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This paper quantifies preferences for income equality and mobility by generating statistics that are uncorrelated with beliefs and can be interpreted as marginal rates of substitution (MRS). All else constant, U.S. residents are willing to reduce average income by $2,744 to reduce the 90/10 income inequality ratio one unit and $1,228 to increase income mobility from the bottom quintile one percentage point. Democrats and Independents have similar preferences for both social variables, while Republicans have an MRS that is about two-thirds of Democrats and Independents for both income inequality and mobility.

Standardized tests are regularly used as education system monitoring tools to compare the average performance of students living in different states or belonging to different subgroups (e.g., defined by race/ethnicity, sex, or parental income) and to track their progress over time. This article describes some uses and design features of tests in system monitoring contexts. We provide the example of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), the only large-scale system monitoring test in the United States. The availability of NAEP data, in turn, has facilitated the construction of the Stanford Education Data Archive (SEDA), a publicly available database that can be used to describe patterns of achievement for nearly all school districts in the United States. Here, we discuss progress in and challenges to the use of standardized tests as system monitoring tools.

Derivatives of 4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and aminobenzoic acid were prepared and tested against experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice, cis- and irons-Gua-nidinocyclohexanecarboxylic acid, trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane- carboxylic acid, trans -4-guanidinomethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, 4-guanidinomethylbenzoic acid, 4-(2-ami-noethyl)benzoie acid, 4-(2-guanidinoethyl)benzoic acid, and most of the ω-aminoacyl-4-aminobenzoic acids possessed antistaphylococcal activity. The R m values of these compounds were determined by a reversed-phase TLC system. Experimental R m values of several additional series of probiotics (ω-amino acids, ω-aminoacyl-L-histidines, ω-guanidino acids, ω-guanidinoacyl-L-histidines, and ω-aminoalkanesulfonic acids) were also obtained. A regular relationship was observed between the constitution of the mobile phases and the R m values; the optimal mobile phase was 70% acetone in water on silica gel G TLC plates. In all series, relationships were obtained between the biological response (antistaphylococcal activity per millimole) and the R m values, with an increased R m value paralleling an increased antistaphylococcal activity.

A series of C16,C18 and C20 fatty acids and their ethyl esters and alcohols were investigated as possible stationary phases in reversed-phase TLC for the correlation between structure and biological response (antistaphylococcal activity). Ten probiotics (omego-amino acids and their L-histidine dipeptides) were used as the biologically active compounds. The mobile phase was 70% acetone in water. The best correlations were obtained with hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) or cis9,cis-12,cis-15-octadecatrienoic acid, 1-hexadecanol or cis-9-octadeconol, and ethyl hexadecanoate for the fatty acids, their alcohols, and their ethyl esters, respectively. Among all compounds, the following relation was obtained: fatty acids = alcohols greater than ethyl esters greater than white paraffin oil.

A series of classical quinazoline analogues of folic and isofolic acids was evaluated for inhibitory activity against the dihydrofolate reductases from rat liver and from Streptococcus faecium. Included in this group were the known active antitumor agents methasquin and chlorasquin as well as methotrexate. Two new compounds, N10-formyl-5,8-deazaaminopterin and N10-formyl-5,8-deazafolic acid, were synthesized specifically for this study. The latter displayed modest activity against L1210 leukemia in mice.