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3. The 2024 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: unprecedented warming demands unprecedented action

Author

van Daalen, K.R., Tonne, C., Semenza, J.C, Rocklöv, J., Markandya, A., Dasandi, N., Jankin, S., Achebak, H., Ballester, J., Bechara, H., Beck, .T.M., Callaghan, M.W., Carvalho, B.M., Chambers, J., Pradas, M.C., Courtenay, O., Dasgupta, S., Eckelman, M.J., Farooq, Z., Fransson, P., Gallo, E., Gasparyan, O., Gonzalez-Reviriego, N., Hamilton, I., Hänninen, R., Hatfield, C., He, K., Kazmierczak, A., Kendrovski, V., Kennard, H., Kiesewetter, G., Kouznetsov, R., Kriit, H.K., Llabrés-Brustenga, A., Lloyd, S.J., Batista, M.L., Maia, C., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Mi, Z., Milà, C., Minx, J.C., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Palamarchuk, J., Pantera, D.K., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Rafaj, P., Robinson, E., Sánchez-Valdivia, N., Scamman, D., Schmoll, O., Sewe, M.O., Sherman, J.D., Singh, P., Sirotkina, E., Sjödin, H., Sofiev, M., Solaraju-Murali, B., Springmann, M., Treskova, M., Triñanes, J., Vanuytrecht, E., Wagner, F., Walawender, M., Warnecke, L., Zhang, R., Romanello, M., Antò, J.M., Nilsson, M., Lowe, R., van Daalen, K.R., Tonne, C., Semenza, J.C, Rocklöv, J., Markandya, A., Dasandi, N., Jankin, S., Achebak, H., Ballester, J., Bechara, H., Beck, .T.M., Callaghan, M.W., Carvalho, B.M., Chambers, J., Pradas, M.C., Courtenay, O., Dasgupta, S., Eckelman, M.J., Farooq, Z., Fransson, P., Gallo, E., Gasparyan, O., Gonzalez-Reviriego, N., Hamilton, I., Hänninen, R., Hatfield, C., He, K., Kazmierczak, A., Kendrovski, V., Kennard, H., Kiesewetter, G., Kouznetsov, R., Kriit, H.K., Llabrés-Brustenga, A., Lloyd, S.J., Batista, M.L., Maia, C., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Mi, Z., Milà, C., Minx, J.C., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Palamarchuk, J., Pantera, D.K., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Rafaj, P., Robinson, E., Sánchez-Valdivia, N., Scamman, D., Schmoll, O., Sewe, M.O., Sherman, J.D., Singh, P., Sirotkina, E., Sjödin, H., Sofiev, M., Solaraju-Murali, B., Springmann, M., Treskova, M., Triñanes, J., Vanuytrecht, E., Wagner, F., Walawender, M., Warnecke, L., Zhang, R., Romanello, M., Antò, J.M., Nilsson, M., and Lowe, R.

Abstract

Record-breaking temperatures were recorded across the globe in 2023. Without climate action, adverse climate-related health impacts are expected to worsen worldwide, affecting billions of people. Temperatures in Europe are warming at twice the rate of the global average, threatening the health of populations across the continent and leading to unnecessary loss of life. The Lancet Countdown in Europe was established in 2021, to assess the health profile of climate change aiming to stimulate European social and political will to implement rapid health-responsive climate mitigation and adaptation actions. In 2022, the collaboration published its indicator report, tracking progress on health and climate change via 33 indicators and across five domains. This new report tracks 42 indicators highlighting the negative impacts of climate change on human health, the delayed climate action of European countries, and the missed opportunities to protect or improve health with health-responsive climate action. The methods behind indicators presented in the 2022 report have been improved, and nine new indicators have been added, covering leishmaniasis, ticks, food security, health-care emissions, production and consumption-based emissions, clean energy investment, and scientific, political, and media engagement with climate and health. Considering that negative climate-related health impacts and the responsibility for climate change are not equal at the regional and global levels, this report also endeavours to reflect on aspects of inequality and justice by highlighting at-risk groups within Europe and Europe's responsibility for the climate crisis.

Published
2024
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4. A model for alignment between microscopic rods and vorticity

Author

Wilkinson, M. and Kennard, H. R.

Subjects
Physics - Fluid Dynamics
Abstract

Numerical simulations show that microscopic rod-like bodies suspended in a turbulent flow tend to align with the vorticity vector, rather than with the dominant eignevector of the strain-rate tensor. This paper investigates an analytically solvable limit of a model for alignment in a random velocity field with isotropic statistics. The vorticity varies very slowly and the isotropic random flow is equivalent to a pure strain with statistics which are axisymmetric about the direction of the vorticity. We analyse the alignment in a weakly fluctuating uniaxial strain field, as a function of the product of the strain relaxation time $\tau_{\rm s}$ and the angular velocity $\omega$ about the vorticity axis. We find that when $\omega\tau_{\rm s}\gg 1$, the rods are predominantly either perpendicular or parallel to the vorticity.

Published
2012
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5. Anisotropic covering of fractal sets

Author

Wilkinson, M., Kennard, H. R., and Morgan, M. A.

Subjects
Nonlinear Sciences - Pattern Formation and Solitons
Abstract

We consider the optimal covering of fractal sets in a two-dimensional space using ellipses which become increasingly anisotropic as their size is reduced. If the semi-minor axis is \epsilon and the semi-major axis is \delta, we set \delta=\epsilon^\alpha, where 0<\alpha<1 is an exponent characterising the anisotropy of the covers. For point set fractals, in most cases we find that the number of points N which can be covered by an ellipse centred on any given point has expectation value < N > ~ \epsilon^\beta, where \beta is a generalised dimension. We investigate the function \beta(\alpha) numerically for various sets, showing that it may be different for sets which have the same fractal dimension., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures

Published
2012

6. The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms

Author

Romanello, M., Napoli, C., Green, C., Kennard, H., Lampard, P., Scamman, D., Walawender, M., Ali, Z., Ameli, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Beggs, P., Belesova, K., Berrang Ford, L., Bowen, K., Cai, W., Callaghan, M., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Chambers, J., Cross, T., van Daalen, K., Dalin, C., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., Dominguez-Salas, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Freyberg, C., Gasparyan, O., Gordon-Strachan, G., Graham, H., Gunther, S., Hamilton, I., Hang, Y., Hänninen, R., Hartinger, S., He, K., Heidecke, J., Hess, J., Hsu, S., Jamart, L., Jankin, S., Jay, O., Kelman, I., Kiesewetter, G., Kinney, P., Kniveton, D., Kouznetsov, R., Larosa, F., Lee, J., Lemke, B., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Lott, M., Lotto Batista, M., Lowe, R., Odhiambo Sewe, M., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Maslin, M., McAllister, L., McMichael, C., Mi, Z., Milner, J., Minor, K., Minx, J., Mohajeri, N., Momen, N., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morrissey, K., Munzert, S., Murray, K., Neville, T., Nilsson, M., Obradovich, N., O'Hare, M., Oliveira, C., Oreszczyn, T., Otto, M., Owfi, F., Pearman, O., Pega, F., Pershing, A., Rabbaniha, M., Rickman, J., Robinson, E., Rocklöv, J., Salas, R., Semenza, J., Sherman, J., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Silbert, G., Sofiev, M., Springmann, M., Stowell, J., Tabatabaei, M., Taylor, J., Thompson, R., Tonne, C., Treskova, M., Trinanes, J., Wagner, F., Warnecke, L., Whitcombe, H., Winning, M., Wyns, A., Yglesias-González, M., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Q., Gong, P., Montgomery, H., Costello, A., Romanello, M., Napoli, C., Green, C., Kennard, H., Lampard, P., Scamman, D., Walawender, M., Ali, Z., Ameli, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Beggs, P., Belesova, K., Berrang Ford, L., Bowen, K., Cai, W., Callaghan, M., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Chambers, J., Cross, T., van Daalen, K., Dalin, C., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., Dominguez-Salas, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Freyberg, C., Gasparyan, O., Gordon-Strachan, G., Graham, H., Gunther, S., Hamilton, I., Hang, Y., Hänninen, R., Hartinger, S., He, K., Heidecke, J., Hess, J., Hsu, S., Jamart, L., Jankin, S., Jay, O., Kelman, I., Kiesewetter, G., Kinney, P., Kniveton, D., Kouznetsov, R., Larosa, F., Lee, J., Lemke, B., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Lott, M., Lotto Batista, M., Lowe, R., Odhiambo Sewe, M., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Maslin, M., McAllister, L., McMichael, C., Mi, Z., Milner, J., Minor, K., Minx, J., Mohajeri, N., Momen, N., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morrissey, K., Munzert, S., Murray, K., Neville, T., Nilsson, M., Obradovich, N., O'Hare, M., Oliveira, C., Oreszczyn, T., Otto, M., Owfi, F., Pearman, O., Pega, F., Pershing, A., Rabbaniha, M., Rickman, J., Robinson, E., Rocklöv, J., Salas, R., Semenza, J., Sherman, J., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Silbert, G., Sofiev, M., Springmann, M., Stowell, J., Tabatabaei, M., Taylor, J., Thompson, R., Tonne, C., Treskova, M., Trinanes, J., Wagner, F., Warnecke, L., Whitcombe, H., Winning, M., Wyns, A., Yglesias-González, M., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Q., Gong, P., Montgomery, H., and Costello, A.

Published
2023

7. Quantifying national household air pollution (HAP) exposure to PM2.5 in rural and urban areas

Author

Mohajeri, N., Hsu, S., Milner, J., Taylor, J., Kiesewetter, G., Gudmundsson, A., Kennard, H., Hamilton, I., Davies, M., Mohajeri, N., Hsu, S., Milner, J., Taylor, J., Kiesewetter, G., Gudmundsson, A., Kennard, H., Hamilton, I., and Davies, M.

Abstract

According to WHO (World Health Organization), in 2020, 14% of people in global urban areas relied on polluting solid fuels and technologies, compared with 52% of the rural population. The health impacts of such inequality are massive. It was estimated that 3.2 million premature deaths per year (2020), particularly in low-income and middle-income countries due to household air pollution (HAP). Several studies provide estimates of the exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from household air pollution (HAP-PM2.5) for users of different fuel/cookstove types in rural and urban areas. However, hardly any studies estimate the population-weighted exposure to HAP-PM2.5 at the global scale. A Bayesian hierarchical model was developed to estimate PM2.5 exposure coefficients and their uncertainties for an annual average of HAP-PM2.5 personal exposure. The predicted HAP-PM2.5 exposure at the user level was used to estimate the national-level exposure for the population living in urban and rural areas. The results suggest that switching from polluting solid fuels (biomass, charcoal, coal) to cleaner fuels (gas and electricity) for heating and cooking can potentially reduce the national-level HAP-PM2.5 personal exposure on average by 53%. However, there exists a significant disparity between rural and urban areas, partly reflecting inequality in energy access. More specifically, switching from polluting solid fuels for heating and cooking to cleaner fuels can reduce the personal exposure to HAP-PM2.5 in rural areas by 54% and in urban areas by 38%. The study indicates that increased access to clean fuels and improved stove interventions are needed to achieve the goals of universal energy access and equality between urban and rural areas.

Published
2023
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9. The 2022 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: towards a climate resilient future

Author

van Daalen, K., Romanello, M., Rocklöv, J., Semenza, J., Tonne, C., Markandya, A., Dasandi, N., Jankin, S., Achebak, H., Ballester, J., Bechara, H., Callaghan, M., Chambers, J., Dasgupta, S., Drummond, P., Farooq, Z., Gasparyan, O., Gonzalez-Reviriego, N., Hamilton, I., Hänninen, R., Kazmierczak, A., Kendrovski, V., Kennard, H., Kiesewetter, G., Lloyd, S., Lotto Batista, M., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Milà, C., Minx, J., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Palamarchuk, J., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Robinson, E., Scamman, D., Schmoll, O., Sewe, M., Sjödin, H., Sofiev, M., Solaraju-Murali, B., Springmann, M., Triñanes, J., Anto, J., Nilsson, M., Lowe, R., van Daalen, K., Romanello, M., Rocklöv, J., Semenza, J., Tonne, C., Markandya, A., Dasandi, N., Jankin, S., Achebak, H., Ballester, J., Bechara, H., Callaghan, M., Chambers, J., Dasgupta, S., Drummond, P., Farooq, Z., Gasparyan, O., Gonzalez-Reviriego, N., Hamilton, I., Hänninen, R., Kazmierczak, A., Kendrovski, V., Kennard, H., Kiesewetter, G., Lloyd, S., Lotto Batista, M., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Milà, C., Minx, J., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Palamarchuk, J., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Robinson, E., Scamman, D., Schmoll, O., Sewe, M., Sjödin, H., Sofiev, M., Solaraju-Murali, B., Springmann, M., Triñanes, J., Anto, J., Nilsson, M., and Lowe, R.

Published
2022
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10. The 2022 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: towards a climate resilient future

Author

van Daalen, K.R., Romanello, M., Rocklöv, J., Semenza, J.C., Tonne, C., Markandya, A., Dasandi, N., Jankin, S., Achebak, H., Ballester, J., Bechara, H., Callaghan, M.W., Chambers, J., Dasgupta, S., Drummond, P., Farooq, Z., Gasparyan, O., Gonzalez-Reviriego, N., Hamilton, I., Hänninen, R., Kazmierczak, A., Kendrovski, V., Kennard, H., Kiesewetter, G., Lloyd, S.J., Lotto Batista, M., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Milà, C., Minx, J.C., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Palamarchuk, J., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Robinson, E.J.Z., Scamman, D., Schmoll, O., Sewe, M.O., Sjödin, H., Sofiev, M., Solaraju-Murali, B., Springmann, M., Triñanes, J., Anto, J.M., Nilsson, M., Lowe, R., van Daalen, K.R., Romanello, M., Rocklöv, J., Semenza, J.C., Tonne, C., Markandya, A., Dasandi, N., Jankin, S., Achebak, H., Ballester, J., Bechara, H., Callaghan, M.W., Chambers, J., Dasgupta, S., Drummond, P., Farooq, Z., Gasparyan, O., Gonzalez-Reviriego, N., Hamilton, I., Hänninen, R., Kazmierczak, A., Kendrovski, V., Kennard, H., Kiesewetter, G., Lloyd, S.J., Lotto Batista, M., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Milà, C., Minx, J.C., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Palamarchuk, J., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Robinson, E.J.Z., Scamman, D., Schmoll, O., Sewe, M.O., Sjödin, H., Sofiev, M., Solaraju-Murali, B., Springmann, M., Triñanes, J., Anto, J.M., Nilsson, M., and Lowe, R.

Published
2022

11. The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels

Author

Romanello, M., Di Napoli, C., Drummond, P., Green, C., Kennard, H., Lampard, P., Scamman, D., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Ford, L., Belesova, K., Bowen, K., Cai, W., Callaghan, M., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Chambers, J., van Daalen, K., Dalin, C., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., Dominguez-Salas, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Escobar, L., Georgeson, L., Graham, H., Gunther, S., Hamilton, I., Hang, Y., Hänninen, R., Hartinger, S., He, K., Hess, J., Hsu, S.-C., Jankin, S., Jamart, L., Jay, O., Kelman, I., Kiesewetter, G., Kinney, P., Kjellstrom, T., Kniveton, D., Lee, J., Lemke, B., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Lott, M., Batista, M., Lowe, R., MacGuire, F., Sewe, M., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Maslin, M., McAllister, L., McGushin, A., McMichael, C., Mi, Z., Milner, J., Minor, K., Minx, J., Mohajeri, N., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morrissey, K., Munzert, S., Murray, K., Neville, T., Nilsson, M., Obradovich, N., O'Hare, M., Oreszczyn, T., Otto, M., Owfi, F., Pearman, O., Rabbaniha, M., Robinson, E., Rocklöv, J., Salas, R., Semenza, J., Sherman, J., Shi, L., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Silbert, G., Sofiev, M., Springmann, M., Stowell, J., Tabatabaei, M., Taylor, J., Triñanes, J., Wagner, F., Wilkinson, P., Winning, M., Yglesias-González, M., Zhang, S., Gong, P., Montgomery, H., Costello, A., Romanello, M., Di Napoli, C., Drummond, P., Green, C., Kennard, H., Lampard, P., Scamman, D., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Ford, L., Belesova, K., Bowen, K., Cai, W., Callaghan, M., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Chambers, J., van Daalen, K., Dalin, C., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., Dominguez-Salas, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Escobar, L., Georgeson, L., Graham, H., Gunther, S., Hamilton, I., Hang, Y., Hänninen, R., Hartinger, S., He, K., Hess, J., Hsu, S.-C., Jankin, S., Jamart, L., Jay, O., Kelman, I., Kiesewetter, G., Kinney, P., Kjellstrom, T., Kniveton, D., Lee, J., Lemke, B., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Lott, M., Batista, M., Lowe, R., MacGuire, F., Sewe, M., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Maslin, M., McAllister, L., McGushin, A., McMichael, C., Mi, Z., Milner, J., Minor, K., Minx, J., Mohajeri, N., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morrissey, K., Munzert, S., Murray, K., Neville, T., Nilsson, M., Obradovich, N., O'Hare, M., Oreszczyn, T., Otto, M., Owfi, F., Pearman, O., Rabbaniha, M., Robinson, E., Rocklöv, J., Salas, R., Semenza, J., Sherman, J., Shi, L., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Silbert, G., Sofiev, M., Springmann, M., Stowell, J., Tabatabaei, M., Taylor, J., Triñanes, J., Wagner, F., Wilkinson, P., Winning, M., Yglesias-González, M., Zhang, S., Gong, P., Montgomery, H., and Costello, A.

Published
2022
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12. Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels

Author

Romanello, M., Di Napoli, C., Drummond, P., Green, C., Kennard, H., Lampard, P., Scamman, D., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Ford, L. B., Belesova, K., Bowen, K., Cai, W., Callaghan, M., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Chambers, J., van Daalen, K. R., Dalin, C., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., Dominguez-Salas, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K. L., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Escobar, L. E., Georgeson, L., Graham

Published
2022
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13. The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future

Author

Romanello, M., McGushin, A., Di Napoli, C., Drummond, P., Hughes, N., Jamart, L., Kennard, H., Lampard, P., Solano Rodriguez, B., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Capstick, S., Chambers, J., Chu, L., Ciampi, L., Dalin, C., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., Dominguez-Salas, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K.L., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Escobar, L.E., Georgeson, L., Grace, D., Graham, H., Gunther, S.H., Hartinger, S., He, K., Heaviside, C., Hess, J., Hsu, S.-C., Jankin, S., Jimenez, M.P., Kelman, I., Kiesewetter, G., Kinney, P.L., Kjellstrom, T., Kniveton, D., Lee, J.K.W., Lemke, B., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Lott, M., Lowe, R., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Maslin, M., McAllister, L., McMichael, C., Mi, Z., Milner, J., Minor, K., Mohajeri, N., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morrissey, K., Munzert, S., Murray, K.A., Neville, T., Nilsson, M., Obradovich, N., Sewe, M.O., Oreszczyn, T., Otto, M., Owfi, F., Pearman, O., Pencheon, D., Rabbaniha, M., Robinson, E., Rocklöv, J., Salas, R.N., Semenza, J.C., Sherman, J., Shi, L., Springmann, M., Tabatabaei, M., Taylor, J., Trinanes, J., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Vu, B., Wagner, F., Wilkinson, P., Winning, M., Yglesias, M., Zhang, S., Gong, P., Montgomery, H., Costello, A., Hamilton, I., Romanello, M., McGushin, A., Di Napoli, C., Drummond, P., Hughes, N., Jamart, L., Kennard, H., Lampard, P., Solano Rodriguez, B., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Capstick, S., Chambers, J., Chu, L., Ciampi, L., Dalin, C., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., Dominguez-Salas, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K.L., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Escobar, L.E., Georgeson, L., Grace, D., Graham, H., Gunther, S.H., Hartinger, S., He, K., Heaviside, C., Hess, J., Hsu, S.-C., Jankin, S., Jimenez, M.P., Kelman, I., Kiesewetter, G., Kinney, P.L., Kjellstrom, T., Kniveton, D., Lee, J.K.W., Lemke, B., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Lott, M., Lowe, R., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Maslin, M., McAllister, L., McMichael, C., Mi, Z., Milner, J., Minor, K., Mohajeri, N., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morrissey, K., Munzert, S., Murray, K.A., Neville, T., Nilsson, M., Obradovich, N., Sewe, M.O., Oreszczyn, T., Otto, M., Owfi, F., Pearman, O., Pencheon, D., Rabbaniha, M., Robinson, E., Rocklöv, J., Salas, R.N., Semenza, J.C., Sherman, J., Shi, L., Springmann, M., Tabatabaei, M., Taylor, J., Trinanes, J., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Vu, B., Wagner, F., Wilkinson, P., Winning, M., Yglesias, M., Zhang, S., Gong, P., Montgomery, H., Costello, A., and Hamilton, I.

Published
2021

14. The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future

Author

Romanello, M, McGushin, A, Di Napoli, C, Drummond, P, Hughes, N, Jamart, L, Kennard, H, Lampard, P, Rodriguez, BS, Arnell, N, Ayeb-Karlsson, S, Belesova, K, Cai, W, Campbell-Lendrum, D, Capstick, S, Chambers, J, Chu, L, Ciampi, L, Dalin, C, Dasandi, N, Dasgupta, S, Davies, M, Dominguez-Salas, P, Dubrow, R, Ebi, KL, Eckelman, M, Ekins, P, Escobar, LE, Georgeson, L, Grace, D, Graham, H, Gunther, SH, Hartinger, S, He, K, Heaviside, C, Hess, J, Hsu, S-C, Jankin, S, Jimenez, MP, Kelman, I, Kiesewetter, G, Kinney, PL, Kjellstrom, T, Kniveton, D, Lee, JKW, Lemke, B, Liu, Y, Liu, Z, Lott, M, Lowe, R, Martinez-Urtaza, J, Maslin, M, McAllister, L, McMichael, C, Mi, Z, Milner, J, Minor, K, Mohajeri, N, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morrissey, K, Munzert, S, Murray, KA, Neville, T, Nilsson, M, Obradovich, N, Sewe, MO, Oreszczyn, T, Otto, M, Owfi, F, Pearman, O, Pencheon, D, Rabbaniha, M, Robinson, E, Rocklov, J, Salas, RN, Semenza, JC, Sherman, J, Shi, L, Springmann, M, Tabatabaei, M, Taylor, J, Trinanes, J, Shumake-Guillemot, J, Vu, B, Wagner, F, Wilkinson, P, Winning, M, Yglesias, M, Zhang, S, Gong, P, Montgomery, H, Costello, A, Hamilton, I, Romanello, M, McGushin, A, Di Napoli, C, Drummond, P, Hughes, N, Jamart, L, Kennard, H, Lampard, P, Rodriguez, BS, Arnell, N, Ayeb-Karlsson, S, Belesova, K, Cai, W, Campbell-Lendrum, D, Capstick, S, Chambers, J, Chu, L, Ciampi, L, Dalin, C, Dasandi, N, Dasgupta, S, Davies, M, Dominguez-Salas, P, Dubrow, R, Ebi, KL, Eckelman, M, Ekins, P, Escobar, LE, Georgeson, L, Grace, D, Graham, H, Gunther, SH, Hartinger, S, He, K, Heaviside, C, Hess, J, Hsu, S-C, Jankin, S, Jimenez, MP, Kelman, I, Kiesewetter, G, Kinney, PL, Kjellstrom, T, Kniveton, D, Lee, JKW, Lemke, B, Liu, Y, Liu, Z, Lott, M, Lowe, R, Martinez-Urtaza, J, Maslin, M, McAllister, L, McMichael, C, Mi, Z, Milner, J, Minor, K, Mohajeri, N, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morrissey, K, Munzert, S, Murray, KA, Neville, T, Nilsson, M, Obradovich, N, Sewe, MO, Oreszczyn, T, Otto, M, Owfi, F, Pearman, O, Pencheon, D, Rabbaniha, M, Robinson, E, Rocklov, J, Salas, RN, Semenza, JC, Sherman, J, Shi, L, Springmann, M, Tabatabaei, M, Taylor, J, Trinanes, J, Shumake-Guillemot, J, Vu, B, Wagner, F, Wilkinson, P, Winning, M, Yglesias, M, Zhang, S, Gong, P, Montgomery, H, Costello, A, and Hamilton, I

Published
2021

15. The 2020 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises

Author

Watts, N, Amann, M, Arnell, N, Ayeb-Karlsson, S, Beagley, J, Belesova, K, Boykoff, M, Byass, P, Cai, W, Campbell-Lendrum, D, Capstick, S, Chambers, J, Coleman, S, Dalin, C, Daly, M, Dasandi, N, Dasgupta, S, Davies, M, Di Napoli, C, Dominguez-Salas, P, Drummond, P, Dubrow, R, Ebi, KL, Eckelman, M, Ekins, P, Escobar, LE, Georgeson, L, Golder, S, Grace, D, Graham, H, Haggar, P, Hamilton, I, Hartinger, S, Hess, J, Hsu, S-C, Hughes, N, Mikhaylov, SJ, Jimenez, MP, Kelman, I, Kennard, H, Kiesewetter, G, Kinney, PL, Kjellstrom, T, Kniveton, D, Lampard, P, Lemke, B, Liu, Y, Liu, Z, Lott, M, Lowe, R, Martinez-Urtaza, J, Maslin, M, McAllister, L, McGushin, A, McMichael, C, Milner, J, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morrissey, K, Munzert, S, Murray, KA, Neville, T, Nilsson, M, Sewe, MO, Oreszczyn, T, Otto, M, Owfi, F, Pearman, O, Pencheon, D, Quinn, R, Rabbaniha, M, Robinson, E, Rocklov, J, Romanello, M, Semenza, JC, Sherman, J, Shi, L, Springmann, M, Tabatabaei, M, Taylor, J, Trinanes, J, Shumake-Guillemot, J, Vu, B, Wilkinson, P, Winning, M, Gong, P, Montgomery, H, Costello, A, Watts, N, Amann, M, Arnell, N, Ayeb-Karlsson, S, Beagley, J, Belesova, K, Boykoff, M, Byass, P, Cai, W, Campbell-Lendrum, D, Capstick, S, Chambers, J, Coleman, S, Dalin, C, Daly, M, Dasandi, N, Dasgupta, S, Davies, M, Di Napoli, C, Dominguez-Salas, P, Drummond, P, Dubrow, R, Ebi, KL, Eckelman, M, Ekins, P, Escobar, LE, Georgeson, L, Golder, S, Grace, D, Graham, H, Haggar, P, Hamilton, I, Hartinger, S, Hess, J, Hsu, S-C, Hughes, N, Mikhaylov, SJ, Jimenez, MP, Kelman, I, Kennard, H, Kiesewetter, G, Kinney, PL, Kjellstrom, T, Kniveton, D, Lampard, P, Lemke, B, Liu, Y, Liu, Z, Lott, M, Lowe, R, Martinez-Urtaza, J, Maslin, M, McAllister, L, McGushin, A, McMichael, C, Milner, J, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morrissey, K, Munzert, S, Murray, KA, Neville, T, Nilsson, M, Sewe, MO, Oreszczyn, T, Otto, M, Owfi, F, Pearman, O, Pencheon, D, Quinn, R, Rabbaniha, M, Robinson, E, Rocklov, J, Romanello, M, Semenza, JC, Sherman, J, Shi, L, Springmann, M, Tabatabaei, M, Taylor, J, Trinanes, J, Shumake-Guillemot, J, Vu, B, Wilkinson, P, Winning, M, Gong, P, Montgomery, H, and Costello, A

Abstract

For the Chinese, French, German, and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Published
2021

16. The public health implications of the Paris Agreement: a modelling study

Author

Hamilton, I., Kennard, H., McGushin, A., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Kiesewetter, G., Lott, M., Milner, J., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Sharma, R., Springmann, M., Woodcock, J., Watts, N., Hamilton, I., Kennard, H., McGushin, A., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Kiesewetter, G., Lott, M., Milner, J., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Sharma, R., Springmann, M., Woodcock, J., and Watts, N.

Abstract

Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) serve to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement of staying "well below 2°C", which could also yield substantial health co-benefits in the process. However, existing NDC commitments are inadequate to achieve this goal. Placing health as a key focus of the NDCs could present an opportunity to increase ambition and realise health co-benefits. We modelled scenarios to analyse the health co-benefits of NDCs for the year 2040 for nine representative countries (ie, Brazil, China, Germany, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, South Africa, the UK, and the USA) that were selected for their contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and their global or regional influence.

Published
2021

17. The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises

Author

Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Beagley, J., Belesova, K., Boykoff, M., Byass, P., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Capstick, S., Chambers, J., Coleman, S., Dalin, C., Daly, M., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., Di Napoli, C., Dominguez-Salas, P., Drummond, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K.L., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Escobar, L.E., Georgeson, L., Golder, S., Grace, D., Graham, H., Haggar, P., Hamilton, I., Hartinger, S., Hess, J., Hsu, S.-C., Hughes, N., Jankin Mikhaylov, S., Jimenez, M.P., Kelman, I., Kennard, H., Kiesewetter, G., Kinney, P.L., Kjellstrom, T., Kniveton, D., Lampard, P., Lemke, B., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Lott, M., Lowe, R., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Maslin, M., McAllister, L., McGushin, A., McMichael, C., Milner, J., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morrissey, K., Munzert, S., Murray, K.A., Neville, T., Nilsson, M., Sewe, M.O., Oreszczyn, T., Otto, M., Owfi, F., Pearman, O., Pencheon, D., Quinn, R., Rabbaniha, M., Robinson, E., Rocklöv, J., Romanello, M., Semenza, K.C., Sherman, J., Shi, L., Springmann, M., Tabatabaei, M., Taylor, J., Triñanes, J., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Vu, B., Wilkinson, P., Winning, M., Gong, P., Montgomery, H., Costello, A., Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Beagley, J., Belesova, K., Boykoff, M., Byass, P., Cai, W., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Capstick, S., Chambers, J., Coleman, S., Dalin, C., Daly, M., Dasandi, N., Dasgupta, S., Davies, M., Di Napoli, C., Dominguez-Salas, P., Drummond, P., Dubrow, R., Ebi, K.L., Eckelman, M., Ekins, P., Escobar, L.E., Georgeson, L., Golder, S., Grace, D., Graham, H., Haggar, P., Hamilton, I., Hartinger, S., Hess, J., Hsu, S.-C., Hughes, N., Jankin Mikhaylov, S., Jimenez, M.P., Kelman, I., Kennard, H., Kiesewetter, G., Kinney, P.L., Kjellstrom, T., Kniveton, D., Lampard, P., Lemke, B., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Lott, M., Lowe, R., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Maslin, M., McAllister, L., McGushin, A., McMichael, C., Milner, J., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morrissey, K., Munzert, S., Murray, K.A., Neville, T., Nilsson, M., Sewe, M.O., Oreszczyn, T., Otto, M., Owfi, F., Pearman, O., Pencheon, D., Quinn, R., Rabbaniha, M., Robinson, E., Rocklöv, J., Romanello, M., Semenza, K.C., Sherman, J., Shi, L., Springmann, M., Tabatabaei, M., Taylor, J., Triñanes, J., Shumake-Guillemot, J., Vu, B., Wilkinson, P., Winning, M., Gong, P., Montgomery, H., and Costello, A.

Abstract

The Lancet Countdown is an international collaboration established to provide an independent, global monitoring system dedicated to tracking the emerging health profile of the changing climate. The 2020 report presents 43 indicators across five sections: climate change impacts, exposures, and vulnerabilities; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. This report represents the findings and consensus of the 35 leading academic institutions and UN agencies that make up The Lancet Countdown, and draws on the expertise of climate scientists, geographers, engineers, experts in energy, food, and transport, economists, social, and political scientists, data scientists, public health professionals, and doctors.

Published
2021

18. Pertinacity in loanwords: same underlying systems, different outputs

Author

Lahiri, A, Kennard, H, Cennamo, M, and Fabrizio, C

Abstract

Native speakers are often surprised by the way different languages adapt their words; the same phoneme may be borrowed into different languages in different ways. Even related languages need not adapt the same phoneme in an identical fashion. Evidence from a variety of languages suggests that during loan adaptation, the underlying phonological systems of the donor language need to match those of the borrowing language, as has been proposed by many in the literature. Here we show that the universal principle of “PLACE first”, which promotes overlapping place of articulation features (including ARTICULATORS and TONGUE HEIGHT), guides the substitution choice, resulting in different outputs from the same loan.

Published
2019

21. Observational evidence of the seasonal and demographic variation in experienced temperature from 77 743 UK Biobank participants.

Author

Kennard, H R, Huebner, G M, and Shipworth, D

Subjects
COLD (Temperature), DEMOGRAPHY, ALCOHOL drinking, CHINESE ethics, HOUSING, MORTALITY, OBESITY, QUESTIONNAIRES, REGRESSION analysis, RESEARCH funding, SEASONS, SMOKING, TEMPERATURE, DESCRIPTIVE statistics
Abstract

Background Exposure to cold is known to be associated with severe health impacts. The primary epidemiological evidence for this is the seasonal variation in mortality. However, there is a paucity of directly measured data for personal cold temperature exposure. This paper develops the concept of experienced temperature, and reports how it varies with season, demographics and housing factors. Methods This study uses data from 77 743 UK Biobank participants. A novel method to directly measure participant's exposure to low temperatures using a thermistor in a wrist-worn activity monitor is described. These readings are combined with demographic and housing factor variables in a multiple regression model to understand underlying relationships. Results The study reveals a significant difference in experienced temperature of ~1.8°C between the periods of coldest and hottest external temperature. A number of demographic differences were also observed—such as people of Chinese ethnic background experiencing 0.65°C lower temperatures than other groups. Conclusions This paper presents primary evidence for a seasonal variation in experienced temperature. This variation likely contributes to cold related mortality and morbidity. It is hypothesized that this relationship would be less strong in countries which suffer fewer impacts of cold winter temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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22. Breton morphosyntax in two generations of speakers: evidence from word order and mutation

Author

Kennard, H, Kennard, Holly, and Lahiri, A

Subjects
Celtic, Linguistics
Abstract

Following a decline over the twentieth century, Breton has seen an increase in revival efforts, including Breton-medium education. This study investigates the effect of the language transmission gap on the morphosyntax of verbs. Fieldwork was undertaken with three distinct age groups: older native speakers (aged over 65), and two groups which make up a younger generation of speakers: children in Breton-medium education, and young adults who have been schooled in Breton. The question of word order and the placement of verbs in Breton has been controversial, largely because it is complex and variable, making the identification of basic word order difficult. The data show that usage across the older generation is fairly consistent, with V2 word order in matrix clauses. Verbal mutation is also maintained. Despite the transmission gap, younger adults from French-speaking homes do not systematically replace Breton patterns with French SVO. Rather, they avoid SVO in some contexts, and indeed use it less than the senior adults. The amount of input speakers receive is crucial: children in bilingual schooling, with only half of their classes in Breton, tend to oversimplify word order patterns and show French influence. In contrast, those with additional Breton input from a family member are more proficient. Children have difficulty acquiring mutation rules, and do not seem to have grasped the system of verbal mutation, but young adults use mutation proficiently, like the older speakers. Consequently, despite strong French influence, Breton word order has remained consistent. The fact that verbal mutation is variable in children reflects late acquisition, since the young adults rarely diverge from the expected usage. Thus, the changes in Breton morphosyntax are subtler than expected in light of the unusual transmission pattern and close proximity to French. The crucial factor appears to be sustained input in the language.

Published
2016

27. MSI's unique, multi-functional contract sterilization facility

Author

Kennard H. Morganstern

Subjects
Radiation processing, Sterilization (medicine), Chemistry, Operations management, General Medicine
Abstract

Medical Sterilization Inc. is a unique company supplying sterilization services to regional hospitals in the New York area and also providing contract sterilization and radiation processing services to industry. The evolution from a concept to an operational entity is reviewed in this report.

Published
1990

31. Author List

Author

Forrest J. Remick, Glenn Murphy, Raymond L. Murray, N. J. Palladino, Marvin E. Wyman, Richard T. Schneider, Karlheinz Thom, William E. Wells, Chihiro Kikuchi, James J. Duderstadt, Gordon L. Brownell, Brian W. Murray, Edward S. Kenney, Alan M. Jacobs, Robert C. Axtmann, Robert L. Hirsch, Donald S. Beard, T. Kammash, George H. Miley, Finis H. Southworth, John Killeen, Charles W. Maynard, Clarke Williams, V. P. Guinn, G. E. Miller, F. S. Rowland, James B. Smathers, Robert G. Cochran, Kennard H. Morganstern, Paul Turner, Lawrence K. Akers, John F. Yegge, Harold H. Young, Jerome Kohl, André J. Gauvenet, Warren F. Witzig, Raymond D. Cooper, F. E. Coffman, and J. M. Williams

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics
Published
1975

32. Career Opportunities in the Applications of Radiation and Radioisotopes

Author

Kennard H. Morganstern

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, medicine.medical_specialty, Engineering, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, business.industry, medicine, Medical physics, Gestation period, Radiation, Nuclear power, Condensed Matter Physics, business
Abstract

The application of radiation and radioisotopes is finally coming into its own after a long and hesitant gestation period. Overshadowed since the inception of the “Nuclear Age” by nuclear power gene...

Published
1975

36. The Present Status of Electron Beam Curing of Coatings

Author

Kennard H. Morganstern

Subjects
Materials science, Coating system, Cathode ray, Radiation process, Composite material, Curing (chemistry)
Abstract

Electron beam curing of coatings is now approximately a decade old and as a technique is demonstrating the same lengthy gestation period that has been evident with respect to other radiation process techniques.

Published
1973

37. The 2023 report of the <scp>MJA</scp>–Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: sustainability needed in Australia's health care sector

Author

Beggs, PJ, Trueck, S, Linnenluecke, MK, Bambrick, H, Capon, AG, Hanigan, IC, Arriagada, NB, Cross, TJ, Friel, S, Green, D, Heenan, M, Jay, O, Kennard, H, Malik, A, McMichael, C, Stevenson, M, Vardoulakis, S, Dang, TN, Garvey, G, Lovett, R, Matthews, V, Phung, D, Woodward, AJ, Romanello, MB, Zhang, Y, Beggs, PJ, Trueck, S, Linnenluecke, MK, Bambrick, H, Capon, AG, Hanigan, IC, Arriagada, NB, Cross, TJ, Friel, S, Green, D, Heenan, M, Jay, O, Kennard, H, Malik, A, McMichael, C, Stevenson, M, Vardoulakis, S, Dang, TN, Garvey, G, Lovett, R, Matthews, V, Phung, D, Woodward, AJ, Romanello, MB, and Zhang, Y

Abstract

Summary The MJA–Lancet Countdown on health and climate change in Australia was established in 2017 and produced its first national assessment in 2018 and annual updates in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. It examines five broad domains: health hazards, exposures and impacts; adaptation, planning and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co‐benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. In this, the sixth report of the MJA–Lancet Countdown, we track progress on an extensive suite of indicators across these five domains, accessing and presenting the latest data and further refining and developing our analyses. Our results highlight the health and economic costs of inaction on health and climate change. A series of major flood events across the four eastern states of Australia in 2022 was the main contributor to insured losses from climate‐related catastrophes of $7.168 billion — the highest amount on record. The floods also directly caused 23 deaths and resulted in the displacement of tens of thousands of people. High red meat and processed meat consumption and insufficient consumption of fruit and vegetables accounted for about half of the 87 166 diet‐related deaths in Australia in 2021. Correction of this imbalance would both save lives and reduce the heavy carbon footprint associated with meat production. We find signs of progress on health and climate change. Importantly, the Australian Government released Australia's first National Health and Climate Strategy, and the Government of Western Australia is preparing a Health Sector Adaptation Plan. We also find increasing action on, and engagemen

38. Author List

Author

Remick, Forrest J., primary, Murphy, Glenn, additional, Murray, Raymond L., additional, Palladino, N. J., additional, Wyman, Marvin E., additional, Schneider, Richard T., additional, Thom, Karlheinz, additional, Wells, William E., additional, Kikuchi, Chihiro, additional, Duderstadt, James J., additional, Brownell, Gordon L., additional, Murray, Brian W., additional, Kenney, Edward S., additional, Jacobs, Alan M., additional, Axtmann, Robert C., additional, Hirsch, Robert L., additional, Beard, Donald S., additional, Kammash, T., additional, Miley, George H., additional, Southworth, Finis H., additional, Killeen, John, additional, Maynard, Charles W., additional, Williams, Clarke, additional, Guinn, V. P., additional, Miller, G. E., additional, Rowland, F. S., additional, Smathers, James B., additional, Cochran, Robert G., additional, Morganstern, Kennard H., additional, Turner, Paul, additional, Akers, Lawrence K., additional, Yegge, John F., additional, Young, Harold H., additional, Kohl, Jerome, additional, Gauvenet, André J., additional, Witzig, Warren F., additional, Cooper, Raymond D., additional, Coffman, F. E., additional, and Williams, J. M., additional

Published
1975
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43. Cloud-Chamber Study of High Energy Positrons fromNa22

Author

Kennard H. Morganstern and Karl P. W. Wolf

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, High energy, Positron, Hydrogen, chemistry, law, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Cloud chamber, Energy (signal processing), Magnetic field, law.invention
Published
1949

44. Are we informing our patients correctly? Evaluation of perioperative counselling for paediatric intestinal stoma formation: a national study.

Author

Roberts R, Burdall O, Bohr C, Kennard H, Lewis S, Harris L, and Cusick E

Subjects
Humans, Child, Adolescent, Male, Female, Surveys and Questionnaires, Counseling methods, Child, Preschool, United Kingdom, Parents psychology, Patient Education as Topic methods, Surgical Stomas
Abstract

Purpose: Adequate preoperative information is known to improve patient outcomes. We aimed to evaluate perioperative education for paediatric patients and families undergoing intestinal stoma formation., Methods: UK paediatric surgery centres were invited to recruit patients aged 6-16 years with a stoma in situ or reversed within the last 2 years. Patient and parent questionnaires were posted for potential participants., Results: Eighty-three patient/parent dyads returned questionnaires. Median age was 11.5 years (range 4.1-17.8), with 48% (n = 40) formed electively. Parents rated how well-informed they felt perioperatively out of 10 (0 poorly, 10 highly informed). Parents were better informed about surgical issues and stoma care than psychological and social impacts (7.45 vs 6.11; p < 0.0001). 54% reported surgical complications but significantly fewer patients listed these amongst the worst things about having a stoma (24.4%) when compared with psychosocial issues: distress from bag leaks (90.8%; p < 0.0001), self-consciousness (54.1%; p = 0.0001), and restricted activity (40.2%; p = 0.03)., Conclusion: Parents felt well-informed for medical and practical aspects but less well-informed of psychological and lifestyle impacts of having a stoma. Surgical complications were less important to patients than the impact on daily life. Increased psychosocial information would enable families to be better prepared for life with a stoma., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Published
2024
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45. The 2024 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: unprecedented warming demands unprecedented action.

Author

van Daalen KR, Tonne C, Semenza JC, Rocklöv J, Markandya A, Dasandi N, Jankin S, Achebak H, Ballester J, Bechara H, Beck TM, Callaghan MW, Carvalho BM, Chambers J, Pradas MC, Courtenay O, Dasgupta S, Eckelman MJ, Farooq Z, Fransson P, Gallo E, Gasparyan O, Gonzalez-Reviriego N, Hamilton I, Hänninen R, Hatfield C, He K, Kazmierczak A, Kendrovski V, Kennard H, Kiesewetter G, Kouznetsov R, Kriit HK, Llabrés-Brustenga A, Lloyd SJ, Batista ML, Maia C, Martinez-Urtaza J, Mi Z, Milà C, Minx JC, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Palamarchuk J, Pantera DK, Quijal-Zamorano M, Rafaj P, Robinson EJZ, Sánchez-Valdivia N, Scamman D, Schmoll O, Sewe MO, Sherman JD, Singh P, Sirotkina E, Sjödin H, Sofiev M, Solaraju-Murali B, Springmann M, Treskova M, Triñanes J, Vanuytrecht E, Wagner F, Walawender M, Warnecke L, Zhang R, Romanello M, Antó JM, Nilsson M, and Lowe R

Subjects
Humans, Europe, Global Warming prevention & control, Climate Change
Abstract

Competing Interests: Declaration of interests VK and OS are staff members of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication and they do not necessarily represent the decisions or policies of WHO. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there might not yet be full agreement. AK and EV are staff members of the European Environment Agency. The views expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and its content does not necessarily represent the views or position of the European Environment Agency. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Published
2024
Full Text
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46. The 2023 report of the MJA-Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: sustainability needed in Australia's health care sector.

Author

Beggs PJ, Trueck S, Linnenluecke MK, Bambrick H, Capon AG, Hanigan IC, Arriagada NB, Cross TJ, Friel S, Green D, Heenan M, Jay O, Kennard H, Malik A, McMichael C, Stevenson M, Vardoulakis S, Dang TN, Garvey G, Lovett R, Matthews V, Phung D, Woodward AJ, Romanello MB, and Zhang Y

Subjects
Humans, Australia, Mental Health, Health Planning, Health Care Sector, Climate Change
Abstract

The MJA-Lancet Countdown on health and climate change in Australia was established in 2017 and produced its first national assessment in 2018 and annual updates in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. It examines five broad domains: health hazards, exposures and impacts; adaptation, planning and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. In this, the sixth report of the MJA-Lancet Countdown, we track progress on an extensive suite of indicators across these five domains, accessing and presenting the latest data and further refining and developing our analyses. Our results highlight the health and economic costs of inaction on health and climate change. A series of major flood events across the four eastern states of Australia in 2022 was the main contributor to insured losses from climate-related catastrophes of $7.168 billion - the highest amount on record. The floods also directly caused 23 deaths and resulted in the displacement of tens of thousands of people. High red meat and processed meat consumption and insufficient consumption of fruit and vegetables accounted for about half of the 87 166 diet-related deaths in Australia in 2021. Correction of this imbalance would both save lives and reduce the heavy carbon footprint associated with meat production. We find signs of progress on health and climate change. Importantly, the Australian Government released Australia's first National Health and Climate Strategy, and the Government of Western Australia is preparing a Health Sector Adaptation Plan. We also find increasing action on, and engagement with, health and climate change at a community level, with the number of electric vehicle sales almost doubling in 2022 compared with 2021, and with a 65% increase in coverage of health and climate change in the media in 2022 compared with 2021. Overall, the urgency of substantial enhancements in Australia's mitigation and adaptation responses to the enormous health and climate change challenge cannot be overstated. Australia's energy system, and its health care sector, currently emit an unreasonable and unjust proportion of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. As the Lancet Countdown enters its second and most critical phase in the leadup to 2030, the depth and breadth of our assessment of health and climate change will be augmented to increasingly examine Australia in its regional context, and to better measure and track key issues in Australia such as mental health and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and wellbeing., (© 2024 The Authors. Medical Journal of Australia published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of AMPCo Pty Ltd.)

Published
2024
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47. The 2023 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for a health-centred response in a world facing irreversible harms.

Author

Romanello M, Napoli CD, Green C, Kennard H, Lampard P, Scamman D, Walawender M, Ali Z, Ameli N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Beggs PJ, Belesova K, Berrang Ford L, Bowen K, Cai W, Callaghan M, Campbell-Lendrum D, Chambers J, Cross TJ, van Daalen KR, Dalin C, Dasandi N, Dasgupta S, Davies M, Dominguez-Salas P, Dubrow R, Ebi KL, Eckelman M, Ekins P, Freyberg C, Gasparyan O, Gordon-Strachan G, Graham H, Gunther SH, Hamilton I, Hang Y, Hänninen R, Hartinger S, He K, Heidecke J, Hess JJ, Hsu SC, Jamart L, Jankin S, Jay O, Kelman I, Kiesewetter G, Kinney P, Kniveton D, Kouznetsov R, Larosa F, Lee JKW, Lemke B, Liu Y, Liu Z, Lott M, Lotto Batista M, Lowe R, Odhiambo Sewe M, Martinez-Urtaza J, Maslin M, McAllister L, McMichael C, Mi Z, Milner J, Minor K, Minx JC, Mohajeri N, Momen NC, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morrissey K, Munzert S, Murray KA, Neville T, Nilsson M, Obradovich N, O'Hare MB, Oliveira C, Oreszczyn T, Otto M, Owfi F, Pearman O, Pega F, Pershing A, Rabbaniha M, Rickman J, Robinson EJZ, Rocklöv J, Salas RN, Semenza JC, Sherman JD, Shumake-Guillemot J, Silbert G, Sofiev M, Springmann M, Stowell JD, Tabatabaei M, Taylor J, Thompson R, Tonne C, Treskova M, Trinanes JA, Wagner F, Warnecke L, Whitcombe H, Winning M, Wyns A, Yglesias-González M, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Gong P, Montgomery H, and Costello A

Subjects
Humans, Global Health, Climate Change, Public Health
Abstract

Competing Interests: Declaration of interests 14 of the authors (MRo, MWa, LJ, MBO'H, CO, HW, CdN, HK, PL, DS, CG, ZA, MY-G, and KRvD) were compensated for their time while drafting and developing the Lancet Countdown's report. OG was supported by the EU Horizon Grant: Climate Action To Advance Healthy Societies in Europe (Project 101057131–CATALYSE), for which there is overlap of data collection and preprocessing with the materials submitted in this report. MSp was supported by the Wellcome Trust Livestock, Environment and People (grant number 205212/Z/16/Z) and Wellcome Trust (grant number 225318/Z/22/Z). JT was supported by the Academy of Finland grants for the T-Winning (grant number 353327). CD was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council Independent Research Fellowship (grant number NE/N01524X/1), which ended in 2021, and by the European Research Council starting grant FLORA (grant number 101039402). OJ was supported by the NHMRC Investigator Grant entitled Heat and Health: Building resilience to extreme heat in a warming world (GNT20009507), the Wellcome Trust grant Heat stress in ready-made garment factories in Bangladesh (216059/Z/19/Z), and the Resilience New South Wales grant A new heat stress scale for general public (PJ-0000850). YL was supported by funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (grant number: 80NSSC21K0507) for the wildfire population exposure and fire danger indicators. TO and IH were supported by the UK Research and Innovation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Centre for Research in Energy Demand Solutions (grant number EP/R035288/1). MRo was supported by funding from IDAlert project (UK Research and Innovation project reference number 10056533). KB was supported by funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Centre on Non-communicable Diseases and Environmental Change (NIHR203247). All other authors declare no competing interests. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Commission, and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated.

Published
2023
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48. Urban-rural disparity in global estimation of PM 2·5 household air pollution and its attributable health burden.

Author

Mohajeri N, Hsu SC, Milner J, Taylor J, Kiesewetter G, Gudmundsson A, Kennard H, Hamilton I, and Davies M

Subjects
Humans, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Environmental Exposure analysis, Particulate Matter adverse effects, Bayes Theorem, Air Pollution, Indoor adverse effects, Air Pollution adverse effects
Abstract

Background: Polluting fuels and inefficient stove technologies are still a leading cause of premature deaths worldwide, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. Previous studies of global household air pollution (HAP) have neither considered the estimation of PM 2·5 at national level nor the corresponding attributable mortality burden. Additionally, the effects of climate and ambient air pollution on the global estimation of HAP-PM 2·5 exposure for different urban and rural settings remain largely unknown. In this study, we include climatic effects to estimate the HAP-PM 2·5 exposure from different fuel types and stove technologies in rural and urban settings separately and the related attributable global mortality burden., Methods: Bayesian hierarchical models were developed to estimate an annual average HAP-PM 2·5 personal exposure and HAP-PM 2·5 indoor concentration (including both outdoor and indoor sources). Model variables were selected from sample data in 282 peer-reviewed studies drawn and updated from the WHO Global HAP dataset. The PM 2·5 exposure coefficients from the developed model were applied to the external datasets to predict the HAP-PM 2·5 exposure globally (personal exposure in 62 countries and indoor concentration in 69 countries). Attributable mortality rate was estimated using a comparative risk assessment approach. Using weighted averages, the national level 24 h average HAP-PM 2·5 exposure due to polluting and clean fuels and related death rate per 100 000 population were estimated., Findings: In 2020, household use of polluting solid fuels for cooking and heating led to a national-level average personal exposure of 151 μg/m 3 (95% CI 133-169), with rural households having an average of 171 μg/m 3 (153-189) and urban households an average of 92 μg/m 3 (77-106). Use of clean fuels gave rise to a national-level average personal exposure of 69 μg/m 3 (62-76), with a rural average of 76 μg/m 3 (69-83) and an urban average of 49 μg/m 3 (46-53). Personal exposure-attributable premature mortality (per 100 000 population) from the use of polluting solid fuels at national level was on average 78 (95% CI 69-87), with a rural average of 82 (73-90) and an urban average of 66 (57-75). The average attributable premature mortality (per 100 000 population) from the use of clean fuels at the national level is 62 (54-70), with a rural average of 66 (58-74) and an urban average of 52 (47-57). The estimated HAP-PM 2·5 indoor concentration shows that the use of polluting solid fuels resulted in a national-level average of 412 μg/m 3 (95% CI 353-471), with a rural average of 514 μg/m 3 (446-582) and an urban average of 149 μg/m 3 (126-173). The use of clean fuels (gas and electricity) led to an average PM 2·5 indoor concentration of 135 μg/m 3 (117-153), with a rural average of 174 μg/m 3 (154-195) and an urban average of 71 μg/m 3 (63-80). Using time-weighted HAP-PM 2·5 indoor concentrations, the attributable premature death rate (per 100 000 population) from the use of polluting solid fuels at the national level is on average 78 (95% CI 72-84), the rural average being 84 (78-91) and the urban average 60 (54-66). From the use of clean fuels, the average attributable premature death rate (per 100 000 population) at the national level is 59 (53-64), the rural average being 68 (62-74) and the urban average 45 (41-50)., Interpretation: A shift from polluting to clean fuels can reduce the average PM 2·5 personal exposure by 53% and thereby lower the death rate. For all fuel types, the estimated average HAP-PM 2·5 personal exposure and indoor concentrations exceed the WHO's Interim Target-1 average annual threshold. Policy interventions are urgently needed to greatly increase the use of clean fuels and stove technologies by 2030 to achieve the goal of affordable clean energy access, as set by the UN in 2015, and address health inequities in urban-rural settings., Funding: Wellcome Trust, The Lancet Countdown, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, and the Natural Environment Research Council., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
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49. The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels.

Author

Romanello M, Di Napoli C, Drummond P, Green C, Kennard H, Lampard P, Scamman D, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Ford LB, Belesova K, Bowen K, Cai W, Callaghan M, Campbell-Lendrum D, Chambers J, van Daalen KR, Dalin C, Dasandi N, Dasgupta S, Davies M, Dominguez-Salas P, Dubrow R, Ebi KL, Eckelman M, Ekins P, Escobar LE, Georgeson L, Graham H, Gunther SH, Hamilton I, Hang Y, Hänninen R, Hartinger S, He K, Hess JJ, Hsu SC, Jankin S, Jamart L, Jay O, Kelman I, Kiesewetter G, Kinney P, Kjellstrom T, Kniveton D, Lee JKW, Lemke B, Liu Y, Liu Z, Lott M, Batista ML, Lowe R, MacGuire F, Sewe MO, Martinez-Urtaza J, Maslin M, McAllister L, McGushin A, McMichael C, Mi Z, Milner J, Minor K, Minx JC, Mohajeri N, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morrissey K, Munzert S, Murray KA, Neville T, Nilsson M, Obradovich N, O'Hare MB, Oreszczyn T, Otto M, Owfi F, Pearman O, Rabbaniha M, Robinson EJZ, Rocklöv J, Salas RN, Semenza JC, Sherman JD, Shi L, Shumake-Guillemot J, Silbert G, Sofiev M, Springmann M, Stowell J, Tabatabaei M, Taylor J, Triñanes J, Wagner F, Wilkinson P, Winning M, Yglesias-González M, Zhang S, Gong P, Montgomery H, and Costello A

Subjects
Humans, Global Health, Health Policy, Research Report, Climate Change, Fossil Fuels
Abstract

Competing Interests: Declaration of interests CD was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/R010811/1) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council Independent Research Fellowship (NE/N01524X/1) and contributes to the Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems project supported by the Wellcome Trust (205200/Z/16/Z). MD was supported by the Wellcome Trust's Complex Urban Systems for Sustainability and Health (CUSSH) project (209387/Z/17/Z). YL was supported by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Sciences Program (80NSSC21K0507). RL was supported by a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship. MSo was supported by Horizon 2020 project EXHAUSTION (820655) and Academy of Finland HEATCOST (334798). SHG and JKWL were supported by Singapore's National Research Foundation, Singapore's Prime Minister's Office, under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise programme. IH was supported by the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Centre for Research in Energy Demand Solutions (EP/R035288/1) and UKRI APEx (NE/T001887/1). JM was supported by the German Ministry for Education and Research (01LA1826A and 03SFK5J0). ML was supported by the Sloan Foundation. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Published
2022
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50. The 2022 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: towards a climate resilient future.

Author

van Daalen KR, Romanello M, Rocklöv J, Semenza JC, Tonne C, Markandya A, Dasandi N, Jankin S, Achebak H, Ballester J, Bechara H, Callaghan MW, Chambers J, Dasgupta S, Drummond P, Farooq Z, Gasparyan O, Gonzalez-Reviriego N, Hamilton I, Hänninen R, Kazmierczak A, Kendrovski V, Kennard H, Kiesewetter G, Lloyd SJ, Lotto Batista M, Martinez-Urtaza J, Milà C, Minx JC, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Palamarchuk J, Quijal-Zamorano M, Robinson EJZ, Scamman D, Schmoll O, Sewe MO, Sjödin H, Sofiev M, Solaraju-Murali B, Springmann M, Triñanes J, Anto JM, Nilsson M, and Lowe R

Subjects
Humans, Health Policy, Europe, Climate Change, Global Health
Abstract

Competing Interests: Declaration of interests VK and OS are staff members of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication and they do not necessarily represent the decisions or policies of the World Health Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Published
2022
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