445,834 results on '"Kennedy, A."'
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2. Extractive Knowledge: Epistemic and Practical Challenges for Higher Education Community Engagement
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Nancy Arden Mchugh, Samantha Kennedy, and Ashley Wright
- Abstract
Extractive knowledge is prevalent in higher education community engagement. It is a type of epistemic injustice that is harmful to the historically and systemically minoritized communities and community nonprofits that many universities, particularly predominately white institutions, seek to engage. Extractive knowledge results from what we can think of as transactional relationships with community members or community nonprofits. These are largely superficial but impactful relationships perpetuating injustice in higher education spaces that imagine themselves working to create greater justice. In this article, we make two primary arguments: a.) Extractive knowledge is an epistemic injustice prevalent in community-engaged higher education, and b.) The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's model for transformative community engagement and the Fitz Center for Leadership in Community's Practice Principles provide strategies and models for more epistemically just approaches to community engagement that shape knowledge in epistemically responsible ways, in partnership with communities and alignment with communities' goals and outcomes, this paper finishes with the Fitz Center's Health Equity Program and a community-led partnership as examples of these Practice Principles that lead toward reciprocal, responsible, community-driven, and transformational community engagement.
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- 2024
3. High School Choices and Contexts of Newcomer Students in HISD
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Rice University, Houston Education Research Consortium (HERC), Tori Thomas, Camila Cigarroa Kennedy, Brian Holzman, and Stephanie Potochnick
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This brief explores the characteristics of the high schools that newcomer students choose to attend in the Houston Independent School District (HISD). Using data from the 2007-2008 through 2018-2019 school years, the study compares the high school enrollment patterns between newcomer students who attended Las Americas, a school dedicated to serving newcomer middle school students, and newcomer students from other HISD middle schools. Specifically, this brief examined school characteristics related to potential peer networks, English learner (EL) support and resources, disciplinary climate, and academic context. The analyses show that compared to non-Las Americas students, Las Americas students tended to enroll in high schools that provided more access to potential social networks with similar peers with respect to racial/ethnic diversity as well as foreign-born status. While Las Americas students were more likely to enroll in high schools where they might have greater access to EL support and resources, there were no differences in the disciplinary climate of the high schools attended between former Las Americas and non-Las Americas enrollees. Finally, Las Americas students were more likely than non-Las Americas students to choose high schools with a context potentially more conducive to academic achievement, as measured by end-of-course exam scores.
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- 2024
4. The Effect of Attending Las Americas Middle School on Early High School Outcomes
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Rice University, Houston Education Research Consortium (HERC), Jee Sun Lee, Camila Cigarroa Kennedy, Brian Holzman, and Aimee Chin
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This brief evaluates the causal effect of attending Las Americas Middle School on newcomer students' early high school outcomes. Using administrative data from the Houston Independent School District (HISD) spanning the 2007-2008 through 2018-2019 school years, the study examined the academic performance, course-taking patterns, and school engagement of newcomer students who did and did not attend Las Americas. Attending Las Americas increased newcomer students' English end-of-course (EOC) exam scores and decreased students' likelihood of receiving disciplinary actions. Newcomer students who attended Las Americas fared similarly to their newcomer peers at other middle schools on all other outcomes. The brief concludes with a discussion of the limitations of the analysis, as well as potential implications for policy and practice.
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- 2024
5. Educational Outcomes of High School Newcomer Students in HISD
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Rice University, Houston Education Research Consortium (HERC), Camila Cigarroa Kennedy, and Brian Holzman
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This brief examines the outcomes of high school-aged newcomer students--recently-arrived immigrant English learners--in the Houston Independent School District (HISD). Data from the 2007-2008 through 2018-2019 school years show that newcomer students who attended Liberty High School upon arrival in the U.S. had similar levels of academic performance outcomes to their newcomer peers who attended other high schools in HISD. However, other outcomes differed: Liberty students were less likely to take advanced and career and technical education courses, had lower attendance rates, and had lower graduation rates than newcomer students at other high schools. Notably, many of the differences between Liberty and non-Liberty students shrank in more recent years after Liberty established a day program in addition to its night school program.
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- 2024
6. Who Goes to Newcomer Schools? Liberty High School
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Rice University, Houston Education Research Consortium (HERC), Brian Holzman, Tori Thomas, Camila Cigarroa Kennedy, Aimee Chin, Stephanie Potochnick, and Kalena Cortes
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Newcomer programs support recent immigrant, English learner students beyond what is typically offered in the traditional English learner classroom by providing students with innovative teaching methods and nonacademic support. In Houston ISD, Liberty High School is a separate-site program that serves high school-aged and older newcomer and immigrant students. To accommodate older students' job schedules, Liberty offers both day and night programs in which students can earn their high school diploma. Given the growing number of adolescent newcomer students in Houston ISD, it is important to understand how recent immigrant, English learner students choose newcomer programs and schools. Using 12 years of administrative data, this research brief describes which student characteristics predict enrollment at Liberty High School. Results show that economically disadvantaged students, students from Central America and Mexico, students who lived closer to the school, and students who lived in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of immigrants were more likely to enroll.
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- 2024
7. Who Goes to Newcomer Schools? Las Americas Middle School
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Rice University, Houston Education Research Consortium (HERC), Brian Holzman, Camila Cigarroa Kennedy, Tori Thomas, Aimee Chin, Stephanie Potochnick, and Kalena Cortes
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Newcomer programs aim to serve newly arrived immigrant students by providing specialized instruction and nonacademic support beyond what is offered in traditional English learner classrooms. In Houston ISD, Las Americas is a standalone program that serves newcomer students in grades 4-8. Given the growth of newly arrived immigrant students in the district, it is important to understand what characteristics predict whether students and families choose to enroll in a newcomer program. An analysis of 12 years of administrative data showed that economically disadvantaged students, students from sub-Saharan Africa and Central America, students with lower levels of oral English proficiency, and students who lived close to the school were most likely to enroll at Las Americas. Additionally, results suggest that the school's outreach and recruitment strategies were associated with enrollment. Finally, the implementation of the school's grade level expansion and school busing policy both had positive impacts on enrollment.
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- 2024
8. Perceptions and Readiness of High School Mathematics Teachers for Integration of ICT Tools in the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics
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Jacob Arhin, Francis Ohene Boateng, Ernest Frimpong Akosah, and Kennedy Gyimah
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This paper seeks to gain insights into teachers' perceptions, and readiness to integrate information and communication technology (ICT) tools in mathematics instruction. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving surveys and interviews with a sample of high school mathematics teachers. The study involved 90 mathematics teachers working in three senior high schools in Kumasi metropolis in Ghana. The study revealed that teachers generally hold positive perceptions of the benefits of ICT tools in mathematics teaching. They strongly agree that ICT tools enhance students' understanding of mathematical concepts and improve their engagement and motivation in mathematics classes. Teachers also recognize the potential of ICT tools in promoting problem-solving skills and providing opportunities for differentiation and personalized learning. However, opinions regarding student-centered learning, exploration, and creativity through ICT tools were more varied, suggesting a need for further investigation and support in these areas. In addition teachers expressed the need for continuous training on specific tools, curriculum alignment, and assessment methods.
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- 2024
9. Compliance toward Ethical Leadership among School Principals: A Synthesis of Qualitative Research-Based Evidences
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Kennedy Dastan Kaduma
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Ethical leadership has proven to be pivotal in fostering efficiency and effectiveness across various organizations. It cultivates employees' confidence, commitment, job satisfaction and enhances their performance, thereby contributing to organizational stability and competitiveness. Given its significance, ethical leadership has become a global priority, garnering attention from both organizations and educational institutions. This study conducts a literature review on the adherence to ethical leadership among school principals in primary and secondary schools. Specifically, it examines whether these leaders demonstrate ethical leadership attributes in their daily practices. Employing a systematic qualitative review design, the exploration unfolds through three stages: searching, reviewing, and synthesizing existing literature. The findings unveil instances of both compliance and noncompliance towards ethical leadership among school principals. On the positive side, school principals are depicted as exhibiting attributes such as integrity, fairness and justice, concern for others (people orientation), ethical guidance, responsibility, role modeling, and openness. Conversely, instances of deviation from ethical leadership attributes are also noted, including actions such as undermining the dignity of others, displaying favoritism, indiscreet information sharing, prioritizing personal gain, and irresponsibility. Based on these findings, the study advocates for a comprehensive approach to nurture ethical leadership among school principals. By addressing both compliance and noncompliance, the paper contributes to advancing knowledge relevant for enhancing leadership practices that not only align with educational goals but also establish a foundation for sustained school effectiveness.
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- 2024
10. Upstarts T3: An Asynchronous and Cohort-Based Entrepreneurship Train-the-Trainer Program
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Surin Kim, Maria Rosario T. de Guzman, Kieu-Anh Do, Irene Padasas, Claire Nicholas, Olivia Kennedy, Anna Erdmann, and Andy Larson
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4-H academics responded to the COVID pandemic by rapidly adapting CDC and other resources for virtual delivery. A statewide epidemiology project was taught to 48 youth with the goal of minimizing fears and confusion, increasing prevention measures, leveraging current topics for education, and bolstering the social-emotional health of youth participants. Results indicated that youth enjoyed the project and adopted behaviors to reduce the spread of infectious diseases, such as increased mask-wearing.
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- 2024
11. Surprisingly Fragile: Assessing and Addressing Prompt Instability in Multimodal Foundation Models
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Stewart, Ian, Horawalavithana, Sameera, Kennedy, Brendan, Munikoti, Sai, and Pazdernik, Karl
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Computer Science - Computation and Language ,I.2.7 - Abstract
Multimodal foundation models (MFMs) such as OFASys show the potential to unlock analysis of complex data such as images, videos, and audio data via text prompts alone. However, their performance may suffer in the face of text input that differs even slightly from their training distribution, which is surprising considering the use of modality-specific data to "ground" the text input. This study demonstrates that prompt instability is a major concern for MFMs, leading to a consistent drop in performance across all modalities, but that instability can be mitigated with additional training with augmented data. We evaluate several methods for grounded prompt perturbation, where we generate perturbations and filter based on similarity to text and/or modality data. After re-training the models on the augmented data, we find improved accuracy and more stable performance on the perturbed test data regardless of perturbation condition, suggesting that the data augmentation strategy helps the models handle domain shifts more effectively. In error analysis, we find consistent patterns of performance improvement across domains, suggesting that retraining on prompt perturbations tends to help general reasoning capabilities in MFMs., Comment: in submission
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- 2024
12. HEK-Omics: The promise of omics to optimize HEK293 for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) gene therapy manufacturing
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Gurazada, Sai Guna Ranjan, Kennedy, Hannah M., Braatz, Richard D., Mehrman, Steven J., Polson, Shawn W., and Rombel, Irene T.
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Quantitative Biology - Genomics - Abstract
Gene therapy is poised to transition from niche to mainstream medicine, with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) as the vector of choice. However, this requires robust, scalable, industrialized production to meet demand and provide affordable patient access, which has thus far failed to materialize. Closing the chasm between demand and supply requires innovation in biomanufacturing to achieve the essential step change in rAAV product yield and quality. Omics provides a rich source of mechanistic knowledge that can be applied to HEK293, the prevailing cell line for rAAV production. In this review, the findings from a growing number of disparate studies that apply genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to HEK293 bioproduction are explored. Learnings from CHO-Omics, application of omics approaches to improve CHO bioproduction, provide context for the potential of "HEK-Omics" as a multiomics-informed approach providing actionable mechanistic insights for improved transient and stable production of rAAV and other recombinant products in HEK293., Comment: 41 pages, 1 figure, 1 table
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- 2024
13. A Comparison of Deep Learning and Established Methods for Calf Behaviour Monitoring
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Dissanayake, Oshana, Riaboff, Lucile, McPherson, Sarah E., Kennedy, Emer, and Cunningham, Pádraig
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Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable progress in research on human activity recognition using data from wearable sensors. This technology also has potential in the context of animal welfare in livestock science. In this paper, we report on research on animal activity recognition in support of welfare monitoring. The data comes from collar-mounted accelerometer sensors worn by Holstein and Jersey calves, the objective being to detect changes in behaviour indicating sickness or stress. A key requirement in detecting changes in behaviour is to be able to classify activities into classes, such as drinking, running or walking. In Machine Learning terms, this is a time-series classification task, and in recent years, the Rocket family of methods have emerged as the state-of-the-art in this area. We have over 27 hours of labelled time-series data from 30 calves for our analysis. Using this data as a baseline, we present Rocket's performance on a 6-class classification task. Then, we compare this against the performance of 11 Deep Learning (DL) methods that have been proposed as promising methods for time-series classification. Given the success of DL in related areas, it is reasonable to expect that these methods will perform well here as well. Surprisingly, despite taking care to ensure that the DL methods are configured correctly, none of them match Rocket's performance. A possible explanation for the impressive success of Rocket is that it has the data encoding benefits of DL models in a much simpler classification framework.
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- 2024
14. Physics of the low momentum diffusivity regime in tokamaks and its experimental applicability
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Sun, Haomin, Ball, Justin, Brunner, Stephan, Field, Anthony, Patel, Bhavin, Balestri, Alessandro, Kennedy, Daniel, Roach, Colin, Cruz-Zabala, Diego Jose, Del Pozo, Fernando Puentes, Viezzer, Eleonora, and Munoz, Manuel Garcia
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Physics - Plasma Physics ,Physics - Computational Physics - Abstract
Strong $E\times B$ plasma flow shear is beneficial for reducing turbulent transport. However, traditional methods of driving flow shear do not scale well to large devices such as future fusion power plants. In this paper, we use a large number of nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations to study a novel approach to increase flow shear: decreasing the momentum diffusivity to make the plasma ``easier to push''. We first use an idealized circular geometry and find that one can obtain low momentum diffusivity at tight aspect ratio, low safety factor, high magnetic shear and low temperature gradient. This is the so-called Low Momentum Diffusivity (LMD) regime. To drive intrinsic momentum flux, we then tilt the flux surface, making it up-down asymmetric. In the LMD regime, this intrinsic momentum flux drives strong flow shear that can significantly reduce the heat flux and increase the critical temperature gradient. We also consider the actual experimental geometry of the MAST tokamak to illustrate that this strategy can be practical and create experimentally significant flow shear. Lastly, a preliminary prediction for the SMART tokamak is made., Comment: 43 pages, 23 figures
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- 2024
15. EvalYaks: Instruction Tuning Datasets and LoRA Fine-tuned Models for Automated Scoring of CEFR B2 Speaking Assessment Transcripts
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Scaria, Nicy, Kennedy, Silvester John Joseph, Latinovich, Thomas, and Subramani, Deepak
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Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
Relying on human experts to evaluate CEFR speaking assessments in an e-learning environment creates scalability challenges, as it limits how quickly and widely assessments can be conducted. We aim to automate the evaluation of CEFR B2 English speaking assessments in e-learning environments from conversation transcripts. First, we evaluate the capability of leading open source and commercial Large Language Models (LLMs) to score a candidate's performance across various criteria in the CEFR B2 speaking exam in both global and India-specific contexts. Next, we create a new expert-validated, CEFR-aligned synthetic conversational dataset with transcripts that are rated at different assessment scores. In addition, new instruction-tuned datasets are developed from the English Vocabulary Profile (up to CEFR B2 level) and the CEFR-SP WikiAuto datasets. Finally, using these new datasets, we perform parameter efficient instruction tuning of Mistral Instruct 7B v0.2 to develop a family of models called EvalYaks. Four models in this family are for assessing the four sections of the CEFR B2 speaking exam, one for identifying the CEFR level of vocabulary and generating level-specific vocabulary, and another for detecting the CEFR level of text and generating level-specific text. EvalYaks achieved an average acceptable accuracy of 96%, a degree of variation of 0.35 levels, and performed 3 times better than the next best model. This demonstrates that a 7B parameter LLM instruction tuned with high-quality CEFR-aligned assessment data can effectively evaluate and score CEFR B2 English speaking assessments, offering a promising solution for scalable, automated language proficiency evaluation.
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- 2024
16. Accelerometer-Based Multivariate Time-Series Dataset for Calf Behavior Classification
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Dissanayake, Oshana, McPherson, Sarah E., Allyndree, Joseph, Kennedy, Emer, Cunningham, Padraig, and Riaboff, Lucile
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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Getting new insights on pre-weaned calf behavioral adaptation to routine challenges (transport, group relocation, etc.) and diseases (respiratory diseases, diarrhea, etc.) is a promising way to improve calf welfare in dairy farms. A classic approach to automatically monitoring behavior is to equip animals with accelerometers attached to neck collars and to develop machine learning models from accelerometer time-series. However, to be used for model development, data must be equipped with labels. Obtaining these labels requires annotating behaviors from direct observation or videos, a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. To address this challenge, we propose the ActBeCalf (Accelerometer Time-Series for Calf Behaviour classification) dataset: 30 pre-weaned dairy calves (Holstein Friesian and Jersey) were equipped with a 3D-accelerometer sensor attached to a neck-collar from one week of birth for 13 weeks. The calves were simultaneously filmed with a camera in each pen. At the end of the trial, behaviors were manually annotated from the videos using the Behavioral Observation Research Interactive Software (BORIS) by 3 observers using an ethogram with 23 behaviors. ActBeCalf contains 27.4 hours of accelerometer data aligned adequately with calf behaviors. The dataset includes the main behaviors, like lying, standing, walking, and running, and less prominent behaviors, such as sniffing, social interaction, and grooming. Finally, ActBeCalf was used for behavior classification with machine learning models: (i)two classes of behaviors, [active and inactive; model 1] and (ii)four classes of behaviors [running, lying, drinking milk, and 'other' class; model 2] to demonstrate its reliability. We got a balanced accuracy of 92% [model1] and 84% [model2]. ActBeCalf is a comprehensive and ready-to-use dataset for classifying pre-weaned calf behaviour from the acceleration time series., Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures
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- 2024
17. The Discovery of Three Galactic Wolf-Rayet Stars
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Marin, Laurella C., Massey, Philip, Skiff, Brian A., and Farrell, Kennedy A.
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Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
Wolf-Rayet stars (WRs) are evolved massive stars in the brief stage before they undergo core collapse. Not only are they rare, but they also can be particularly difficult to find due to the high extinction in the Galactic plane. This paper discusses the discovery of three new Galactic WRs previously classified as H$\alpha$ emission stars, but thanks to Gaia spectra, we were able to identify the broad, strong emission lines that characterize WRs. Using the Lowell Discovery Telescope and the DeVeny spectrograph, we obtained spectra for each star. Two are WC9s, and the third is a WN6 + O6.5 V binary. The latter is a known eclipsing system with a 4.4 day period from ASAS-SN data. We calculate absolute visual magnitudes for all three stars to be between -7 and -6, which is consistent with our expectations of these subtypes. These discoveries highlight the incompleteness of the WR census in our local volume of the Milky Way and suggest the potential for future Galactic WR discoveries from Gaia low-dispersion spectra. Furthermore, radial velocity studies of the newly found binary will provide direct mass estimates and orbital parameters, adding to our knowledge of the role that binarity plays in massive star evolution., Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal
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- 2024
18. Rotations, Negative Eigenvalues, and Newton Method in Tensor Network Renormalization Group
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Ebel, Nikolay, Kennedy, Tom, and Rychkov, Slava
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Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics ,Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons ,High Energy Physics - Theory ,Mathematical Physics - Abstract
In the tensor network approach to statistical physics, properties of the critical point of a 2D lattice model are encoded by a four-legged tensor which is a fixed point of an RG map. The traditional way to find the fixed point tensor consists in iterating the RG map after having tuned the temperature to criticality. Here we develop a different and more direct technique, which solves the fixed point equation via the Newton method. This is challenging due to the existence of marginal deformations -- linear transformations of the coordinate frame, which parametrize a two-dimensional family of fixed points. We address this challenge by including a 90 degree rotation into the RG map. This flips the sign of the problematic marginal eigenvalues, rendering the fixed point isolated and accessible via the Newton method. We demonstrate the power of this technique via explicit computations for the 2D Ising model. Using the Gilt-TNR algorithm at bond dimension $\chi=30$, we find the fixed point tensor with $10^{-9}$ accuracy, much higher than what was previously achieved., Comment: 32+20 pages, 15 figures, 4 tables
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- 2024
19. Parameterized Verification of Systems with Precise (0,1)-Counter Abstraction
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Eichler, Paul, Jacobs, Swen, and Weil-Kennedy, Chana
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Computer Science - Formal Languages and Automata Theory - Abstract
We introduce a new framework for verifying systems with a parametric number of concurrently running processes. The systems we consider are well-structured with respect to a specific well-quasi order. This allows us to decide a wide range of verification problems, including control-state reachability, coverability, and target, in a fixed finite abstraction of the infinite state-space, called a 01-counter system. We show that several systems from the parameterized verification literature fall into this class, including reconfigurable broadcast networks (or systems with lossy broadcast), disjunctive systems, synchronizations and systems with a fixed number of shared finite-domain variables. Our framework provides a simple and unified explanation for the properties of these systems, which have so far been investigated separately. Additionally, it extends and improves on a range of the existing results, and gives rise to other systems with similar properties.
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- 2024
20. Analysis of optical spectroscopy and photometry of the type I X-ray bursting system UW CrB
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Kennedy, M. R., Callanan, P., Garnavich, P. M., Breton, R. P., Brown, A. J., Segura, N. Castro, Dhillon, V. S., Dyer, M. J., Garbutt, J., Green, M. J., Hakala, P., Jiminez-Ibarra, F., Kerry, P., Fijma, S., Littlefair, S., Munday, J., Mason, P. A., Mata-Sanchez, D., Munoz-Darias, T., Parsons, S., Pelisoli, I., and Sahman, D.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
UW Coronae Borealis (UW CrB) is a low mass X-ray binary that shows both Type 1 X-ray and optical bursts, which typically last for 20 s. The system has a binary period of close to 2 hours and is thought to have a relatively high inclination due to the presence of an eclipse in the optical light curve. There is also evidence that an asymmetric disc is present in the system, which precesses every 5.5 days based on changes in the depth of the eclipse. In this paper, we present optical photometry and spectroscopy of UW CrB taken over 2 years. We update the orbital ephemeris using observed optical eclipses and refine the orbital period to 110.97680(1) min. A total of 17 new optical bursts are presented, with 10 of these bursts being resolved temporally. The average $e$-folding time of $19\pm3$s for the bursts is consistent with the previously found value. Optical bursts are observed during a previously identified gap in orbital phase centred on $\phi=0.967$, meaning the reprocessing site is not eclipsed as previously thought. Finally, we find that the apparent P-Cygni profiles present in some of the atomic lines in the optical spectra are due to transient absorption., Comment: 14 pages, 17 figures, submitted to OJAp
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- 2024
21. A Comprehensive Case Study on the Performance of Machine Learning Methods on the Classification of Solar Panel Electroluminescence Images
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Song, Xinyi, Odongo, Kennedy, Pascual, Francis G., and Hong, Yili
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Statistics - Applications ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Photovoltaics (PV) are widely used to harvest solar energy, an important form of renewable energy. Photovoltaic arrays consist of multiple solar panels constructed from solar cells. Solar cells in the field are vulnerable to various defects, and electroluminescence (EL) imaging provides effective and non-destructive diagnostics to detect those defects. We use multiple traditional machine learning and modern deep learning models to classify EL solar cell images into different functional/defective categories. Because of the asymmetry in the number of functional vs. defective cells, an imbalanced label problem arises in the EL image data. The current literature lacks insights on which methods and metrics to use for model training and prediction. In this paper, we comprehensively compare different machine learning and deep learning methods under different performance metrics on the classification of solar cell EL images from monocrystalline and polycrystalline modules. We provide a comprehensive discussion on different metrics. Our results provide insights and guidelines for practitioners in selecting prediction methods and performance metrics., Comment: 30 pages, 14 figures
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- 2024
22. Validation Requirements for AI-based Intervention-Evaluation in Aging and Longevity Research and Practice
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Fuellen, Georg, Kulaga, Anton, Lobentanzer, Sebastian, Unfried, Maximilian, Avelar, Roberto, Palmer, Daniel, and Kennedy, Brian K.
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Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,68T01 General topics in artificial intelligence - Abstract
The field of aging and longevity research is overwhelmed by vast amounts of data, calling for the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), including Large Language Models (LLMs), for the evaluation of geroprotective interventions. Such evaluations should be correct, useful, comprehensive, explainable, and they should consider causality, interdisciplinarity, adherence to standards, longitudinal data and known aging biology. In particular, comprehensive analyses should go beyond comparing data based on canonical biomedical databases, suggesting the use of AI to interpret changes in biomarkers and outcomes. Our requirements motivate the use of LLMs with Knowledge Graphs and dedicated workflows employing, e.g., Retrieval-Augmented Generation. While naive trust in the responses of AI tools can cause harm, adding our requirements to LLM queries can improve response quality, calling for benchmarking efforts and justifying the informed use of LLMs for advice on longevity interventions., Comment: 11 pages, 1 Figure, 1 Table
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- 2024
23. Tensor Reduction for Feynman Integrals with Lorentz and Spinor Indices
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Goode, Jae, Herzog, Franz, Kennedy, Anthony, Teale, Sam, and Vermaseren, Jos
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High Energy Physics - Phenomenology ,High Energy Physics - Theory - Abstract
We present an efficient graphical approach to construct projectors for the tensor reduction of multi-loop Feynman integrals with both Lorentz and spinor indices in $D$ dimensions. An ansatz for the projectors is constructed making use of its symmetry properties via an orbit partition formula. The graphical approach allows to identify and enumerate the orbits in each case. For the case without spinor indices we find a 1 to 1 correspondence between orbits and integer partitions describing the cycle structure of certain bi-chord graphs. This leads to compact combinatorial formulae for the projector ansatz. With spinor indices the graph-structure becomes more involved, but the method is equally applicable. Our spinor reduction formulae are based on the antisymmetric basis of $\gamma$ matrices, and make use of their orthogonality property. We also provide a new compact formula to pass into the antisymmetric basis. We compute projectors for vacuum tensor Feynman integrals with up to 32 Lorentz indices and up to 4 spinor indices. We discuss how to employ the projectors in problems with external momenta., Comment: 58 pages, 32 tables, 3 figures
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- 2024
24. The characterisation of water ice in debris discs: implications for JWST scattered light observations
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Kim, Minjae, Kennedy, Grant M., and Roccatagliata, Veronica
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics - Abstract
Water ice plays a crucial role throughout the different stages of planetary evolution and is abundant in the Universe. However, its presence and nature in debris discs of exoplanetary systems are not yet strongly established observationally. In this study, we quantify and discuss the impact of ice parameters such as volume fraction ${\mathcal{F}}_{\rm ice}$, blow-out grain size, size distribution, and its phase on the observational appearance of debris discs, considering the diverse nature of these systems around stellar spectral types ranging from A to M. Our findings reveal that the prominent ice features at approximately 2.7 and 3.3\,$\mu$m depend on both the water ice fraction ${\mathcal{F}}_{\rm ice}$ and the scattering angle, with backscattering geometries yielding the most prominent signatures. When the phase function is considered and data are not background limited, strong forward and backward scattering (near edge-on discs) are expected to yield the strongest detections in images/spectra for A or F-type stars, while scattering angle matters less for later type stars. The Fresnel peak at 3.1\,$\mu$m serves as a viable discriminant for the transitional phase (crystalline/amorphous), while simultaneously constraining the water ice temperature. For JWST imaging, we find that the F356W and F444W filter combination is most effective for constraining the grain size distribution, while the F356W and F277W filter combination provides better constraints on the ice fraction ${\mathcal{F}}_{\rm ice}$ in debris discs. However, degeneracy between the grain size distribution and ice fraction when using photometric flux ratios means that obtaining robust constraints will likely require more than two filters, or spectroscopic data., Comment: 22 pages, 20 figures
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- 2024
25. Interaction between long internal waves and free surface waves in deep water
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Kairzhan, Adilbek, Kennedy, Christopher, and Sulem, Catherine
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Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs - Abstract
We consider a density-stratified fluid composed of two immiscible layers separated by a sharp interface. We study the regime of long internal waves interacting with modulated surface wave packets and describe their resonant interaction by a system of equations where the internal wave solves a high-order Benjamin-Ono (BO) equation coupled to a linear Schr\"{o}dinger equation for the envelope of the free surface. The perturbation methods are based on the Hamiltonian formulation for the original system of irrotational Euler's equations as described in Benjamin-Bridges [J. Fluid Mech. 333, 1997] and Craig-Guyenne-Kalisch [Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 58, 2005]. We also establish a local wellposedness result for a reduced BO-Schr\"{o}dinger system using an approach developed by Linares-Ponce-Pilod [J. Diff. Eqs. 250, 2011]., Comment: 31 pages
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- 2024
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26. Sustainable Task Offloading in Secure UAV-assisted Smart Farm Networks: A Multi-Agent DRL with Action Mask Approach
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Bao, Tingnan, Syed, Aisha, Kennedy, William Sean, and Erol-Kantarci, Melike
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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing - Abstract
The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with mobile edge computing (MEC) and Internet of Things (IoT) technology in smart farms is pivotal for efficient resource management and enhanced agricultural productivity sustainably. This paper addresses the critical need for optimizing task offloading in secure UAV-assisted smart farm networks, aiming to reduce total delay and energy consumption while maintaining robust security in data communications. We propose a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based approach using a deep double Q-network (DDQN) with an action mask (AM), designed to manage task offloading dynamically and efficiently. The simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of our method in managing task offloading, highlighting significant improvements in operational efficiency by reducing delay and energy consumption. This aligns with the goal of developing sustainable and energy-efficient solutions for next-generation network infrastructures, making our approach an advanced solution for achieving both performance and sustainability in smart farming applications.
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- 2024
27. The Orbit and Companion of PSR J1622-0315: Variable Asymmetry and a Massive Neutron Star
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Sen, Bidisha, Linares, Manuel, Kennedy, Mark R., Breton, Rene P., Misra, Devina, Turchetta, Marco, Dhillon, Vikram S., Sanchez, Daniel Mata, and Clark, Colin J.
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Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena - Abstract
The companion to PSR J1622-0315, one of the most compact known redback millisecond pulsars, shows extremely low irradiation despite its short orbital period. We model this system to determine the binary parameters, combining optical observations from NTT in 2017 and NOT in 2022 with the binary modeling code ICARUS. We find a best-fit neutron star mass of $2.3 \pm 0.4\,\text{M}_\odot $, and a companion mass of $0.15 \pm 0.02\,\text{M}_\odot$. We detect for the first time low-level irradiation from asymmetry in the minima as well as a change in the asymmetry of the maxima of its light curves over five years. Using star spot models, we find better fits than those from symmetric direct heating models, with consistent orbital parameters. We discuss an alternative scenario where the changing asymmetry is produced by a variable intrabinary shock. In summary, we find that PSR J1622-0315 combines low irradiation with variable light curve asymmetry, and a relatively high neutron star mass., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures
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- 2024
28. ProACT: An Augmented Reality Testbed for Intelligent Prosthetic Arms
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Guptasarma, Shivani and Kennedy III, Monroe D.
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Computer Science - Robotics ,Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control - Abstract
Upper-limb amputees face tremendous difficulty in operating dexterous powered prostheses. Previous work has shown that aspects of prosthetic hand, wrist, or elbow control can be improved through "intelligent" control, by combining movement-based or gaze-based intent estimation with low-level robotic autonomy. However, no such solutions exist for whole-arm control. Moreover, hardware platforms for advanced prosthetic control are expensive, and existing simulation platforms are not well-designed for integration with robotics software frameworks. We present the Prosthetic Arm Control Testbed (ProACT), a platform for evaluating intelligent control methods for prosthetic arms in an immersive (Augmented Reality) simulation setting. Using ProACT with non-amputee participants, we compare performance in a Box-and-Blocks Task using a virtual myoelectric prosthetic arm, with and without intent estimation. Our results show that methods using intent estimation improve both user satisfaction and the degree of success in the task. To the best of our knowledge, this constitutes the first study of semi-autonomous control for complex whole-arm prostheses, the first study including sequential task modeling in the context of wearable prosthetic arms, and the first testbed of its kind. Towards the goal of supporting future research in intelligent prosthetics, the system is built upon on existing open-source frameworks for robotics., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures. Under review. Code and data will be available at https://armlabstanford.github.io/proact after publication
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- 2024
29. Population Size Estimation with Many Lists and Heterogeneity: A Conditional Log-Linear Model Among the Unobserved
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Rubio, Mateo Dulce and Kennedy, Edward
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Statistics - Methodology ,Statistics - Applications - Abstract
We contribute a general and flexible framework to estimate the size of a closed population in the presence of $K$ capture-recapture lists and heterogeneous capture probabilities. Our novel identifying strategy leverages the fact that it is sufficient for identification that a subset of the $K$ lists are not arbitrarily dependent \textit{within the subset of the population unobserved by the remaining lists}, conditional on covariates. This identification approach is interpretable and actionable, interpolating between the two predominant approaches in the literature as special cases: (conditional) independence across lists and log-linear models with no highest-order interaction. We derive nonparametric doubly-robust estimators for the resulting identification expression that are nearly optimal and approximately normal for any finite sample size, even when the heterogeneous capture probabilities are estimated nonparametrically using machine learning methods. Additionally, we devise a sensitivity analysis to show how deviations from the identification assumptions affect the resulting population size estimates, allowing for the integration of domain-specific knowledge into the identification and estimation processes more transparently. We empirically demonstrate the advantages of our method using both synthetic data and real data from the Peruvian internal armed conflict to estimate the number of casualties. The proposed methodology addresses recent critiques of capture-recapture models by allowing for a weaker and more interpretable identifying assumption and accommodating complex heterogeneous capture probabilities depending on high-dimensional or continuous covariates.
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- 2024
30. Can Small Language Models Learn, Unlearn, and Retain Noise Patterns?
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Scaria, Nicy, Kennedy, Silvester John Joseph, and Subramani, Deepak
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Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Small Language Models (SLMs) are generally considered to be more compact versions of large language models (LLMs), typically having fewer than 7 billion parameters. This study investigates the ability of small language models to learn, retain, and subsequently eliminate noise that is typically not found on the internet, where most pretraining datasets are sourced. For this, four pre-trained SLMs were utilized: Olmo 1B, Qwen1.5 1.8B, Gemma 2B, and Phi2 2.7B. The models were instruction-tuned without noise and tested for task execution with in-context learning. Afterward, noise patterns were introduced to evaluate the models' learning and unlearning capabilities. We evaluated the models' performance at various training levels. Phi consistently excelled with word-level noise but performed the worst with character-level noise. Despite being the smallest with approximately 1 billion parameters, Olmo performed consistently well on tasks.
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- 2024
31. Ar$\chi$i-Textile Composites: Role of Weave Architecture on Mode-I Fracture Toughness in Woven Composites
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Tewani, Hridyesh, Cyvas, Jackson, Perez, Kennedy, and Prabhakar, Pavana
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Physics - Applied Physics - Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of weave architectures on the mechanics of crack propagation in fiber-reinforced woven polymer composites under quasi-static loading. Woven composites consist of fabrics containing fibers interwoven at 0 degrees (warp) and 90 degrees (weft) bound by a polymer matrix. The mechanical properties can be tuned by weaving fiber bundles with single or multiple materials in various patterns or architectures. Although the effects of uniform weave architectures, like plain, twill, satin, etc. on in-plane modulus and fracture toughness have been studied, the influence of patterned weaves consisting of a combination of sub-patterns, that is, architected weaves, on these behaviors is not understood. We focus on identifying the mechanisms affecting crack path tortuosity and propagation rate in architected weave composites containing various sub-patterns. Through compact tension tests, we determine how architected weave patterns compared to uniform weaves influence mode-I fracture toughness of woven composites due to interactions of different failure modes. Results show that fracture toughness increases at transition regions between sub-patterns in architected weave composites, with more tortuous crack propagation and higher resistance to crack growth than uniform weave composites. We also introduce three geometrical parameters transition, area, and skewness factors to characterize sub-patterns and their effects on in-plane fracture toughness. This knowledge can be exploited to design and fabricate safer lightweight structures for marine and aerospace sectors with enhanced damage tolerance under extreme loads.
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- 2024
32. Assessing Concept Mapping Competence Using Item Expansion-Based Diagnostic Classification Analysis
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Shulan Xia, Peida Zhan, Kennedy Kam Ho Chan, and Lijun Wang
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Concept mapping is widely used as a tool for assessing students' understanding of science. To fully realize the diagnostic potential of concept mapping, a scoring method that not only provides an objective and accurate assessment of students' drawn concept maps but also provides a detailed understanding of students' proficiency and deficiencies in knowledge is necessary. However, few of the existing scoring methods focus on the latent constructs (e.g., knowledge, skills, and cognitive processes) that guide the creation of concept maps. Instead, they focus on the completeness of the concept map by assigning a composite score, which makes it difficult to generate targeted diagnostic feedback information for advancing students' learning. To apply the diagnostic classification model to the quantitative analysis of concept maps, this study introduced the novel application of the item expansion-based diagnostic classification analysis (IE-DCA) for this purpose. The IE-DCA can not only assess students' concept mapping abilities along a continuum but also classify students according to their concept mapping attributes when constructing the concept maps. The application and benefits of this approach were illustrated using a physics concept-mapping item related to particle and rigid body. Results showed that the estimated attribute profiles via the IE-DCA provided more detailed information about students' latent constructs than the composite score. Overall, this study illustrates the feasibility and potential of applying IE-DCA to analyze concept maps. Future applications of IE-DCS in other assessments in science education are discussed.
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- 2024
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33. A Tale of Two Systems: Choice and Equity in the District of Columbia's Charter Schools
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Andrew Eisenlohr, Kate Kennedy, Katrina E. Bulkley, and Julie A. Marsh
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Advocates often predict that school choice policies will expand access to high-quality schools, particularly for marginalized communities. To interrogate this assumption, we employed a sequential mixed-methods analysis examining the state of charter reform in the District of Columbia. We observed that stakeholders consistently defined equity as uniform processes, evident in data distribution and enrollment practices. We also uncovered persistent disparities in where students live versus learn. We conclude that race-neutral conceptions of equity may hinder attempts to improve school access by ignoring structural inequalities tied to race, place, and income and by overlooking privileged households' efforts to remain separate.
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- 2024
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34. Learning by Talking: Using Multimedia to Enhance Science Explanation Development of Neurodivergent Students
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Victoria J. VanUitert, Emily Millirons, Olivia F. Coleman, and Michael J. Kennedy
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Becoming proficient in scientific discourse such as argumentation or developing explanations can be challenging for students, including neurodivergent students (e.g., autistic students, students with learning disabilities, students with ADHD). Students need to practice developing arguments and explanations as well as sharing their conclusions with others; however, these opportunities do not regularly occur. The use of multimedia technology shows promise in being an engaging and effective way to support student learning and discussion of science topics and phenomena. This study investigated the use of a multimedia presentation called Dialogic Instruction for Argumentative Learning in Science (DIALS) in supporting upper-elementary neurodivergent students to provide complete responses to science questions. DIALS provides a structured inquiry investigation to the student in which they learn about a phenomenon through completing scaffolded animated experiments, explicitly learning how to develop an argument and respond to others conclusions, and learning relevant content information to support their argument and explanation development. An adapted alternating treatments design approach was used in this study. The phenomena explored were counterbalanced between three options: DIALS, PowerPoint comparison lessons, or control probe slides. Results from this study show promise in the use of DIALS in enhancing student complete responding to questions and providing quality claims for why they think phenomena occur. Implications for the findings are discussed.
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- 2024
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35. The Role of Lived Experience Eye Care Champions in Improving Awareness and Access to Eye Care Services for People with Learning Disabilities and/or Autism
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Marek Karas, Donna O'Brien, Lance Campbell, Rebecca Lunness, Joanne Kennedy, Grace McGill, Stephen Kill, and Lisa Donaldson
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Background: Documented inequalities in access to eye care for people with learning disabilities and/or autism are caused by poor uptake of primary eye care services, poor identification of eye problems, lack of signposting and reasonable adjustments of existing services, concerns about costs of care and the low priority historically given to these issues in eye care policy at a regional and national level. In 2019, the charity SeeAbility employed four eye care champions (ECCs) with lived experience of learning disability and/or autism to work in local communities in London and the Northwest of England. They provided peer-to-peer support on understanding the need for good eye health and engaged with policy makers, and learning disability, autism and eye care professionals at the local, regional and national levels to influence both the clinical practice of individual practitioners (within existing service/pathway models) and more widely to influence the commissioning of the Easy Eye Care pathway. This study explores the experiences of these ECCs. Methods: The study was conducted in April and May 2023. A case study approach was used to describe the experiences of the ECCs from March 2019 to March 2023. Data from structured interviews with the four ECCs and workload analysis were triangulated to provide a multifaceted understanding of this novel health promotion project. Findings: The ECCs found the role useful and reported that confidence in their practice and impact grew with time but they required ongoing support in the role. A good understanding of the promotional messages was reported. Developing a good network of contacts at an early stage, both people with learning disabilities and healthcare professionals, was key. Relationships with professionals were supportive and positive and a positive emotive response to their lived experience was reported in these interactions. Conclusions: From the perspective of the ECCs, the role is useful and beneficial. The work suggests some key recommendations for future development which include planning to build networks, support in presentation and communications skills and defining key messages and knowledge. Confidence of the ECCs builds with time in the role but also needs support the emotive impact of their lived experiences on audiences is highlighted. There is a need to evaluate how the programme is perceived by those who interact with it and how it changes behaviours which leads to better health outcomes.
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- 2024
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36. Gender Norm Impacts on Lived Backcountry Experience: A Collaborative Autoethnography
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Jay Kennedy and Anna Parker
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Considerable research has demonstrated the presence of masculine norms in outdoor adventure education. The resulting values and practices function to ostracize or devalue women leaders, a dynamic that often goes unnoticed by men in the field. Although women's and men's perspectives on their experiences have been studied, to date no research identified by the authors has compared the perspectives of a man and woman leader on the same outdoor excursion. The current research aims to address this gap. Two leaders on a university-sponsored excursion used a comparative autoethnography approach, each journaling about their experiences on a 13-day flat water backcountry canoe trip. The two leaders subsequently performed analysis collaboratively to consider themes arising from the comparison of the two journals. Despite awareness and desire to actively combat gender norms, both leaders performed their gender in ways that adhered to stereotypes. Multiple hegemonic masculine norms were evident in the man's performance, possibly affected by the group composition. Greater critical self-reflection or training is required, particularly for men in outdoor adventure education contexts, to avoid reproducing harmful masculine norms. These results come despite participants' awareness of such norms and professed efforts toward gender equity.
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- 2024
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37. Key Findings on the Implementation of Nevada's Financial Literacy Mandate. Research Brief. RB-A3185-1
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RAND Education and Labor, Christine Mulhern, Kate Kennedy, and Zhan Okuda-Lim
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RAND researchers conducted a study that aimed to fill the information gap on how to successfully implement a statewide financial education mandate by studying the implementation of Nevada's 2017 financial literacy education reform. The study focused on the reform enacted by the Nevada Legislature in 2017, Senate Bill 249, which required that financial literacy education be implemented in third through 12th grade starting in the 2017-2018 school year. RAND researchers examined the following research questions to better understand Nevada's financial literacy reform and potential implications for strengthening financial literacy reforms more broadly: (1) After the 2017 Nevada mandate, how was financial literacy education implemented in schools?; (2) What were the main barriers and facilitators to financial literacy implementation across Nevada's schools?; and (3) How do educators, leaders, and policymakers perceive financial literacy education in Nevada?
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- 2024
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38. Implementation of Nevada's Financial Literacy Mandate: A Mixed-Methods Study. Research Report. RR-A3185-1
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RAND Education and Labor, Christine Mulhern, Kate Kennedy, and Zhan Okuda-Lim
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More than half of U.S. states have enacted policies to expand financial literacy education in schools with kindergarten through grade 12 (K-12) with the goal of improving students' financial literacy skills. Although financial literacy education can be key to building long-term financial capabilities and well-being, more information is needed on how to effectively design state-level financial literacy education requirements. In this report, we examine the implementation of Nevada's financial literacy requirements in grades 3 through 12 using data from a teacher survey, focus groups, interviews, and financial literacy programs. We describe several key takeaways from the implementation process and recommendations for strengthening financial literacy education in K-12 schools. This report should be of interest to state policymakers, education leaders, teachers, and those working to advance youth financial literacy.
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- 2024
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39. Cognitive Load Theory: An Applied Reintroduction for Special and General Educators
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Michael J. Kennedy and John Elwood Romig
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There are numerous reasons why students with disabilities struggle in school. A key reason is professionals in the field may not pay enough attention to students' overwhelmed cognitive capacity. Cognitive load theory explains that all humans have limited capacity at any given time to use their auditory, visual, and tactile inputs (independently or collectively) to acquire new information and store it in long-term memory. When available cognition is overwhelmed -- which can be caused by any number of reasons -- learning cannot occur. In this article, we introduce the key aspects of cognitive load theory and give specific examples of how special educators can use this information to shape their instruction to support students' unique needs.
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- 2024
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40. Collective Bargaining Agreement Restrictiveness in Unionized Charter Schools
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Bradley D. Marianno, David S. Woo, and Kate Kennedy
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Although charter schools are frequently afforded flexibility from many state laws that govern traditional public schools, a growing number of charter school teachers have now unionized and introduced collective bargaining to the charter sector. Using data from a detailed content analysis of teacher CBAs from California, we compare the restrictiveness of CBAs in 75 unionized charter bargaining units to the restrictiveness of CBAs in 31 nearest neighbor traditional public school district bargaining units. We find that independent charter CBAs are much more flexible than the CBAs of traditional public school districts, but charter school CBAs of bargaining units combined with traditional public school districts are comparably restrictive.
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- 2024
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41. Concurrent RB1 Loss and BRCA Deficiency Predicts Enhanced Immunologic Response and Long-term Survival in Tubo-ovarian High-grade Serous Carcinoma.
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Saner, Flurina, Takahashi, Kazuaki, Budden, Timothy, Pandey, Ahwan, Ariyaratne, Dinuka, Zwimpfer, Tibor, Meagher, Nicola, Fereday, Sian, Twomey, Laura, Pishas, Kathleen, Hoang, Therese, Bolithon, Adelyn, Traficante, Nadia, Alsop, Kathryn, Christie, Elizabeth, Kang, Eun-Young, Nelson, Gregg, Ghatage, Prafull, Lee, Cheng-Han, Riggan, Marjorie, Alsop, Jennifer, Beckmann, Matthias, Boros, Jessica, Brand, Alison, Brooks-Wilson, Angela, Carney, Michael, Coulson, Penny, Courtney-Brooks, Madeleine, Cushing-Haugen, Kara, Cybulski, Cezary, El-Bahrawy, Mona, Elishaev, Esther, Erber, Ramona, Gayther, Simon, Gentry-Maharaj, Aleksandra, Gilks, C, Harnett, Paul, Harris, Holly, Hartmann, Arndt, Hein, Alexander, Hendley, Joy, Hernandez, Brenda, Jakubowska, Anna, Jimenez-Linan, Mercedes, Jones, Michael, Kaufmann, Scott, Kennedy, Catherine, Kluz, Tomasz, Koziak, Jennifer, Kristjansdottir, Björg, Le, Nhu, Lener, Marcin, Lester, Jenny, Lubiński, Jan, Mateoiu, Constantina, Orsulic, Sandra, Ruebner, Matthias, Schoemaker, Minouk, Shah, Mitul, Sharma, Raghwa, Sherman, Mark, Shvetsov, Yurii, Soong, T, Steed, Helen, Sukumvanich, Paniti, Talhouk, Aline, Taylor, Sarah, Vierkant, Robert, Wang, Chen, Widschwendter, Martin, Wilkens, Lynne, Winham, Stacey, Anglesio, Michael, Berchuck, Andrew, Brenton, James, Campbell, Ian, Cook, Linda, Doherty, Jennifer, Fasching, Peter, Fortner, Renée, Goodman, Marc, Gronwald, Jacek, Karlan, Beth, Kelemen, Linda, Menon, Usha, Modugno, Francesmary, Pharoah, Paul, Schildkraut, Joellen, Sundfeldt, Karin, Swerdlow, Anthony, Goode, Ellen, DeFazio, Anna, Köbel, Martin, Ramus, Susan, Bowtell, David, and Garsed, Dale
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Humans ,Female ,Ovarian Neoplasms ,BRCA2 Protein ,BRCA1 Protein ,Cystadenocarcinoma ,Serous ,Retinoblastoma Binding Proteins ,Prognosis ,Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ,Neoplasm Grading ,Lymphocytes ,Tumor-Infiltrating ,Middle Aged ,Germ-Line Mutation ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Neoplastic ,Aged ,Biomarkers ,Tumor ,CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes - Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate RB1 expression and survival across ovarian carcinoma histotypes and how co-occurrence of BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA) alterations and RB1 loss influences survival in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: RB1 protein expression was classified by immunohistochemistry in ovarian carcinomas of 7,436 patients from the Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis consortium. We examined RB1 expression and germline BRCA status in a subset of 1,134 HGSC, and related genotype to overall survival (OS), tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes, and transcriptomic subtypes. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we deleted RB1 in HGSC cells with and without BRCA1 alterations to model co-loss with treatment response. We performed whole-genome and transcriptome data analyses on 126 patients with primary HGSC to characterize tumors with concurrent BRCA deficiency and RB1 loss. RESULTS: RB1 loss was associated with longer OS in HGSC but with poorer prognosis in endometrioid ovarian carcinoma. Patients with HGSC harboring both RB1 loss and pathogenic germline BRCA variants had superior OS compared with patients with either alteration alone, and their median OS was three times longer than those without pathogenic BRCA variants and retained RB1 expression (9.3 vs. 3.1 years). Enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin and paclitaxel was seen in BRCA1-altered cells with RB1 knockout. Combined RB1 loss and BRCA deficiency correlated with transcriptional markers of enhanced IFN response, cell-cycle deregulation, and reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CD8+ lymphocytes were most prevalent in BRCA-deficient HGSC with co-loss of RB1. CONCLUSIONS: Co-occurrence of RB1 loss and BRCA deficiency was associated with exceptionally long survival in patients with HGSC, potentially due to better treatment response and immune stimulation.
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- 2024
42. Multimodal optical imaging of the oculofacial region using a solid tissue-simulating facial phantom.
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Ediriwickrema, Lilangi, Sung, Shijun, Mattick, Kaylyn, An, Miranda, Malley, Claire, Kirk, Stephanie, Devineni, Divya, Lee, Jaylen, Kennedy, Gordon, Choi, Bernard, and Durkin, Anthony
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oculofacial ,optical properties ,orbital ,periocular ,spatial frequency domain imaging ,tissue simulating phantom ,Phantoms ,Imaging ,Humans ,Face ,Reproducibility of Results ,Optical Imaging ,Eye ,Multimodal Imaging ,Image Processing ,Computer-Assisted - Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE: Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) applies patterned near-infrared illumination to quantify the optical properties of subsurface tissue. The periocular region is unique due to its complex ocular adnexal anatomy. Although SFDI has been successfully applied to relatively flat in vivo tissues, regions that have significant height variations and curvature may result in optical property inaccuracies. AIM: We characterize the geometric impact of the periocular region on SFDI imaging reliability. APPROACH: SFDI was employed to measure the reduced scattering coefficient ( μ s ) and absorption coefficient ( μ a ) of the periocular region in a cast facial tissue-simulating phantom by capturing images along regions of interest (ROIs): inferior temporal quadrant (ITQ), inferior nasal quadrant (INQ), superior temporal quadrant (STQ), central eyelid margin (CEM), rostral lateral nasal bridge (RLNB), and forehead (FH). The phantom was placed on a chin rest and imaged nine times from an en face or side profile position, and the flat back of the phantom was measured 15 times. RESULTS: The measured μ a and μ s of a cast facial phantom are accurate when comparing the ITQ, INQ, STQ, and FH to its flat posterior surface. Paired t tests of ITQ, INQ, STQ, and FH μ a and μ s concluded that there is not enough evidence to suggest that imaging orientation impacted the measurement accuracy. Regions of extreme topographical variation, i.e., CEM and RLNB, did exhibit differences in measured optical properties. CONCLUSIONS: We are the first to evaluate the geometric implications of wide-field imaging along the periocular region using a solid tissue-simulating facial phantom. Results suggest that the ITQ, INQ, STQ, and FH of a generalized face have minimal impact on the SFDI measurement accuracy. Areas with heightened topographic variation exhibit measurement variability. Device and facial positioning do not appear to bias measurements. These findings confirm the need to carefully select ROIs when measuring optical properties along the periocular region.
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- 2024
43. De novo design of proteins housing excitonically coupled chlorophyll special pairs
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Ennist, Nathan M, Wang, Shunzhi, Kennedy, Madison A, Curti, Mariano, Sutherland, George A, Vasilev, Cvetelin, Redler, Rachel L, Maffeis, Valentin, Shareef, Saeed, Sica, Anthony V, Hua, Ash Sueh, Deshmukh, Arundhati P, Moyer, Adam P, Hicks, Derrick R, Swartz, Avi Z, Cacho, Ralph A, Novy, Nathan, Bera, Asim K, Kang, Alex, Sankaran, Banumathi, Johnson, Matthew P, Phadkule, Amala, Reppert, Mike, Ekiert, Damian, Bhabha, Gira, Stewart, Lance, Caram, Justin R, Stoddard, Barry L, Romero, Elisabet, Hunter, C Neil, and Baker, David
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Biological Sciences ,Chemical Sciences ,Physical Chemistry ,Biotechnology ,Affordable and Clean Energy ,Chlorophyll ,Crystallography ,X-Ray ,Models ,Molecular ,Photosynthesis ,Energy Transfer ,Cryoelectron Microscopy ,Protein Conformation ,Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes ,Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry ,Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Biochemistry and cell biology ,Medicinal and biomolecular chemistry - Abstract
Natural photosystems couple light harvesting to charge separation using a 'special pair' of chlorophyll molecules that accepts excitation energy from the antenna and initiates an electron-transfer cascade. To investigate the photophysics of special pairs independently of the complexities of native photosynthetic proteins, and as a first step toward creating synthetic photosystems for new energy conversion technologies, we designed C2-symmetric proteins that hold two chlorophyll molecules in closely juxtaposed arrangements. X-ray crystallography confirmed that one designed protein binds two chlorophylls in the same orientation as native special pairs, whereas a second designed protein positions them in a previously unseen geometry. Spectroscopy revealed that the chlorophylls are excitonically coupled, and fluorescence lifetime imaging demonstrated energy transfer. The cryo-electron microscopy structure of a designed 24-chlorophyll octahedral nanocage with a special pair on each edge closely matched the design model. The results suggest that the de novo design of artificial photosynthetic systems is within reach of current computational methods.
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- 2024
44. The Great AI Witch Hunt: Reviewers Perception and (Mis)Conception of Generative AI in Research Writing
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Hadan, Hilda, Wang, Derrick, Mogavi, Reza Hadi, Tu, Joseph, Zhang-Kennedy, Leah, and Nacke, Lennart E.
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Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction - Abstract
Generative AI (GenAI) use in research writing is growing fast. However, it is unclear how peer reviewers recognize or misjudge AI-augmented manuscripts. To investigate the impact of AI-augmented writing on peer reviews, we conducted a snippet-based online survey with 17 peer reviewers from top-tier HCI conferences. Our findings indicate that while AI-augmented writing improves readability, language diversity, and informativeness, it often lacks research details and reflective insights from authors. Reviewers consistently struggled to distinguish between human and AI-augmented writing but their judgements remained consistent. They noted the loss of a "human touch" and subjective expressions in AI-augmented writing. Based on our findings, we advocate for reviewer guidelines that promote impartial evaluations of submissions, regardless of any personal biases towards GenAI. The quality of the research itself should remain a priority in reviews, regardless of any preconceived notions about the tools used to create it. We emphasize that researchers must maintain their authorship and control over the writing process, even when using GenAI's assistance.
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- 2024
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45. Development of a digital tool for monitoring the behaviour of pre-weaned calves using accelerometer neck-collars
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Dissanayake, Oshana, Mcpherson, Sarah E., Allyndrée, Joseph, Kennedy, Emer, Cunningham, Pádraig, and Riaboff, Lucile
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Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Automatic monitoring of calf behaviour is a promising way of assessing animal welfare from their first week on farms. This study aims to (i) develop machine learning models from accelerometer data to classify the main behaviours of pre-weaned calves and (ii) set up a digital tool for monitoring the behaviour of pre-weaned calves from the models' prediction. Thirty pre-weaned calves were equipped with a 3-D accelerometer attached to a neck-collar for two months and filmed simultaneously. The behaviours were annotated, resulting in 27.4 hours of observation aligned with the accelerometer data. The time-series were then split into 3 seconds windows. Two machine learning models were tuned using data from 80% of the calves: (i) a Random Forest model to classify between active and inactive behaviours using a set of 11 hand-craft features [model 1] and (ii) a RidgeClassifierCV model to classify between lying, running, drinking milk and other behaviours using ROCKET features [model 2]. The performance of the models was tested using data from the remaining 20% of the calves. Model 1 achieved a balanced accuracy of 0.92. Model 2 achieved a balanced accuracy of 0.84. Behavioural metrics such as daily activity ratio and episodes of running, lying, drinking milk, and other behaviours expressed over time were deduced from the predictions. All the development was finally embedded into a Python dashboard so that the individual calf metrics could be displayed directly from the raw accelerometer files.
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- 2024
46. Proceedings of The second international workshop on eXplainable AI for the Arts (XAIxArts)
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Bryan-Kinns, Nick, Ford, Corey, Zheng, Shuoyang, Kennedy, Helen, Chamberlain, Alan, Lewis, Makayla, Hemment, Drew, Li, Zijin, Wu, Qiong, Xiao, Lanxi, Xia, Gus, Rezwana, Jeba, Clemens, Michael, and Vigliensoni, Gabriel
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,Computer Science - Multimedia ,Computer Science - Sound ,Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Audio and Speech Processing - Abstract
This second international workshop on explainable AI for the Arts (XAIxArts) brought together a community of researchers in HCI, Interaction Design, AI, explainable AI (XAI), and digital arts to explore the role of XAI for the Arts. Workshop held at the 16th ACM Conference on Creativity and Cognition (C&C 2024), Chicago, USA., Comment: Proceedings of The second international workshop on eXplainable AI for the Arts (XAIxArts)
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- 2024
47. Conditional score-based diffusion models for solving inverse problems in mechanics
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Dasgupta, Agnimitra, Ramaswamy, Harisankar, Murgoitio-Esandi, Javier, Foo, Ken, Li, Runze, Zhou, Qifa, Kennedy, Brendan, and Oberai, Assad
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Statistics - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
We propose a framework to perform Bayesian inference using conditional score-based diffusion models to solve a class of inverse problems in mechanics involving the inference of a specimen's spatially varying material properties from noisy measurements of its mechanical response to loading. Conditional score-based diffusion models are generative models that learn to approximate the score function of a conditional distribution using samples from the joint distribution. More specifically, the score functions corresponding to multiple realizations of the measurement are approximated using a single neural network, the so-called score network, which is subsequently used to sample the posterior distribution using an appropriate Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme based on Langevin dynamics. Training the score network only requires simulating the forward model. Hence, the proposed approach can accommodate black-box forward models and complex measurement noise. Moreover, once the score network has been trained, it can be re-used to solve the inverse problem for different realizations of the measurements. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach on a suite of high-dimensional inverse problems in mechanics that involve inferring heterogeneous material properties from noisy measurements. Some examples we consider involve synthetic data, while others include data collected from actual elastography experiments. Further, our applications demonstrate that the proposed approach can handle different measurement modalities, complex patterns in the inferred quantities, non-Gaussian and non-additive noise models, and nonlinear black-box forward models. The results show that the proposed framework can solve large-scale physics-based inverse problems efficiently.
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- 2024
48. Integration of through-sapphire substrate machining with superconducting quantum processors
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Acharya, Narendra, Armstrong, Robert, Balaji, Yashwanth, Crawford, Kevin G, Gates, James C, Gow, Paul C, Kennedy, Oscar W, Pothuraju, Renuka Devi, Shahbazi, Kowsar, and Shelly, Connor D
- Subjects
Quantum Physics ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Condensed Matter - Superconductivity ,Physics - Applied Physics - Abstract
We demonstrate a sapphire machining process integrated with intermediate-scale quantum processors. The process allows through-substrate electrical connections, necessary for low-frequency mode-mitigation, as well as signal-routing, which are vital as quantum computers scale in qubit number, and thus dimension. High-coherence qubits are required to build fault-tolerant quantum computers and so material choices are an important consideration when developing a qubit technology platform. Sapphire, as a low-loss dielectric substrate, has shown to support high-coherence qubits. In addition, recent advances in material choices such as tantalum and titanium-nitride, both deposited on a sapphire substrate, have demonstrated qubit lifetimes exceeding 0.3 ms. However, the lack of any process equivalent of deep-silicon etching to create through-substrate-vias in sapphire, or to inductively shunt large dies, has limited sapphire to small-scale processors, or necessitates the use of chiplet architecture. Here, we present a sapphire machining process that is compatible with high-coherence qubits. This technique immediately provides a means to scale QPUs with integrated mode-mitigation, and provides a route toward the development of through-sapphire-vias, both of which allow the advantages of sapphire to be leveraged as well as facilitating the use of sapphire-compatible materials for large-scale QPUs., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures
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- 2024
49. The PLATO Mission
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Rauer, Heike, Aerts, Conny, Cabrera, Juan, Deleuil, Magali, Erikson, Anders, Gizon, Laurent, Goupil, Mariejo, Heras, Ana, Lorenzo-Alvarez, Jose, Marliani, Filippo, Martin-Garcia, Cesar, Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel, O'Rourke, Laurence, Osborn, Hugh, Pagano, Isabella, Piotto, Giampaolo, Pollacco, Don, Ragazzoni, Roberto, Ramsay, Gavin, Udry, Stéphane, Appourchaux, Thierry, Benz, Willy, Brandeker, Alexis, Güdel, Manuel, Janot-Pacheco, Eduardo, Kabath, Petr, Kjeldsen, Hans, Min, Michiel, Santos, Nuno, Smith, Alan, Suarez, Juan-Carlos, Werner, Stephanie C., Aboudan, Alessio, Abreu, Manuel, Acuña, Lorena, Adams, Moritz, Adibekyan, Vardan, Affer, Laura, Agneray, François, Agnor, Craig, Børsen-Koch, Victor Aguirre, Ahmed, Saad, Aigrain, Suzanne, Al-Bahlawan, Ashraf, Gil, M de los Angeles Alcacera, Alei, Eleonora, Alencar, Silvia, Alexander, Richard, Alfonso-Garzón, Julia, Alibert, Yann, Prieto, Carlos Allende, Almeida, Leonardo, Sobrino, Roi Alonso, Altavilla, Giuseppe, Althaus, Christian, Trujillo, Luis Alonso Alvarez, Amarsi, Anish, Eiff, Matthias Ammler-von, Amôres, Eduardo, Andrade, Laerte, Antoniadis-Karnavas, Alexandros, António, Carlos, del Moral, Beatriz Aparicio, Appolloni, Matteo, Arena, Claudio, Armstrong, David, Aliaga, Jose Aroca, Asplund, Martin, Audenaert, Jeroen, Auricchio, Natalia, Avelino, Pedro, Baeke, Ann, Baillié, Kevin, Balado, Ana, Balestra, Andrea, Ball, Warrick, Ballans, Herve, Ballot, Jerome, Barban, Caroline, Barbary, Gaële, Barbieri, Mauro, Forteza, Sebastià Barceló, Barker, Adrian, Barklem, Paul, Barnes, Sydney, Navascues, David Barrado, Barragan, Oscar, Baruteau, Clément, Basu, Sarbani, Baudin, Frederic, Baumeister, Philipp, Bayliss, Daniel, Bazot, Michael, Beck, Paul G., Bedding, Tim, Belkacem, Kevin, Bellinger, Earl, Benatti, Serena, Benomar, Othman, Bérard, Diane, Bergemann, Maria, Bergomi, Maria, Bernardo, Pierre, Biazzo, Katia, Bignamini, Andrea, Bigot, Lionel, Billot, Nicolas, Binet, Martin, Biondi, David, Biondi, Federico, Birch, Aaron C., Bitsch, Bertram, Ceballos, Paz Victoria Bluhm, Bódi, Attila, Bognár, Zsófia, Boisse, Isabelle, Bolmont, Emeline, Bonanno, Alfio, Bonavita, Mariangela, Bonfanti, Andrea, Bonfils, Xavier, Bonito, Rosaria, Bonomo, Aldo Stefano, Börner, Anko, Saikia, Sudeshna Boro, Martín, Elisa Borreguero, Borsa, Francesco, Borsato, Luca, Bossini, Diego, Bouchy, Francois, Boué, Gwenaël, Boufleur, Rodrigo, Boumier, Patrick, Bourrier, Vincent, Bowman, Dominic M., Bozzo, Enrico, Bradley, Louisa, Bray, John, Bressan, Alessandro, Breton, Sylvain, Brienza, Daniele, Brito, Ana, Brogi, Matteo, Brown, Beverly, Brown, David, Brun, Allan Sacha, Bruno, Giovanni, Bruns, Michael, Buchhave, Lars A., Bugnet, Lisa, Buldgen, Gaël, Burgess, Patrick, Busatta, Andrea, Busso, Giorgia, Buzasi, Derek, Caballero, José A., Cabral, Alexandre, Calderone, Flavia, Cameron, Robert, Cameron, Andrew, Campante, Tiago, Martins, Bruno Leonardo Canto, Cara, Christophe, Carone, Ludmila, Carrasco, Josep Manel, Casagrande, Luca, Casewell, Sarah L., Cassisi, Santi, Castellani, Marco, Castro, Matthieu, Catala, Claude, Fernández, Irene Catalán, Catelan, Márcio, Cegla, Heather, Cerruti, Chiara, Cessa, Virginie, Chadid, Merieme, Chaplin, William, Charpinet, Stephane, Chiappini, Cristina, Chiarucci, Simone, Chiavassa, Andrea, Chinellato, Simonetta, Chirulli, Giovanni, Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen, Church, Ross, Claret, Antonio, Clarke, Cathie, Claudi, Riccardo, Clermont, Lionel, Coelho, Hugo, Coelho, Joao, Cogato, Fabrizio, Colomé, Josep, Condamin, Mathieu, Conseil, Simon, Corbard, Thierry, Correia, Alexandre C. M., Corsaro, Enrico, Cosentino, Rosario, Costes, Jean, Cottinelli, Andrea, Covone, Giovanni, Creevey, Orlagh L., Crida, Aurelien, Csizmadia, Szilard, Cunha, Margarida, Curry, Patrick, da Costa, Jefferson, da Silva, Francys, Dalal, Shweta, Damasso, Mario, Damiani, Cilia, Damiani, Francesco, Chagas, Maria Liduina das, Davies, Melvyn, Davies, Guy, Davies, Ben, Davison, Gary, de Almeida, Leandro, de Angeli, Francesca, de Barros, Susana Cristina Cabral, Leão, Izan de Castro, de Freitas, Daniel Brito, de Freitas, Marcia Cristina, De Martino, Domitilla, de Medeiros, José Renan, de Paula, Luiz Alberto, de Plaa, Jelle, De Ridder, Joris, Deal, Morgan, Decin, Leen, Deeg, Hans, Degl'Innocenti, Scilla, Deheuvels, Sebastien, del Burgo, Carlos, Del Sordo, Fabio, Delgado-Mena, Elisa, Demangeon, Olivier, Denk, Tilmann, Derekas, Aliz, Desidera, Silvano, Dexet, Marc, Di Criscienzo, Marcella, Di Giorgio, Anna Maria, Di Mauro, Maria Pia, Rial, Federico Jose Diaz, Díaz-García, José-Javier, Dima, Marco, Dinuzzi, Giacomo, Dionatos, Odysseas, Distefano, Elisa, Nascimento Jr., Jose-Dias do, Domingo, Albert, D'Orazi, Valentina, Dorn, Caroline, Doyle, Lauren, Duarte, Elena, Ducellier, Florent, Dumaye, Luc, Dumusque, Xavier, Dupret, Marc-Antoine, Eggenberger, Patrick, Ehrenreich, David, Eigmüller, Philipp, Eising, Johannes, Emilio, Marcelo, Eriksson, Kjell, Ermocida, Marco, Giribaldi, Riano Isidoro Escate, Eschen, Yoshi, Estrela, Inês, Evans, Dafydd Wyn, Fabbian, Damian, Fabrizio, Michele, Faria, João Pedro, Farina, Maria, Farinato, Jacopo, Feliz, Dax, Feltzing, Sofia, Fenouillet, Thomas, Ferrari, Lorenza, Ferraz-Mello, Sylvio, Fialho, Fabio, Fienga, Agnes, Figueira, Pedro, Fiori, Laura, Flaccomio, Ettore, Focardi, Mauro, Foley, Steve, Fontignie, Jean, Ford, Dominic, Fornazier, Karin, Forveille, Thierry, Fossati, Luca, Franca, Rodrigo de Marca, da Silva, Lucas Franco, Frasca, Antonio, Fridlund, Malcolm, Furlan, Marco, Gabler, Sarah-Maria, Gaido, Marco, Gallagher, Andrew, Galli, Emanuele, Garcia, Rafael A., Hernández, Antonio García, Munoz, Antonio Garcia, García-Vázquez, Hugo, Haba, Rafael Garrido, Gaulme, Patrick, Gauthier, Nicolas, Gehan, Charlotte, Gent, Matthew, Georgieva, Iskra, Ghigo, Mauro, Giana, Edoardo, Gill, Samuel, Girardi, Leo, Winter, Silvia Giuliatti, Giusi, Giovanni, da Silva, João Gomes, Zazo, Luis Jorge Gómez, Gomez-Lopez, Juan Manuel, Hernández, Jonay Isai González, Murillo, Kevin Gonzalez, Gorius, Nicolas, Gouel, Pierre-Vincent, Goulty, Duncan, Granata, Valentina, Grenfell, John Lee, Grießbach, Denis, Grolleau, Emmanuel, Grouffal, Salomé, Grziwa, Sascha, Guarcello, Mario Giuseppe, Gueguen, Loïc, Guenther, Eike Wolf, Guilhem, Terrasa, Guillerot, Lucas, Guiot, Pierre, Guterman, Pascal, Gutiérrez, Antonio, Gutiérrez-Canales, Fernando, Hagelberg, Janis, Haldemann, Jonas, Hall, Cassandra, Handberg, Rasmus, Harrison, Ian, Harrison, Diana L., Hasiba, Johann, Haswell, Carole A., Hatalova, Petra, Hatzes, Artie, Haywood, Raphaelle, Hébrard, Guillaume, Heckes, Frank, Heiter, Ulrike, Hekker, Saskia, Heller, René, Helling, Christiane, Helminiak, Krzysztof, Hemsley, Simon, Heng, Kevin, Hermans, Aline, Hermes, JJ, Torres, Nadia Hidalgo, Hinkel, Natalie, Hobbs, David, Hodgkin, Simon, Hofmann, Karl, Hojjatpanah, Saeed, Houdek, Günter, Huber, Daniel, Huesler, Joseph, Hui-Bon-Hoa, Alain, Huygen, Rik, Huynh, Duc-Dat, Iro, Nicolas, Irwin, Jonathan, Irwin, Mike, Izidoro, André, Jacquinod, Sophie, Jannsen, Nicholas Emborg, Janson, Markus, Jeszenszky, Harald, Jiang, Chen, Mancebo, Antonio José Jimenez, Jofre, Paula, Johansen, Anders, Johnston, Cole, Jones, Geraint, Kallinger, Thomas, Kálmán, Szilárd, Kanitz, Thomas, Karjalainen, Marie, Karjalainen, Raine, Karoff, Christoffer, Kawaler, Steven, Kawata, Daisuke, Keereman, Arnoud, Keiderling, David, Kennedy, Tom, Kenworthy, Matthew, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kidger, Mark, Kiefer, Flavien, Kintziger, Christian, Kislyakova, Kristina, Kiss, László, Klagyivik, Peter, Klahr, Hubert, Klevas, Jonas, Kochukhov, Oleg, Köhler, Ulrich, Kolb, Ulrich, Koncz, Alexander, Korth, Judith, Kostogryz, Nadiia, Kovács, Gábor, Kovács, József, Kozhura, Oleg, Krivova, Natalie, Kučinskas, Arunas, Kuhlemann, Ilyas, Kupka, Friedrich, Laauwen, Wouter, Labiano, Alvaro, Lagarde, Nadege, Laget, Philippe, Laky, Gunter, Lam, Kristine Wai Fun, Lambrechts, Michiel, Lammer, Helmut, Lanza, Antonino Francesco, Lanzafame, Alessandro, Martiz, Mariel Lares, Laskar, Jacques, Latter, Henrik, Lavanant, Tony, Lawrenson, Alastair, Lazzoni, Cecilia, Lebre, Agnes, Lebreton, Yveline, Etangs, Alain Lecavelier des, Leinhardt, Zoe, Leleu, Adrien, Lendl, Monika, Leto, Giuseppe, Levillain, Yves, Libert, Anne-Sophie, Lichtenberg, Tim, Ligi, Roxanne, Lignieres, Francois, Lillo-Box, Jorge, Linsky, Jeffrey, Liu, John Scige, Loidolt, Dominik, Longval, Yuying, Lopes, Ilídio, Lorenzani, Andrea, Ludwig, Hans-Guenter, Lund, Mikkel, Lundkvist, Mia Sloth, Luri, Xavier, Maceroni, Carla, Madden, Sean, Madhusudhan, Nikku, Maggio, Antonio, Magliano, Christian, Magrin, Demetrio, Mahy, Laurent, Maibaum, Olaf, Malac-Allain, LeeRoy, Malapert, Jean-Christophe, Malavolta, Luca, Maldonado, Jesus, Mamonova, Elena, Manchon, Louis, Mann, Andrew, Mantovan, Giacomo, Marafatto, Luca, Marconi, Marcella, Mardling, Rosemary, Marigo, Paola, Marinoni, Silvia, Marques, Érico, Marques, Joao Pedro, Marrese, Paola Maria, Marshall, Douglas, Perales, Silvia Martínez, Mary, David, Marzari, Francesco, Masana, Eduard, Mascher, Andrina, Mathis, Stéphane, Mathur, Savita, Figueiredo, Ana Carolina Mattiuci, Maxted, Pierre F. L., Mazeh, Tsevi, Mazevet, Stephane, Mazzei, Francesco, McCormac, James, McMillan, Paul, Menou, Lucas, Merle, Thibault, Meru, Farzana, Mesa, Dino, Messina, Sergio, Mészáros, Szabolcs, Meunier, Nadége, Meunier, Jean-Charles, Micela, Giuseppina, Michaelis, Harald, Michel, Eric, Michielsen, Mathias, Michtchenko, Tatiana, Miglio, Andrea, Miguel, Yamila, Milligan, David, Mirouh, Giovanni, Mitchell, Morgan, Moedas, Nuno, Molendini, Francesca, Molnár, László, Mombarg, Joey, Montalban, Josefina, Montalto, Marco, Monteiro, Mário J. P. F. G., Morales, Juan Carlos, Morales-Calderon, Maria, Morbidelli, Alessandro, Mordasini, Christoph, Moreau, Chrystel, Morel, Thierry, Morello, Guiseppe, Morin, Julien, Mortier, Annelies, Mosser, Benoît, Mourard, Denis, Mousis, Olivier, Moutou, Claire, Mowlavi, Nami, Moya, Andrés, Muehlmann, Prisca, Muirhead, Philip, Munari, Matteo, Musella, Ilaria, Mustill, Alexander James, Nardetto, Nicolas, Nardiello, Domenico, Narita, Norio, Nascimbeni, Valerio, Nash, Anna, Neiner, Coralie, Nelson, Richard P., Nettelmann, Nadine, Nicolini, Gianalfredo, Nielsen, Martin, Niemi, Sami-Matias, Noack, Lena, Noels-Grotsch, Arlette, Noll, Anthony, Norazman, Azib, Norton, Andrew J., Nsamba, Benard, Ofir, Aviv, Ogilvie, Gordon, Olander, Terese, Olivetto, Christian, Olofsson, Göran, Ong, Joel, Ortolani, Sergio, Oshagh, Mahmoudreza, Ottacher, Harald, Ottensamer, Roland, Ouazzani, Rhita-Maria, Paardekooper, Sijme-Jan, Pace, Emanuele, Pajas, Miriam, Palacios, Ana, Palandri, Gaelle, Palle, Enric, Paproth, Carsten, Parro, Vanderlei, Parviainen, Hannu, Granado, Javier Pascual, Passegger, Vera Maria, Pastor-Morales, Carmen, Pätzold, Martin, Pedersen, May Gade, Hidalgo, David Pena, Pepe, Francesco, Pereira, Filipe, Persson, Carina M., Pertenais, Martin, Peter, Gisbert, Petit, Antoine C., Petit, Pascal, Pezzuto, Stefano, Pichierri, Gabriele, Pietrinferni, Adriano, Pinheiro, Fernando, Pinsonneault, Marc, Plachy, Emese, Plasson, Philippe, Plez, Bertrand, Poppenhaeger, Katja, Poretti, Ennio, Portaluri, Elisa, Portell, Jordi, de Mello, Gustavo Frederico Porto, Poyatos, Julien, Pozuelos, Francisco J., Moroni, Pier Giorgio Prada, Pricopi, Dumitru, Prisinzano, Loredana, Quade, Matthias, Quirrenbach160, ndreas, Reina6, Julio Arturo Rabanal, Soares, Maria Cristina Rabello, Raimondo, Gabriella, Rainer, Monica, Rodón, Jose Ramón, Ramón-Ballesta, Alejandro, Zapata, Gonzalo Ramos, Rätz, Stefanie, Rauterberg, Christoph, Redman, Bob, Redmer, Ronald, Reese, Daniel, Regibo, Sara, Reiners, Ansgar, Reinhold, Timo, Renie, Christian, Ribas, Ignasi, Ribeiro, Sergio, Ricciardi, Thiago Pereira, Rice, Ken, Richard, Olivier, Riello, Marco, Rieutord, Michel, Ripepi, Vincenzo, Rixon, Guy, Rockstein, Steve, Rodríguez, María Teresa Rodrigo, Díaz, Luisa Fernanda Rodríguez, Garcia, Juan Pablo Rodriguez, Rodriguez-Gomez, Julio, Roehlly, Yannick, Roig, Fernando, Rojas-Ayala, Bárbara, Rolf, Tobias, Rørsted, Jakob Lysgaard, Rosado, Hugo, Rosotti, Giovanni, Roth, Olivier, Roth, Markus, Rousseau, Alex, Roxburgh, Ian, Roy, Fabrice, Royer, Pierre, Ruane, Kirk, Mastropasqua, Sergio Rufini, de Galarreta, Claudia Ruiz, Russi, Andrea, Saar, Steven, Saillenfest, Melaine, Salaris, Maurizio, Salmon, Sebastien, Saltas, Ippocratis, Samadi, Réza, Samadi, Aunia, Samra, Dominic, da Silva, Tiago Sanches, Carrasco, Miguel Andrés Sánchez, Santerne, Alexandre, Santoli, Francesco, Santos, Ângela R. G., Mesa, Rosario Sanz, Sarro, Luis Manuel, Scandariato, Gaetano, Schäfer, Martin, Schlafly, Edward, Schmider, François-Xavier, Schneider, Jean, Schou, Jesper, Schunker, Hannah, Schwarzkopf, Gabriel Jörg, Serenelli, Aldo, Seynaeve, Dries, Shan, Yutong, Shapiro, Alexander, Shipman, Russel, Sicilia, Daniela, Sanmartin, Maria Angeles Sierra, Sigot, Axelle, Silliman, Kyle, Silvotti, Roberto, Simon, Attila E., Napoli, Ricardo Simoyama, Skarka, Marek, Smalley, Barry, Smiljanic, Rodolfo, Smit, Samuel, Smith, Alexis, Smith, Leigh, Snellen, Ignas, Sódor, Ádám, Sohl, Frank, Solanki, Sami K., Sortino, Francesca, Sousa, Sérgio, Southworth, John, Souto, Diogo, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stamatellos, Dimitris, Stassun, Keivan, Steller, Manfred, Stello, Dennis, Stelzer, Beate, Stiebeler, Ulrike, Stokholm, Amalie, Storelvmo, Trude, Strassmeier, Klaus, Strøm, Paul Anthony, Strugarek, Antoine, Sulis, Sophia, Švanda, Michal, Szabados, László, Szabó, Róbert, Szabó, Gyula M., Szuszkiewicz, Ewa, Talens, Geert Jan, Teti, Daniele, Theisen, Tom, Thévenin, Frédéric, Thoul, Anne, Tiphene, Didier, Titz-Weider, Ruth, Tkachenko, Andrew, Tomecki, Daniel, Tonfat, Jorge, Tosi, Nicola, Trampedach, Regner, Traven, Gregor, Triaud, Amaury, Trønnes, Reidar, Tsantaki, Maria, Tschentscher, Matthias, Turin, Arnaud, Tvaruzka, Adam, Ulmer, Bernd, Ulmer-Moll, Solène, Ulusoy, Ceren, Umbriaco, Gabriele, Valencia, Diana, Valentini, Marica, Valio, Adriana, Guijarro, Ángel Luis Valverde, Van Eylen, Vincent, Van Grootel, Valerie, van Kempen, Tim A., Van Reeth, Timothy, Van Zelst, Iris, Vandenbussche, Bart, Vasiliou, Konstantinos, Vasilyev, Valeriy, de Mascarenhas, David Vaz, Vazan, Allona, Nunez, Marina Vela, Velloso, Eduardo Nunes, Ventura, Rita, Ventura, Paolo, Venturini, Julia, Trallero, Isabel Vera, Veras, Dimitri, Verdugo, Eva, Verma, Kuldeep, Vibert, Didier, Martinez, Tobias Vicanek, Vida, Krisztián, Vigan, Arthur, Villacorta, Antonio, Villaver, Eva, Aparicio, Marcos Villaverde, Viotto, Valentina, Vorobyov, Eduard, Vorontsov, Sergey, Wagner, Frank W., Walloschek, Thomas, Walton, Nicholas, Walton, Dave, Wang, Haiyang, Waters, Rens, Watson, Christopher, Wedemeyer, Sven, Weeks, Angharad, Weingril, Jörg, Weiss, Annita, Wendler, Belinda, West, Richard, Westerdorff, Karsten, Westphal, Pierre-Amaury, Wheatley, Peter, White, Tim, Whittaker, Amadou, Wickhusen, Kai, Wilson, Thomas, Windsor, James, Winter, Othon, Winther, Mark Lykke, Winton, Alistair, Witteck, Ulrike, Witzke, Veronika, Woitke, Peter, Wolter, David, Wuchterl, Günther, Wyatt, Mark, Yang, Dan, Yu, Jie, Sanchez, Ricardo Zanmar, Osorio, María Rosa Zapatero, Zechmeister, Mathias, Zhou, Yixiao, Ziemke, Claas, and Zwintz, Konstanze
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Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars) is ESA's M3 mission designed to detect and characterise extrasolar planets and perform asteroseismic monitoring of a large number of stars. PLATO will detect small planets (down to <2 R_(Earth)) around bright stars (<11 mag), including terrestrial planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. With the complement of radial velocity observations from the ground, planets will be characterised for their radius, mass, and age with high accuracy (5 %, 10 %, 10 % for an Earth-Sun combination respectively). PLATO will provide us with a large-scale catalogue of well-characterised small planets up to intermediate orbital periods, relevant for a meaningful comparison to planet formation theories and to better understand planet evolution. It will make possible comparative exoplanetology to place our Solar System planets in a broader context. In parallel, PLATO will study (host) stars using asteroseismology, allowing us to determine the stellar properties with high accuracy, substantially enhancing our knowledge of stellar structure and evolution. The payload instrument consists of 26 cameras with 12cm aperture each. For at least four years, the mission will perform high-precision photometric measurements. Here we review the science objectives, present PLATO's target samples and fields, provide an overview of expected core science performance as well as a description of the instrument and the mission profile at the beginning of the serial production of the flight cameras. PLATO is scheduled for a launch date end 2026. This overview therefore provides a summary of the mission to the community in preparation of the upcoming operational phases.
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- 2024
50. $\textit{Kilonova Seekers}$: the GOTO project for real-time citizen science in time-domain astrophysics
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Killestein, T. L., Kelsey, L., Wickens, E., Nuttall, L., Lyman, J., Krawczyk, C., Ackley, K., Dyer, M. J., Jiménez-Ibarra, F., Ulaczyk, K., O'Neill, D., Kumar, A., Steeghs, D., Galloway, D. K., Dhillon, V. S., O'Brien, P., Ramsay, G., Noysena, K., Kotak, R., Breton, R. P., Pallé, E., Pollacco, D., Awiphan, S., Belkin, S., Chote, P., Clark, P., Coppejans, D., Duffy, C., Eyles-Ferris, R., Godson, B., Gompertz, B., Graur, O., Irawati, P., Jarvis, D., Julakanti, Y., Kennedy, M. R., Kuncarayakti, H., Levan, A., Littlefair, S., Magee, M., Mandhai, S., Sánchez, D. Mata, Mattila, S., McCormac, J., Mullaney, J., Munday, J., Patel, M., Pursiainen, M., Rana, J., Sawangwit, U., Stanway, E., Starling, R., Warwick, B., and Wiersema, K.
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Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena - Abstract
Time-domain astrophysics continues to grow rapidly, with the inception of new surveys drastically increasing data volumes. Democratised, distributed approaches to training sets for machine learning classifiers are crucial to make the most of this torrent of discovery -- with citizen science approaches proving effective at meeting these requirements. In this paper, we describe the creation of and the initial results from the $\textit{Kilonova Seekers}$ citizen science project, built to find transient phenomena from the GOTO telescopes in near real-time. $\textit{Kilonova Seekers}$ launched in July 2023 and received over 600,000 classifications from approximately 2,000 volunteers over the course of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA O4a observing run. During this time, the project has yielded 20 discoveries, generated a `gold-standard' training set of 17,682 detections for augmenting deep-learned classifiers, and measured the performance and biases of Zooniverse volunteers on real-bogus classification. This project will continue throughout the lifetime of GOTO, pushing candidates at ever-greater cadence, and directly facilitate the next-generation classification algorithms currently in development., Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures. Accepted in MNRAS
- Published
- 2024
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