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Introduction: People with mental disorders are at high risk of developing obesity (1, 2). In addition to high values of body mass index (BMI), studies of body composition showed an increased percentage of fat tissue and a decrease in muscle mass (2). Several factors such as socioeconomic factors, use of tobacco, unhealthy eating habits, and low physical activity may contribute to this (1-3). This study aimed to assess the nutritional status in organized living beneficiaries with mental disorders. Methods: To determine nutritional status two methods have been used: body mass index and body composition measured by bioelectric impedance. Height, weight, and body composition were collected with a portable stadiometer (Seca, Germany) and an Omron BF500 analyzer (Omron Healthcare Co., Ltd., Japan). Body mass index (kg/m2) was categorised according to WHO standards (4). In addition, a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics was completed. Results: 46 participants (57% female) from Osijek, Croatia, ages 19 to 69, participated in the study. Most of the participants were single or never married, had a high school education, and smoked. 90% of male participants smoked, as opposed to 58% of female participants. 80% of participants were diagnosed with schizophrenia. All participants were beneficiaries of organized living and assigned to one of three levels of daily care. Short-term care (2.5 h/day), intensive care (16 h/day), and comprehensive care (24 h/day) were represented by 20, 54, and 26%, respectively. The mean body mass index was 31± 6.2, with 50% of participants with BMI categorised as obesity. Body composition analysis showed a higher mean body fat percentage in female participants (46.1±7) than in males (26.4±7.9). Between genders, a significant difference has been shown for height, BMI, body fat, and muscle mass percentage, but not for visceral fat rating and weight. Conclusion: The obtained results are in accordance with previous findings but additionally emphasize the need for specific monitoring of high-risk groups when it comes to obesity. These results can be used as baseline for further studies and development of tools that will be aimed to prevent obesity in people with mental disorders.

Introduction: Anthropometry data provide valuable insight in nutritional adequacy and the general health status of a population. The first national food consumption survey on children aged from three months to nine years of age in Croatia was conducted from 2019 to 2022. In the framework of this research, anthropometry was measured. Methods: The research was conducted on nationally representative sample of children (N=1820) with 18% infants, 29% toddlers up to 3 years of age and 53% of the children from 3 up to 9 years of age. Anthropometric measurements were conducted with Seca portable anthropometric set with 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm accuracy. Additionally, measures from pediatricians’ were taken if they were conducted within 2 weeks of conducting the survey. Anthro Software [1] was used to determine nutritional status of children up to 5 years of age and AntropoPlus [2] for children above 5 years of age. BMI-for-age was used as screening tool for identification of children up to 9 years of age in risk of being underweight or overweight. Cut off points were used according to WHO Growth standards [3] and WHO Growth reference [4]. Results: Majority of participants (72.5%) were found to have normal BMI-for-age. 6.8% of participants are characterized as children with Z-score above 2 for BMI-for-age out of which 1.8% of the population as children with Z-score above 3. In the group of nine-year-old children 20.6% of the population have Z-score for BMI-for-age between 1 and 2, while 8.8% of them have Z-score above 2. Z-scores above 1 for BMI-for-age were more common in boys (13.4%) than in girls (9.1%). In total of 5.1% participants are characterized as children with Z-score for BMI-for-age below -2. Conclusion: The results of this study provide us with information on current nutritional status in country. Percentage of children with Z-scores for BMI-for-age above 1 is increasing with age. Results indicate that national strategic plans are needed to prevent obesity and achieve adequate nutrition and growth of children.

Neadekvatna prehrana može imati negativan učinak i na razvoj mozga i na razvoj akademskih postignuća u djece pa je poznavanje poveznica između prehrane, kognitivnih sposobnosti i akademskih postignuća vrlo važno kako za roditelje tako i za obrazovne djelatnike odnosno obrazovni sustav u cjelini. Neadekvatni unosi energije, proteina, masnih kiselina i mikronutrijenata negativno se odražavaju na procese razvoja mozga tijekom djetinjstva i adolescencije. Viši unosi polinezasićenih masnih kiselina povezuju se s boljim kratkoročnim pamćenjem u djece, a konzumacija doručka nižeg glikemijskog opterećenja s boljom radnom memorijom. Bolje kognitivne sposobnosti zabilježene su i uz više unose flavonoida. Iako su pojedinačni nutrijenti zaslužni za specifične učinke, hrana je kompleksna kombinacija različitih nutrijenata čije se djelovanje isprepliće uz često sinergističko djelovanje pa je pozitivne učinke prehrane na mozak ključno promotriti s aspekta hrane. Prehrambeni obrasci karakterizirani visokim unosom brze hrane, zaslađenih sokova i proizvoda od usitnjenog oblikovanog mesa povezuju se s lošijim kognitivnim sposobnostima i slabijim akademskim postignućima. Prehrambeni obrasci karakterizirani visokom konzumacijom povrća i voća te ribe povezuju se s boljim kognitivnim sposobnostima te boljim akademskim rezultatima u djece i adolescenata. Pravilnim prehrambenim odabirima potiče se razvoj kognitivnih sposobnosti a pozitivni učinci se pojačavaju ukoliko se uz pravilnu prehranu prakticira i stil života koji uključuje tjelesnu aktivnost i primjeren odmor. Tjelesna aktivnost pozitivan učinak ostvaruje kroz pojačani protok krvi, bolju dopremu glukoze te metabolizam lipida. Trajanje i kvaliteta sna manifestiraju se na radnu memoriju, inhibiciju i kognitivnu fleksibilnost a nedostatak sna povezuje se s nepoželjnim prehrambenim obrascima i posljedično nepoželjnim statusom uhranjenosti. Iz svega navedenog razvidno je da životni stil koji je osnovan na pravilnim prehrambenim obrascima, prakticiranju tjelesne aktivnosti i primjerenom odmoru predstavlja optimalne uvjete za razvoj mozga i učenje.

Podložnost različitim utjecajima društva i okoline najizraženija je u doba adolescencije. Kako je utjecaj vršnjaka u ovom razdoblju života značajan i za prehrambene navike, cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati da li je fizičkom izoliranošću od vršnjaka i prelaskom na online nastavu, za vrijeme prvog lockdowna došlo do promjena prehrambenih navika srednjoškolaca. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 1005 ispitanika, 288 mladića i 717 djevojaka, s područja cijele Hrvatske. Prosječna dob ispitanika je 16, 7 godina. Istraživanje je provedeno od travnja do lipnja 2020., ispunjavanjem online upitnika, objavljenog kao dio nastavnog materijala na službenim stranicama Agencije za strukovno obrazovanje i obrazovanje odraslih (ASOO). Rezultati su pokazali da 49 % ispitanika smatra da ima iste prehrambene navike kao i prije lockdowna. 30 % smatra da ima bolje prehrambene navike, nego prije. 55 % ispitanika navelo je da ima doručak uvijek, dok je prije lockdowna redoviti doručak imalo 43 % ispitanika. 73 % ispitanika procijenilo je da manje konzumira grickalice u odnosu na prije. Većina ispitanika navela je da manje konzumira hranu u večernjim satima. Najviše ispitanika (37 %) nije promijenilo učestalost tjelesne aktivnosti. Sveukupno gledano, prehrambene navike srednjoškolaca za vrijeme lockdowna nešto su bolje nego prije, naročito po pitanju učestalosti konzumacije doručka i grickalica, što se može povezati s više slobodnog vremena i slabijeg utjecaja vršnjaka za vrijeme izoliranosti.

Food Consumption Survey on Infants and Children in Croatia 2017-21 is survey based on EU Menu methodology, financially supported by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and conducted by Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food (HAPIH), in collaboration with other partners on the project. Targeted population are infants, toddlers and children under the age of nine. By stratified random sampling 1860 children from all parts of Croatia should be included in the survey, within a period of one year. Pilot study was done, in Febuary 2019, on smaller population. 53 parents from cities of Osijek and Zagreb agreed to participate in the study. One face-to-face in-home interview and two computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) was conducted with each participant. A face-to-face interview included gathering information on height and weight of the children, completing a general questionnaire and FPQ, and instructions on how to complete food diary. The novelty in application of food diary is NutriCro® software developed specially for purposes of this survey. The software was developed for easier data collection and processing. Importance of the Food Consumption Survey and collected data is in their multipurpose use. The data obtained from this research will be used for food intake assessment, developing national nutritional guidelines, exposure and food-related risk assessment. Other than nutrition and risk assessment, epidemiologists, other institutions in public health, wider academic community and general public will benefit from results of this research.

With a wide range of health benefits across the lifespan, throughout the decades physical activity has remained an interesting topic of many research. To gain quality and valid results on population’s physical activity levels, a high-quality measurement tool is needed. Physical activity assessment questionnaires are one of the most frequently used self-reported activity assessment tools. Choosing the right tool can be a challenging task, so we aim to provide a general overview of frequently used questionnaires throughout the lifespan with special emphasis on those available in Croatia. We conducted a literature review on physical activity assessment questionnaires, from toddlers and pre-school to older adults. Our specific focus was on physical activity assessment questionnaires translated, validated, and available in Croatia. Regardless of limitations, questionnaires are still a widely used cost-effective tool that provides good physical activity assessment and can be used in large population studies, but there is still a great need for a consistent and reliable questionnaire. Five physical activity assessment questionnaires for different age groups available in Croatia were identified. Questionnaires estimate general levels of physical activity in all stages of life. With vast number of existing questionnaires and continuous development of new ones, the emphasis should be on bettering existing questionnaires because the need for a reliable and validated tool for all age groups is immense., Tjelesna aktivnost ima mnoge pozitivne, zdravstvene učinke na pojedinca tijekom cijelog života. Već desetljećima procjena tjelesne aktivnosti česta je tema znanstvenih istraživanja. Prilikom procjene tjelesne aktivnosti, za dobivanje kvalitetnih i valjanih rezultata o razinama tjelesne aktivnosti stanovništva, potreban je provjeren i validiran alat. Upitnici za procjenu tjelesne aktivnosti jedan su od najčešće korištenih alata. Odabir odgovarajućeg upitnika nije uvijek jednostavan zadatak, stoga je cilj ovog rada pružiti pregled dostupne literature i često korištenih upitnika u različitim dobnim skupinama s posebnim naglaskom na upitnike koji su dostupni u Hrvatskoj. Provedena je pretraga dostupne literature o upitnicima za procjenu tjelesne aktivnosti, od djece predškolske dobi do osoba starije životne dobi, s fokusom na upitnicima koji su prevedeni, validirani i dostupni u Hrvatskoj. Identificirano je pet upitnika za procjenu tjelesne aktivnosti za različite dobne skupine. Upitnici procjenjuju opću razinu tjelesne aktivnosti u svim fazama života. Bez obzira na ograničenja, upitnici se zbog jednostavnosti primjene te dobre procjene tjelesne aktivnosti često koriste u istraživanjima s većim brojem ispitanika. Uz veliki broj postojećih upitnika i kontinuirani razvoj novih, naglasak treba staviti na unaprjeđenje postojećih jer je potreba za pouzdanim i validiranim upitnikom, za sve dobne skupine, velika.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease of the macular area and is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 50 years of age. Many AMD risk factors, including aging, smoking, exposure to UV and blue light, chronic inflammation, and improper diet, can be associated with oxidative stress. In this regard, certain food ingredients and supplements that have antioxidant properties may contribute to the prevention of AMD and it's progression. Polyphenols can be considered as preventive and therapeutic compounds in the prevention of diseases associated with aging due to the antioxidant properties. For example, quercetin, present in onions, improves anti-VEGF therapy, which is the only effective drug for the wet form of AMD, while resveratrol, found in grape skin, red wine, blueberries and mulberries, neutralizes the negative effects of anti-VEGF therapy. Blueberry anthocyanins have a protective effect on induced damage of retina caused by blue light. Carotenoids that are part of the macular pigment; lutein and zeaxanthin, found in leafy green vegetables and eggs, have the ability to filter light ("natural sunglasses"), but also have direct antioxidant properties. Zinc and copper homeostasis in the retina-choroid complex also play a role in retinal health and AMD prevention. Adequate intake of omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in blue fish, nuts and seeds, reduces the risk of progression to the late stage of AMD. Oxidative stress can be exacerbated by improper diet, and thus increase the possibility of the occurrence and progression of AMD, which is why during the eye examination of persons at risk, it is necessary to advise on proper nutrition and appropriate supplementation.

Nutritional status is an important indicator of the health status and physical ability of an individual. Commonly used tools to evaluate nutritional status include anthropometric measurements and body mass index. The aim of this study was to compare values and classification obtained by various tools. Results showed differences between the self-reported and measured values for height and body mass. The majority of the student population overestimates their body height, female participants underestimate body weight while male overestimate it. A statistically significant difference between self-reported and measured values was shown for body height but not for body weight. Over or underestimation impacts body mass index values and results in lower values which might result in misclassification. Results also indicate that female students tend to see themselves as overweight, 14% have increased body weight, but 39% of female participants perceive themselves as such. Unlike women, men assess their own figure better. BMI and body composition (fat content) are confirmed as a good choice to evaluate nutritional status in studies conducted on student population while self-reported values due to shift in values should be used only in studies where other options are not available

High growth rate and feed efficiency are the two main targets in poultry production. For several decades, antibiotics have been widely used in the chicken diet. However, the use of antibiotics in broilers feeding has resulted in numerous problems and therefore their usage as a growth promoter is no longer acceptable and is prohibited in the European Union countries. Propolis as a natural substance pose itself as a valuable alternative in that sense. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of propolis supplementation on weight gain, feed conversion and selected biochemical blood parameters of broilers. This experimental study was conducted on 180 Ross 308 chickens equally distributed by sex and divided into three groups: the control group of chickens (C) fed with a basal diet and two experimental groups of chickens (E) fed with the same diet supplemented with propolis (E1 2g/kg and E2 4g/kg). Blood sampling was performed by wing vein puncture with direct needle injection coupled with a test tube under vacuum on the 42th day of the study. The collected blood samples were analyzed for the following biochemical parameters (Fe, Ca, Na, P, Mg, K, Cl, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, total proteins, globulins and albumins). The mentioned biochemical parameters were determined using Olympus AU 680 automatic analyzer (Olympus Life Science Research Europa GmbH, Germany). Laboratory analyses were performed at the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek. The numerical variables were described as mean and standard deviation. The ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for the comparison of numerical variables among the groups. The level of statistical significance was set at p

The research was conducted as a pilot study for Food Consumption Survey on Infants and Children in Croatia 2017-21. This survey is based on EU Menu methodology and financially supported by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The fieldwork was done, in February 2019, on 43 randomly selected participants from cities of Osijek and Zagreb. One face-to-face in-home interview and two computer- assisted telephone interview (CATI) were conducted with each participant. A face-to-face interview included gathering information on anthropometry, completing a general questionnaire, food propensity questionnaire and instructions on how to complete a food diary. The food diary was kept for two non-consecutive days. The data was collected and analyzed in NutriCro® software developed especially for purposes of this survey. Average daily energy intake was analyzed. Average energy intake for infants was 768 kcal/day, for toddlers 1045 kcal/day and for children 1506 kcal/day, with carbohydrates as predominant energy source. The majority of the results were in agreement with the recommendations for the targeted population.

Proceedings contains 1 review paper, 6 original scientific papers, and 4 professional papers presented at 12th International Scientific and Professional Conference WITH FOOD TO HEALTH, organised in following sections: Nutrition, Dietetics and Diet Therapy, Functional Food and Dietary Supplements, and Food Analysis

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of dietary supplementation with propolis on the technological properties of skinless chicken breasts evaluated through breast muscle pH value measured 45 minutes (pH1) and 24 hours post mortem (pH2), water- holding capacity of breast muscle, consistency of breast muscle and its color (L*, a*, b*) and to determine its macronutrient content (protein and fat content). The study was conducted on 180 Ross 308 chickens equally distributed by sex and divided into three groups: the control group of chickens (C) fed with a basal diet and two experimental groups of chickens (E) fed with the same diet supplemented with propolis (E1 2g/kg and E2 4g/kg). There was no statistically significant difference between C and E considering pH1 (p=0.260) but there was statistically significant difference between them considering pH2 (p=0.037). There was statistically significant difference in L* breast muscle color (p=0.039) between C and E while there were no statistically significant differences in a* and b* breast muscle color between them (p=0.167 and p=0.637, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences between the C and E considering water-holding capacity (p=0.767) and consistency (p=0.505) of breast muscle. There were no statistically significant differences in protein and fat content between C and E (p=0.368 and p=0.244, respectively). The obtained results confirm the benefits of the tested supplementation.

Age-related macular degeneration – AMD is a medical condition affecting the macular area of the eye, and represents the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people aged older then 50 years. The objectives of the work were to gather the data on how food ingredients towards slowing down the process of agerelated macular degeneration and early loss of central vision. Certain food ingredients can affect vision improvement. Recommended daily doses of beta carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc can reduce the risk of early to advanced progression of AMD by 25%. Lutein and Zeaxanthin (belong to the group of carotenoids, and are most abundant in green leafy vegetables) have a protective effect to some extent towards preventing macular degeneration, and that in the early phase, but they do not have a meaningful effect towards preventing it in its advanced stages. Greater fat intake in diets is connected with the increased prevalence of early and advanced AMD in many studies, while greater intake of fish meat and omega-3 fatty acids is connected with the lower rates of AMD. Consuming polyphenols (subgroup of flavonoids, mostly present in berry type fruits) which also have a high antioxidant effect can be preventive towards the emergence and progression of AMD. It is proven that Mediterranean diet has a protective role in terms of the development of advanced AMD. Proper diet rich with antioxidants, minerals, vitamins and polyphenols has a correspondingly positive effect in the prevention and delay in eye related illness’ development, especially in the case of AMD, hence during the ophthalmic examination of persons who are in the risk groups it is important to emphasize and council them on the importance of a proper diet.

Prehrambena vlakna doprinose normalizaciji probave kroz povećanje volumena i omekšavanje sadržaja stolice što smanjuje pojavu konstipacije. Prehrambene navike vezane uz unos prehrambenih vlakana variraju od dnevno preporučenog unosa prehrambenih vlakana nutritivno bogatim namirnicama do minimalnog unosa i to isključivo rafiniranim žitaricama. Cilj je bio utvrditi unos prehrambenih vlakana i učestalost stolica kod trudnica te utvrditi postoji li poveznica između ova dva parametra. Podaci su prikupljeni anonimnim upitnikom tijekom lipnja 2019. u Z.U.Intermed. Ispitivanjem su obuhvaćene trudnice u različitim fazama trudnoće, dobi 18 -45 godina. Hipoteza istraživanja je da trudnice koje redovito unose više prehrambenih vlakana imaju redovitiju stolicu te rijetko konstipaciju.

In most adult populations, cereals are a primary staple food, while in infants they present the primary choice for weaning foods. They are a major source of energy and an important contributor to starchy carbohydrate and dietary fibre intake. They also contribute substantially to the protein intake as well as vitamin B, iron, zinc, and calcium intake. Due to all these contributions, cereals and cereal-based foods are generally considered as a healthy food choice. Snack products, on the other hand, are generally considered as unhealthy, while snacking contributes with almost one-third to the total daily energy intake via “empty calories”. Cereal-based snack products (CBSP) combine advantages of cereals as a staple food and the disadvantages of snacking as a habit, and therefore can be considered health promotors as well as risk factors for certain diseases at the same time. The aim of this lecture is to present the range of CBSP benefits and risks, with the focus on overall energy and nutrient intake, nutrient insufficiencies and excesses, and cardiometabolic health.

Unhealthy eating habits among adolescents are reflected through frequent meal skipping, fad dieting, take-out meals and consumption of fast food, sweets and sweetened beverages. The aim of this study was to estimate unhealthy eating habits among students of the University of Novi Sad. Cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2018 on 4 faculties, which have at least one course on food and dietary habits and encompassed 514 participant (133 males and 381 females). More male students (7.5%) are constantly eating throughout the day compared to females (5.5%). 4.5% of males and 3.7% of females do not consume breakfast regularly. A small number of students have lunch in a bakery, a pizzeria or a fast-food restaurant. 4.5% of boys and 2.8% of girls eat fast food every day. 35% of male students and 28% of female students consume fast food almost daily or several times a week. About 5%of students do not eat fruit and vegetables at all. Altogether, obtained results indicated that unhealthy eating habits among student population is strongly represented, and the need for healthy lifestyles promotion with emphasis on the promotion of balanced nutrition is necessary.

Introduction: During the study period, inadequate nutritional habits such as skipping breakfast, inadequate consumption of fruit, vegetables and dairy products and excessive consumption of fast food may develop. Understanding undesirable dietary patterns in adolescents is one of the measures in prevention of many diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate differences in dietary habits among students in medical and nonmedical faculties at Universities in Novi Sad. Materials and methods: The research was conducted in May 2018 and included 514 students aged from 19 to 24 (133 males and 381 females) from 4 faculties (Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Faculty of Technology) whose study programs contain nutritional subjects. The original anonymous questionnaire was used. Questionnaire was purposely designed for this study and included 26 questions with the offered answers and the possibility of answering some questions. Questions were about gender, age, year, type of study, height and body mass, then questions about general eating habits and life habits. Statistical processing was done in SPSS20. Results: Results showed that 50% of students have 3 meals and only 10% have all 5 meals during the day. Students from Faculty of Technology in the large percentage (12%) constantly eat during the day in comparison with other faculties (4-5%). One half of students have breakfast every day, while a little less than 5% never has breakfast. Regarding food types, only 5% of the participants consumed vegetables and only 6% of them consumed fruit more than once a day with statistical significance between faculties (p

Consumption of energy and soft drinks, including juices and sodas, among adolescents and young adults has become a hot topic in recent decades. The aim of present study was to asses weekly frequency, reasons behind consumption and most often place of energy and soft drinks consumption among high school students. 504 students filled out the questionnaire, average age was 16.76 (14 to 20, 89.3 % male) and 62.79 % of the participants came from rural area. 97.91 % of participants as they stated, consume water and 72.79 % consume both energy and soft drinks. On the weekly basis water is consumed most frequently, few times a day (n=322), juice and sodas were consumed most often two or three times a week (n=124 ; n=127) and energy drinks were consumed less than once a week (n=142). Depending on the choice of drink reasons behind consumption varied. The most often reason for water consumption was thirst, for juices and sodas was taste and for energy drinks energy boost. For all types of drinks most often place of consumption was at home. The focus of future research should be on amount of drinks that was consumed and tools that will provide a better knowledge on healthy diet and lifestyle not only for students but for the parents as well.

People with type 2 diabetes mellitus carry the risk of anemia as a result of malnutrition associated with nutrient absorption. In patients with diabetes, anemia is often not recognized because it does not belong to the mandatory procedures for monitoring diabetes.The aim of the paper was to collect and analyze data indicating an association between lifestyle, diabetes and anemia.Diagnosed anemia ranges from 20 –30% in people with diabetes. Anemia is estimated to remain undiagnosed in 5 –10% of people. It often occurs in patients with diabetic nephropathy that results in low hemoglobin levels. The hemoglobin concentration is closely related to the diabetic profile, especially to the kidney damage. In addition, some types of medicines that can be used in the treatment of diabetes, such as metformin, may reduce cyanocobalamin utilization and iron bioavailability. In addition to metabolic syndrome, microalbuminuria and anemia can often occur. Supplementation with vitamins and iron preparations reduces the possible consequences of the disease.There are claims with diabetes not to cause anemia directly but indirectly to participate in its development. Therefore anemia testing should be performed in patients with diabetes.

Aging process involves various physical and metabolic changes that have effect on individual nutritional needs and dietary habits. Physical activity, energy and nutrient intake have an important effect on changes in elderly, and may result in malnutrition or obesity. In this study, to determine nutritional status two methods have been used: body mass index and body composition measured by bioelectric impedance. 97 elderly people has participated in this study, ages 51 to 95, in which 47 where from Residential home for elderly Đakovo and 50 of them lived in their own home. The BMI results showed that most participants were obese (60%) or overweight (26%), while body composition values indicate a high proportion of fatty tissue (41%) and low muscle mass (25%). Gender comparison of body composition values indicate that 67% of male participants have very high proportion of fatty tissue and 81% of them low muscle mass, while 46% of females have higher values in normal muscle mass and 13% of them lower in normal proportion of fatty tissue. Higher obesity rate was observed in the residential home participants (66%) with a higher proportion of fatty tissue and lower muscle mass values compared to the participants who live in their own home. Overall results show that most of the participants are overweight that can lead to chronic disease development and in addition reduce quality of life. Better education, motivation and raise of awareness in elderly and institution employees about proper nutrition and physical activity can have positive impact on nutrition status and life quality of elderly.

Jedan od vodećih javnozdravstvenih problema u svijetu su kronične nezarazne bolesti i debljina.Debljina je jedan od glavnih čimbenika razvoja ovih bolesti, stoga su sve preporuke usmjerene ka usvajanju zdravih životnih navika. Pravilna prehrana čini veliki dio tih navika. Osim preporuka za unos masti, cjelovitih žitarica i soli, naglašava se unos voća i povrća. Zbog svoje energetske vrijednosti i niskog sadržaja masti, sadržaja prehrambenih vlakana, vitamina, minerala i drugih fitokemikalija voće i povrće predstavlja idealan alat za prevenciju kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti i debljine.

Sugars comprise monosaccharides and disaccharides and highly represented among them are glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose. Preference towards sweet taste is inborn and therefore high consumption of sweet foods, and thereupon sugars as well, is not a surprise. Sugar production reaches 170 mil tons per year on a global rate and 300 000 tons per year in Croatia. Total sugar consumption in Europe is around 150 tons per year and it is a result of 29 up to 36 kg of sugar annually per capita or 80 up to 100 g of sugar per capita daily. Dietary intake of sugar is a result of consumption of foods like fruits, vegetables, honey and milk that contain it in highest amount as a natural constituent, but high amount of sugar are taken also through the consumption of processed foods with added sugars such as confectionery, soft drinks and bakery products. World Health Organization strongly recommends reducing sugar intake throughout the lifecycle to less than 10 % of total energy intake and where appropriate to reduce it below 5 % of total energy intake. Currently, sugar accounts for 9 up to 27 % of average individuals’ total energy intake. Elevated sugar intake is undesirable and associated with both obesity and various chronic noncommunicable diseases in adults while in children there is additional elevated risk of caries development and behavioural changes. The aim of this lecture is to present the most common sugar types in human diet and their dietary sources. Additionally, the lecture will provide an overview of current levels of sugar dietary intake as well as the scientific evidences of their health implications in specific populations.

Polen je supstanca veoma bogata aktivnim komponenatama iz grupe polifenola, flavonoida, karotenoida i drugih. Aktivni sastojci su često "zarobljeni" u spoljašnjem omotaču polenovog zrna koji je veoma otporan i teško se raspada. Zbog toga je neophodno pripremiti preparat koji će dati veću iskoristivost polena iz unutrašnjeg dijela zrna. Cilj rada bio je ustanoviti postojeći nivo i mogućnosti primjene polena kao prehrambenog i farmaceutskog proizvoda u različitim dodacima prehrani. Polen se nakon prikupljanja mora osušiti i pripremiti za daljnju upotrebu. Najbolje rezultate daje sušenje u vakuumu i liofilizacija. Svježi polen odgovarajuće higijense kvalitete može se direktno koristiti u nekim vrstama pripravaka kao što su kombinacije s medom. Ljekovita svojstva polena ovise i o njegovom porijeklu i stupnju monoflornosti. Monoflorni polen je moguće dobiti od suncokreta, uljane repice i kestena. U pčelarstvu je najčešće pristuan poliflorni polen. Dodaci prehrani mogu se kombinirati sa medom, propolisom, matičnom mliječi ali i različitim tinkturama ljekovitog i začinskog bilja. Formulacija dodataka prehrani treba biti sukladna postojećoj legislativi i medicinskim tvrdnjama zasnovanim na dolazima. Izuzetno je značajan način pripreme i aplikacije polena za njegovu efikasnost aktivnih principa. Ljekovito djelovanje polena bazirano je na hemiji cvjetova biljaka od koje polen potiče, te se na toj bazi postavljaju nutritivne i zdravstvene tvrdnje dodataka prehrani.

One of the continuous challenges of nutrition for decades known as "double burden of nutrition" outlines the fact of the simultaneous obesity epidemic in developed industrialized countries on one side and at the same time hunger in undeveloped countries. This distorted food distribution puts upon us the challenges of fighting hunger and chronic noncommunicable diseases caused by unbalanced nutrition at the same time. The last decade has introduced third challenge, the challenge of malnutrition. Malnutrition develops because of unbalanced diet in which nutrient is underrepresented or overrepresented in respect to total dietary intake and other nutrients. Micronutrient deficiencies extend to more than two billions of people round the Globe and it encompasses persons of various nourishment status with the highest prevalence among children and women. Almost 60 % of child deaths are in some way contributed by improper nutrition.One of the possible solutions for all dietary challenges, especially the challenge of malnutrition, is encompassed by the concept of sustainable diet. Sustainable diet reaches to solve the problems of food waste and environment pollution caused by food production and distribution chain. At the same time, it promotes consumption of traditional, seasonal, locally produced foods. The aim of the presentation is to give overview of traditional foods consumed in the region and estimations of their contribution to total dietary intake.

Studying is an important period in life that encompasses a transition from the adolescence to the adulthood. During that period improper dietary habits can be developed. The aim of this study was to estimate dietary habits among students of the University of Novi Sad. Cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2018 on 4 faculties, which have at least one course on food and dietary habits and encompassed 514 participants (133 males and 381 females). Results revealed that only 11% of the participants practices 5 meals daily and just 56 % of them consumes breakfast. Regarding the food types, only 6% of the participants consumes fruits and only 5% of them vegetables more than once a day. At the same time, 92% of the participants consumes meat few times a week and 77% of participants consumes fish at least once a week. Water consumption higher than 2 L daily was reported by only 29% of the students although 85% of the participants reported water as their first choice of drinks. Altogether, obtained results indicate unhealthy practices among studies student population and the need for healthy lifestyles promotion with emphasis on the promotion of balanced nutrition.

Dietary supplements are foodstuffs, medicinal herbs, plant or animal extracts, and concentrates containing active compounds, the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet, with the aim of gaining power and endurance, as well as muscular weight. The active compounds in them are nutrients (vitamins and minerals, fatty acids, proteins) or other substances with a physiological effect (enzymes, microorganisms, hormones). The most often used dietary supplements among athletes are fatty acids, whey proteins, fat burners, creatine, and isotonic drinks. Football players use dietary supplements as ergogenic aids, with the aim of fulfilling the elevated dietary needs and to fasten recovery. The aim of this study was to assess the dietary supplementation practices among football players. The cross- sectional study encompassed 20 active football players from Sarajevo. Data was collected using a short questionnaire, which included general characteristics of the study participant (age, height, weight, residence), information on the frequency of dietary supplement use, type of supplement and dosage, as well as the reasons for supplementation and the source of recommendation for using it. The study participants most often reported taking omega- 3-fatty acids, magnesium, whey proteins, and branched amino acids. Performance was the most frequently stated reason for supplementation. Supplementation was supervised and recommended by a nutritionist or self initiated, and practiced in the recommended dosage. In conclusion, dietary supplements can be ergogenic and enhance performance on one hand, and help with recovery on the other. Still, their usage should always be recommended and supervised by a specialist.

Fruits, vegetables and products are the most important source of vitamin C in human diet. Due to the low energy value and presence of many essential food constituents, the consumption of vegetable juices, as well as pallet of products at the market is increasing. Vitamin C encompasses the group of compounds that possess biological activity equivalent to the L-ascorbic acid, and is one of the most important antioxidant in human body. Furthermore, L-ascorbic acid is often added to food products as antioxidant food additive. Vitamin C content was determined in commercial tomato, carrot, beetroot and sour cabbage juices by high performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) with photo-diode array detector (PDA). Determined values ranged from below limit of quantification up to 36.19 mg/100 mL with lowest values in tomato juice and the highest in carrot juice. Although these values seems to be low, the consumption of only one serving of juice per day (250 mL/day) could substantially contribute to estimated average requirements while some of them contribute to daily requirements completely.

Kofein je čest sastojak suvremene prehrane. Osnovni je djelotvorni sastojak napitaka poput kave, čaja, energetskih napitaka, te u manjoj mjeri kakaa. Iako je kofein najviše proučavana supstanca stimulativnog učinka, mnoga zdravstvena pitanja o kofeinu još uvijek nemaju relativnu potvrdu. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi učestalost konzumacije kofeinskih napitaka među studentima Sveučilišta u Mostaru. Istraživanje je provedeno prema načelima presječnog. Obuhvaćeno je 146 studenata uz jednaku zastupljenost oba spola. Podaci su prikupljeni primjenom jednokratnog, anonimnog, prigodnog upitnika. Upitnik je pored općih podataka o ispitaniku i prehrambenim navikama obuhvatio i podatke o učestalosti konzumacije kofeinskih napitaka. Prikupljeni podaci izraženi su na cjelokupnu ispitivanu populaciju, a i podskupine s obzirom na spol i status uhranjenosti, te obrađeni primjenom tabličnog alata Excela. Svakodnevno kavu konzumira 57 % ispitanika, 16 % konzumira ju povremeno, a 27 % uopće ne konzumira. Najveći broj konzumenata izjasnio se da dnevno konzumira jednu do dvije kave (38 % ispitanika s istom zastupljenošću u oba spola). Svakodnevnu konzumaciju čaja prijavilo je ukupno 27 % ispitanika dok njih više od 70 % ne konzumira čaj svakodnevno (61 %) ili uopće (12 %). Analiza je također pokazala komplementarnost konzumacije ova dva napitka. S obzirom na utvrđene relativno visoke unose kave u ispitivanoj populaciji potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kako bi se utvrdilo o kojim je konkretnim proizvodima riječ, te koliki su unosi čistog kofeina.

Procjena prehrane ima značajnu ulogu i u liječenju i u prevenciji nastanka bubrežnih kamenaca. Prikladne metode procjene prehrane za ovu svrhu uključuju 24-satno prisjećanje, dnevnik prehrane te upitnik o učestalosti konzumacije hrane i pića a najprikladnijim se smatra vođenje dnevnika prehrane nekoliko dana prije te tijekom prikupljanja 24-satnog urina. Sastav urina uvelike ovisi o prehrambenom unosu a prehrambeni rizični čimbenici za razvoj kamenaca uključuju unos natrija, oksalata, animalnih proteina, unos tekućine, unos vitamina C i D, nizak prehrambeni unos Ca, uporabu dodataka prehrani te podvrgavanje visokoproteinskim redukcijskim dijetama. Pri tome visok unos proteina, natrija i kalcija, kao i visok unos oksalata pogoduju nastanku kamenaca. Povećani unos citrata i kalija imaju protektivnu ulogu. Opće prehrambene smjernice za prevenciju bubrežnih kamenaca uključuju unos vode u količini većoj od 2, 5 L/dan, dnevni unos proteina od 0, 8 do 1, 4 g/kg tjelesne mase, 800- 1200 mg/dan Ca, 2000-3000 mg/dan Na, 40-50 mg/dan oksalata, unos vitamina C sukladno preporukama. Prehrambeni pristup liječenju, neovisno o tipu kamenaca, podrazumijeva optimizaciju unosa tekućine (s ciljem izlučivanja urina u količini od 2, 5 L/dan) dok se ostali segmenti prehrambenih smjernica razlikuju ovisno o vrsti kamenaca. Cilj predavanja je dati pregled prehrambenih čimbenika koji utječu na nastanak bubrežnih kamenaca kao i prehrambenih smjernica za njihovu prevenciju i liječenje a u ovisnosti o tipu kamenaca.