OR 7.7, 2-3 km OR 3.0,3 km OR 1.00). Other predictors were not having a car in the household (OR 10.9), attending a (low socioeconomic) decile 2 to 4 school (2.35), having three or more adults in the household (1.85), being in a higher school year (1.72), having non-New Zealand European ethnicity (1.41), having a parent who had walked to school (1.35), and being male (1.33).This study established a baseline for the percentage of Dunedin primary school children walking to school. Key potentially modifiable predictors of walking were proximity to school and not having a car in the household. These findings have implications for health, transport and educational policies.