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1. Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Author

Bosson, J, Jurek, P, Vandello, J, Kosakowska-Berezecka, N, Olech, M, Besta, T, Bender, M, Hoorens, V, Becker, M, Timur Sevincer, A, Best, D, Safdar, S, Wlodarczyk, A, Zawisza, M, Zadkowska, M, Abuhamdeh, S, Badu Agyemang, C, Akbas, G, Albayrak-Aydemir, N, Ammirati, S, Anderson, J, Anjum, G, Ariyanto, A, Jamir Benzon, R, Ashraf, M, Bakaityte, A, Bertolli, C, Berxulli, D, Bi, C, Block, K, Boehnke, M, Bongiorno, R, Bosak, J, Casini, A, Chen, Q, Chi, P, Cubela Adoric, V, Daalmans, S, Dandy, J, Lemus, S, Dhakal, S, Dvorianchikov, N, Egami, S, Etchezahar, E, Sofia Esteves, C, Felix, N, Froehlich, L, Garcia-Sanchez, E, Gavreliuc, A, Gavreliuc, D, Gomez, A, Guizzo, F, Graf, S, Greijdanus, H, Grigoryan, A, Grzymala-Moszczynska, J, Guerch, K, Gustafsson Senden, M, Hale, M, Hamer, H, Hirai, M, Hoang Duc, L, Hrebickova, M, Hutchings, P, Hoj Jensen, D, Jasinskaja-Lahti, I, Karabati, S, Kelmendi, K, Kengyel, G, Khachatryan, N, Ghazzawi, R, Kinahan, M, Kirby, T, Kovacs, M, Kozlowski, D, Krivoshchekov, V, Kulich, C, Kurosawa, T, Thi Lac An, N, Labarthe, J, Latu, I, Anne Lauri, M, Mankowski, E, Musbau Lawal, A, Li, J, Lindner, J, Lindqvist, A, Maitner, A, Makarova, E, Makashvili, A, Malayeri, S, Malik, S, Mancini, T, Manzi, C, Mari, S, Martiny, S, Mayer, C, Mihic, V, Milosevic Dordevic, J, Moreno-Bella, E, Moscatelli, S, Bryan Moynihan, A, Muller, D, Narhetali, E, Neto, F, Noels, K, Nyul, B, O'Connor, E, Ochoa, D, Ohno, S, Olanrewaju Adebayo, S, Osborne, R, Giuseppina Pacilli, M, Palacio, J, Patnaik, S, Pavlopoulos, V, Perez de Leon, P, Piterova, I, Barreiros Porto, J, Puzio, A, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J, Renteria Perez, E, Renstrom, E, Rousseaux, T, Ryan, M, Sainz, M, Salvati, M, Samekin, A, Schindler, S, Seydi, M, Shepherd, D, Sherbaji, S, Schmader, T, Simao, C, Sobhie, R, Souza, L, Sarter, E, Sulejmanovic, D, Sullivan, K, Tatsumi, M, Tavitian-Elmadjian, L, Jain Thakur, S, Thi Mong Chi, Q, Torre, B, Torres, A, Torres, C, Turkoglu, B, Ungaretti, J, Valshtein, T, Van Laar, C, van der Noll, J, Vasiutynskyi, V, Vauclair, C, Venalainen, S, Vohra, N, Walentynowicz, M, Ward, C, Yang, Y, Yzerbyt, V, Zanello, V, Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, A, Zukauskiene, R, Bosson J. K., Jurek P., Vandello J. A., Kosakowska-Berezecka N., Olech M., Besta T., Bender M., Hoorens V., Becker M., Timur Sevincer A., Best D. L., Safdar S., Wlodarczyk A., Zawisza M., Zadkowska M., Abuhamdeh S., Badu Agyemang C., Akbas G., Albayrak-Aydemir N., Ammirati S., Anderson J., Anjum G., Ariyanto A., Jamir Benzon R. Aruta J., Ashraf M., Bakaityte A., Bertolli C., Berxulli D., Bi C., Block K., Boehnke M., Bongiorno R., Bosak J., Casini A., Chen Q., Chi P., Cubela Adoric V., Daalmans S., Dandy J., Lemus S. D., Dhakal S., Dvorianchikov N., Egami S., Etchezahar E., Sofia Esteves C., Felix N., Froehlich L., Garcia-Sanchez E., Gavreliuc A., Gavreliuc D., Gomez A., Guizzo F., Graf S., Greijdanus H., Grigoryan A., Grzymala-Moszczynska J., Guerch K., Gustafsson Senden M., Hale M. -L., Hamer H., Hirai M., Hoang Duc L., Hrebickova M., Hutchings P. B., Hoj Jensen D., Jasinskaja-Lahti I., Karabati S., Kelmendi K., Kengyel G., Khachatryan N., Ghazzawi R., Kinahan M., Kirby T. A., Kovacs M., Kozlowski D., Krivoshchekov V., Kulich C., Kurosawa T., Thi Lac An N., Labarthe J., Latu I., Anne Lauri M., Mankowski E., Musbau Lawal A., Li J., Lindner J., Lindqvist A., Maitner A. T., Makarova E., Makashvili A., Malayeri S., Malik S., Mancini T., Manzi C., Mari S., Martiny S. E., Mayer C. -H., Mihic V., Milosevic Dordevic J., Moreno-Bella E., Moscatelli S., Bryan Moynihan A., Muller D., Narhetali E., Neto F., Noels K. A., Nyul B., O'Connor E. C., Ochoa D. P., Ohno S., Olanrewaju Adebayo S., Osborne R., Giuseppina Pacilli M., Palacio J., Patnaik S., Pavlopoulos V., Perez de Leon P., Piterova I., Barreiros Porto J., Puzio A., Pyrkosz-Pacyna J., Renteria Perez E., Renstrom E., Rousseaux T., Ryan M. K., Sainz M., Salvati M., Samekin A., Schindler S., Seydi M., Shepherd D., Sherbaji S., Schmader T., Simao C., Sobhie R., Souza L. D., Sarter E., Sulejmanovic D., Sullivan K. E., Tatsumi M., Tavitian-Elmadjian L., Jain Thakur S., Thi Mong Chi Q., Torre B., Torres A., Torres C. V., Turkoglu B., Ungaretti J., Valshtein T., Van Laar C., van der Noll J., Vasiutynskyi V., Vauclair C. -M., Venalainen S., Vohra N., Walentynowicz M., Ward C., Yang Y., Yzerbyt V., Zanello V., Ludmila Zapata-Calvente A., Zukauskiene R., Bosson, J, Jurek, P, Vandello, J, Kosakowska-Berezecka, N, Olech, M, Besta, T, Bender, M, Hoorens, V, Becker, M, Timur Sevincer, A, Best, D, Safdar, S, Wlodarczyk, A, Zawisza, M, Zadkowska, M, Abuhamdeh, S, Badu Agyemang, C, Akbas, G, Albayrak-Aydemir, N, Ammirati, S, Anderson, J, Anjum, G, Ariyanto, A, Jamir Benzon, R, Ashraf, M, Bakaityte, A, Bertolli, C, Berxulli, D, Bi, C, Block, K, Boehnke, M, Bongiorno, R, Bosak, J, Casini, A, Chen, Q, Chi, P, Cubela Adoric, V, Daalmans, S, Dandy, J, Lemus, S, Dhakal, S, Dvorianchikov, N, Egami, S, Etchezahar, E, Sofia Esteves, C, Felix, N, Froehlich, L, Garcia-Sanchez, E, Gavreliuc, A, Gavreliuc, D, Gomez, A, Guizzo, F, Graf, S, Greijdanus, H, Grigoryan, A, Grzymala-Moszczynska, J, Guerch, K, Gustafsson Senden, M, Hale, M, Hamer, H, Hirai, M, Hoang Duc, L, Hrebickova, M, Hutchings, P, Hoj Jensen, D, Jasinskaja-Lahti, I, Karabati, S, Kelmendi, K, Kengyel, G, Khachatryan, N, Ghazzawi, R, Kinahan, M, Kirby, T, Kovacs, M, Kozlowski, D, Krivoshchekov, V, Kulich, C, Kurosawa, T, Thi Lac An, N, Labarthe, J, Latu, I, Anne Lauri, M, Mankowski, E, Musbau Lawal, A, Li, J, Lindner, J, Lindqvist, A, Maitner, A, Makarova, E, Makashvili, A, Malayeri, S, Malik, S, Mancini, T, Manzi, C, Mari, S, Martiny, S, Mayer, C, Mihic, V, Milosevic Dordevic, J, Moreno-Bella, E, Moscatelli, S, Bryan Moynihan, A, Muller, D, Narhetali, E, Neto, F, Noels, K, Nyul, B, O'Connor, E, Ochoa, D, Ohno, S, Olanrewaju Adebayo, S, Osborne, R, Giuseppina Pacilli, M, Palacio, J, Patnaik, S, Pavlopoulos, V, Perez de Leon, P, Piterova, I, Barreiros Porto, J, Puzio, A, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J, Renteria Perez, E, Renstrom, E, Rousseaux, T, Ryan, M, Sainz, M, Salvati, M, Samekin, A, Schindler, S, Seydi, M, Shepherd, D, Sherbaji, S, Schmader, T, Simao, C, Sobhie, R, Souza, L, Sarter, E, Sulejmanovic, D, Sullivan, K, Tatsumi, M, Tavitian-Elmadjian, L, Jain Thakur, S, Thi Mong Chi, Q, Torre, B, Torres, A, Torres, C, Turkoglu, B, Ungaretti, J, Valshtein, T, Van Laar, C, van der Noll, J, Vasiutynskyi, V, Vauclair, C, Venalainen, S, Vohra, N, Walentynowicz, M, Ward, C, Yang, Y, Yzerbyt, V, Zanello, V, Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, A, Zukauskiene, R, Bosson J. K., Jurek P., Vandello J. A., Kosakowska-Berezecka N., Olech M., Besta T., Bender M., Hoorens V., Becker M., Timur Sevincer A., Best D. L., Safdar S., Wlodarczyk A., Zawisza M., Zadkowska M., Abuhamdeh S., Badu Agyemang C., Akbas G., Albayrak-Aydemir N., Ammirati S., Anderson J., Anjum G., Ariyanto A., Jamir Benzon R. Aruta J., Ashraf M., Bakaityte A., Bertolli C., Berxulli D., Bi C., Block K., Boehnke M., Bongiorno R., Bosak J., Casini A., Chen Q., Chi P., Cubela Adoric V., Daalmans S., Dandy J., Lemus S. D., Dhakal S., Dvorianchikov N., Egami S., Etchezahar E., Sofia Esteves C., Felix N., Froehlich L., Garcia-Sanchez E., Gavreliuc A., Gavreliuc D., Gomez A., Guizzo F., Graf S., Greijdanus H., Grigoryan A., Grzymala-Moszczynska J., Guerch K., Gustafsson Senden M., Hale M. -L., Hamer H., Hirai M., Hoang Duc L., Hrebickova M., Hutchings P. B., Hoj Jensen D., Jasinskaja-Lahti I., Karabati S., Kelmendi K., Kengyel G., Khachatryan N., Ghazzawi R., Kinahan M., Kirby T. A., Kovacs M., Kozlowski D., Krivoshchekov V., Kulich C., Kurosawa T., Thi Lac An N., Labarthe J., Latu I., Anne Lauri M., Mankowski E., Musbau Lawal A., Li J., Lindner J., Lindqvist A., Maitner A. T., Makarova E., Makashvili A., Malayeri S., Malik S., Mancini T., Manzi C., Mari S., Martiny S. E., Mayer C. -H., Mihic V., Milosevic Dordevic J., Moreno-Bella E., Moscatelli S., Bryan Moynihan A., Muller D., Narhetali E., Neto F., Noels K. A., Nyul B., O'Connor E. C., Ochoa D. P., Ohno S., Olanrewaju Adebayo S., Osborne R., Giuseppina Pacilli M., Palacio J., Patnaik S., Pavlopoulos V., Perez de Leon P., Piterova I., Barreiros Porto J., Puzio A., Pyrkosz-Pacyna J., Renteria Perez E., Renstrom E., Rousseaux T., Ryan M. K., Sainz M., Salvati M., Samekin A., Schindler S., Seydi M., Shepherd D., Sherbaji S., Schmader T., Simao C., Sobhie R., Souza L. D., Sarter E., Sulejmanovic D., Sullivan K. E., Tatsumi M., Tavitian-Elmadjian L., Jain Thakur S., Thi Mong Chi Q., Torre B., Torres A., Torres C. V., Turkoglu B., Ungaretti J., Valshtein T., Van Laar C., van der Noll J., Vasiutynskyi V., Vauclair C. -M., Venalainen S., Vohra N., Walentynowicz M., Ward C., Yang Y., Yzerbyt V., Zanello V., Ludmila Zapata-Calvente A., and Zukauskiene R.

Abstract

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role.

Published
2021

2. Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models

Author

Kosakowska-Berezecka, N, Bosson, J, Jurek, P, Besta, T, Olech, M, Vandello, J, Bender, M, Dandy, J, Hoorens, V, Jasinskaja-Lahti, I, Mankowski, E, Venäläinen, S, Abuhamdeh, S, Agyemang, C, Akbaş, G, Albayrak-Aydemir, N, Ammirati, S, Anderson, J, Anjum, G, Ariyanto, A, Aruta, J, Ashraf, M, Bakaitytė, A, Becker, M, Bertolli, C, Bërxulli, D, Best, D, Bi, C, Block, K, Boehnke, M, Bongiorno, R, Bosak, J, Casini, A, Chen, Q, Chi, P, Cubela Adoric, V, Daalmans, S, de Lemus, S, Dhakal, S, Dvorianchikov, N, Egami, S, Etchezahar, E, Esteves, C, Froehlich, L, Garcia-Sanchez, E, Gavreliuc, A, Gavreliuc, D, Gomez, Á, Guizzo, F, Graf, S, Greijdanus, H, Grigoryan, A, Grzymała-Moszczyńska, J, Guerch, K, Gustafsson Sendén, M, Hale, M, Hämer, H, Hirai, M, Hoang Duc, L, Hřebíčková, M, Hutchings, P, Jensen, D, Karabati, S, Kelmendi, K, Kengyel, G, Khachatryan, N, Ghazzawi, R, Kinahan, M, Kirby, T, Kovacs, M, Kozlowski, D, Krivoshchekov, V, Kryś, K, Kulich, C, Kurosawa, T, Lac An, N, Labarthe-Carrara, J, Lauri, M, Latu, I, Lawal, A, Li, J, Lindner, J, Lindqvist, A, Maitner, A, Makarova, E, Makashvili, A, Malayeri, S, Malik, S, Mancini, T, Manzi, C, Mari, S, Martiny, S, Mayer, C, Mihić, V, Miloševićđorđević, J, Moreno-Bella, E, Moscatelli, S, Moynihan, A, Muller, D, Narhetali, E, Neto, F, Noels, K, Nyúl, B, O’Connor, E, Ochoa, D, Ohno, S, Olanrewaju Adebayo, S, Osborne, R, Pacilli, M, Palacio, J, Patnaik, S, Pavlopoulos, V, de León, P, Piterová, I, Porto, J, Puzio, A, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J, Rentería Pérez, E, Renström, E, Rousseaux, T, Ryan, M, Safdar, S, Sainz, M, Salvati, M, Samekin, A, Schindler, S, Sevincer, A, Seydi, M, Shepherd, D, Sherbaji, S, Schmader, T, Simão, C, Sobhie, R, Sobiecki, J, De Souza, L, Sarter, E, Sulejmanović, D, Sullivan, K, Tatsumi, M, Tavitian-Elmadjian, L, Thakur, S, Thi Mong Chi, Q, Torre, B, Torres, A, Torres, C, Türkoğlu, B, Ungaretti, J, Valshtein, T, Van Laar, C, van der Noll, J, Vasiutynskyi, V, Vauclair, C, Vohra, N, Walentynowicz, M, Ward, C, Włodarczyk, A, Yang, Y, Yzerbyt, V, Zanello, V, Zapata-Calvente, A, Zawisza, M, Žukauskienė, R, Żadkowska, M, Kosakowska-Berezecka, Natasza, Bosson, Jennifer K., Jurek, Paweł, Besta, Tomasz, Olech, Michał, Vandello, Joseph A., Bender, Michael, Dandy, Justine, Hoorens, Vera, Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga, Mankowski, Eric, Venäläinen, Satu, Abuhamdeh, Sami, Agyemang, Collins Badu, Akbaş, Gülçin, Albayrak-Aydemir, Nihan, Ammirati, Soline, Anderson, Joel, Anjum, Gulnaz, Ariyanto, Amarina, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon R., Ashraf, Mujeeba, Bakaitytė, Aistė, Becker, Maja, Bertolli, Chiara, Bërxulli, Dashamir, Best, Deborah L., Bi, Chongzeng, Block, Katharina, Boehnke, Mandy, Bongiorno, Renata, Bosak, Janine, Casini, Annalisa, Chen, Qingwei, Chi, Peilian, Cubela Adoric, Vera, Daalmans, Serena, de Lemus, Soledad, Dhakal, Sandesh, Dvorianchikov, Nikolay, Egami, Sonoko, Etchezahar, Edgardo, Esteves, Carla Sofia, Froehlich, Laura, Garcia-Sanchez, Efrain, Gavreliuc, Alin, Gavreliuc, Dana, Gomez, Ángel, Guizzo, Francesca, Graf, Sylvie, Greijdanus, Hedy, Grigoryan, Ani, Grzymała-Moszczyńska, Joanna, Guerch, Keltouma, Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, Hale, Miriam-Linnea, Hämer, Hannah, Hirai, Mika, Hoang Duc, Lam, Hřebíčková, Martina, Hutchings, Paul B., Jensen, Dorthe Høj, Karabati, Serdar, Kelmendi, Kaltrina, Kengyel, Gabriella, Khachatryan, Narine, Ghazzawi, Rawan, Kinahan, Mary, Kirby, Teri A., Kovacs, Monika, Kozlowski, Desiree, Krivoshchekov, Vladislav, Kryś, Kuba, Kulich, Clara, Kurosawa, Tai, Lac An, Nhan Thi, Labarthe-Carrara, Javier, Lauri, Mary Anne, Latu, Ioana, Lawal, Abiodun Musbau, Li, Junyi, Lindner, Jana, Lindqvist, Anna, Maitner, Angela T., Makarova, Elena, Makashvili, Ana, Malayeri, Shera, Malik, Sadia, Mancini, Tiziana, Manzi, Claudia, Mari, Silvia, Martiny, Sarah E., Mayer, Claude-Hélène, Mihić, Vladimir, MiloševićĐorđević, Jasna, Moreno-Bella, Eva, Moscatelli, Silvia, Moynihan, Andrew Bryan, Muller, Dominique, Narhetali, Erita, Neto, Félix, Noels, Kimberly A., Nyúl, Boglárka, O’Connor, Emma C., Ochoa, Danielle P., Ohno, Sachiko, Olanrewaju Adebayo, Sulaiman, Osborne, Randall, Pacilli, Maria Giuseppina, Palacio, Jorge, Patnaik, Snigdha, Pavlopoulos, Vassilis, de León, Pablo Pérez, Piterová, Ivana, Porto, Juliana Barreiros, Puzio, Angelica, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Joanna, Rentería Pérez, Erico, Renström, Emma, Rousseaux, Tiphaine, Ryan, Michelle K., Safdar, Saba, Sainz, Mario, Salvati, Marco, Samekin, Adil, Schindler, Simon, Sevincer, A. Timur, Seydi, Masoumeh, Shepherd, Debra, Sherbaji, Sara, Schmader, Toni, Simão, Cláudia, Sobhie, Rosita, Sobiecki, Jurand, De Souza, Lucille, Sarter, Emma, Sulejmanović, Dijana, Sullivan, Katie E., Tatsumi, Mariko, Tavitian-Elmadjian, Lucy, Thakur, Suparna Jain, Thi Mong Chi, Quang, Torre, Beatriz, Torres, Ana, Torres, Claudio V., Türkoğlu, Beril, Ungaretti, Joaquín, Valshtein, Timothy, Van Laar, Colette, van der Noll, Jolanda, Vasiutynskyi, Vadym, Vauclair, Christin-Melanie, Vohra, Neharika, Walentynowicz, Marta, Ward, Colleen, Włodarczyk, Anna, Yang, Yaping, Yzerbyt, Vincent, Zanello, Valeska, Zapata-Calvente, Antonella Ludmila, Zawisza, Magdalena, Žukauskienė, Rita, Żadkowska, Magdalena, Kosakowska-Berezecka, N, Bosson, J, Jurek, P, Besta, T, Olech, M, Vandello, J, Bender, M, Dandy, J, Hoorens, V, Jasinskaja-Lahti, I, Mankowski, E, Venäläinen, S, Abuhamdeh, S, Agyemang, C, Akbaş, G, Albayrak-Aydemir, N, Ammirati, S, Anderson, J, Anjum, G, Ariyanto, A, Aruta, J, Ashraf, M, Bakaitytė, A, Becker, M, Bertolli, C, Bërxulli, D, Best, D, Bi, C, Block, K, Boehnke, M, Bongiorno, R, Bosak, J, Casini, A, Chen, Q, Chi, P, Cubela Adoric, V, Daalmans, S, de Lemus, S, Dhakal, S, Dvorianchikov, N, Egami, S, Etchezahar, E, Esteves, C, Froehlich, L, Garcia-Sanchez, E, Gavreliuc, A, Gavreliuc, D, Gomez, Á, Guizzo, F, Graf, S, Greijdanus, H, Grigoryan, A, Grzymała-Moszczyńska, J, Guerch, K, Gustafsson Sendén, M, Hale, M, Hämer, H, Hirai, M, Hoang Duc, L, Hřebíčková, M, Hutchings, P, Jensen, D, Karabati, S, Kelmendi, K, Kengyel, G, Khachatryan, N, Ghazzawi, R, Kinahan, M, Kirby, T, Kovacs, M, Kozlowski, D, Krivoshchekov, V, Kryś, K, Kulich, C, Kurosawa, T, Lac An, N, Labarthe-Carrara, J, Lauri, M, Latu, I, Lawal, A, Li, J, Lindner, J, Lindqvist, A, Maitner, A, Makarova, E, Makashvili, A, Malayeri, S, Malik, S, Mancini, T, Manzi, C, Mari, S, Martiny, S, Mayer, C, Mihić, V, Miloševićđorđević, J, Moreno-Bella, E, Moscatelli, S, Moynihan, A, Muller, D, Narhetali, E, Neto, F, Noels, K, Nyúl, B, O’Connor, E, Ochoa, D, Ohno, S, Olanrewaju Adebayo, S, Osborne, R, Pacilli, M, Palacio, J, Patnaik, S, Pavlopoulos, V, de León, P, Piterová, I, Porto, J, Puzio, A, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J, Rentería Pérez, E, Renström, E, Rousseaux, T, Ryan, M, Safdar, S, Sainz, M, Salvati, M, Samekin, A, Schindler, S, Sevincer, A, Seydi, M, Shepherd, D, Sherbaji, S, Schmader, T, Simão, C, Sobhie, R, Sobiecki, J, De Souza, L, Sarter, E, Sulejmanović, D, Sullivan, K, Tatsumi, M, Tavitian-Elmadjian, L, Thakur, S, Thi Mong Chi, Q, Torre, B, Torres, A, Torres, C, Türkoğlu, B, Ungaretti, J, Valshtein, T, Van Laar, C, van der Noll, J, Vasiutynskyi, V, Vauclair, C, Vohra, N, Walentynowicz, M, Ward, C, Włodarczyk, A, Yang, Y, Yzerbyt, V, Zanello, V, Zapata-Calvente, A, Zawisza, M, Žukauskienė, R, Żadkowska, M, Kosakowska-Berezecka, Natasza, Bosson, Jennifer K., Jurek, Paweł, Besta, Tomasz, Olech, Michał, Vandello, Joseph A., Bender, Michael, Dandy, Justine, Hoorens, Vera, Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga, Mankowski, Eric, Venäläinen, Satu, Abuhamdeh, Sami, Agyemang, Collins Badu, Akbaş, Gülçin, Albayrak-Aydemir, Nihan, Ammirati, Soline, Anderson, Joel, Anjum, Gulnaz, Ariyanto, Amarina, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon R., Ashraf, Mujeeba, Bakaitytė, Aistė, Becker, Maja, Bertolli, Chiara, Bërxulli, Dashamir, Best, Deborah L., Bi, Chongzeng, Block, Katharina, Boehnke, Mandy, Bongiorno, Renata, Bosak, Janine, Casini, Annalisa, Chen, Qingwei, Chi, Peilian, Cubela Adoric, Vera, Daalmans, Serena, de Lemus, Soledad, Dhakal, Sandesh, Dvorianchikov, Nikolay, Egami, Sonoko, Etchezahar, Edgardo, Esteves, Carla Sofia, Froehlich, Laura, Garcia-Sanchez, Efrain, Gavreliuc, Alin, Gavreliuc, Dana, Gomez, Ángel, Guizzo, Francesca, Graf, Sylvie, Greijdanus, Hedy, Grigoryan, Ani, Grzymała-Moszczyńska, Joanna, Guerch, Keltouma, Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, Hale, Miriam-Linnea, Hämer, Hannah, Hirai, Mika, Hoang Duc, Lam, Hřebíčková, Martina, Hutchings, Paul B., Jensen, Dorthe Høj, Karabati, Serdar, Kelmendi, Kaltrina, Kengyel, Gabriella, Khachatryan, Narine, Ghazzawi, Rawan, Kinahan, Mary, Kirby, Teri A., Kovacs, Monika, Kozlowski, Desiree, Krivoshchekov, Vladislav, Kryś, Kuba, Kulich, Clara, Kurosawa, Tai, Lac An, Nhan Thi, Labarthe-Carrara, Javier, Lauri, Mary Anne, Latu, Ioana, Lawal, Abiodun Musbau, Li, Junyi, Lindner, Jana, Lindqvist, Anna, Maitner, Angela T., Makarova, Elena, Makashvili, Ana, Malayeri, Shera, Malik, Sadia, Mancini, Tiziana, Manzi, Claudia, Mari, Silvia, Martiny, Sarah E., Mayer, Claude-Hélène, Mihić, Vladimir, MiloševićĐorđević, Jasna, Moreno-Bella, Eva, Moscatelli, Silvia, Moynihan, Andrew Bryan, Muller, Dominique, Narhetali, Erita, Neto, Félix, Noels, Kimberly A., Nyúl, Boglárka, O’Connor, Emma C., Ochoa, Danielle P., Ohno, Sachiko, Olanrewaju Adebayo, Sulaiman, Osborne, Randall, Pacilli, Maria Giuseppina, Palacio, Jorge, Patnaik, Snigdha, Pavlopoulos, Vassilis, de León, Pablo Pérez, Piterová, Ivana, Porto, Juliana Barreiros, Puzio, Angelica, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Joanna, Rentería Pérez, Erico, Renström, Emma, Rousseaux, Tiphaine, Ryan, Michelle K., Safdar, Saba, Sainz, Mario, Salvati, Marco, Samekin, Adil, Schindler, Simon, Sevincer, A. Timur, Seydi, Masoumeh, Shepherd, Debra, Sherbaji, Sara, Schmader, Toni, Simão, Cláudia, Sobhie, Rosita, Sobiecki, Jurand, De Souza, Lucille, Sarter, Emma, Sulejmanović, Dijana, Sullivan, Katie E., Tatsumi, Mariko, Tavitian-Elmadjian, Lucy, Thakur, Suparna Jain, Thi Mong Chi, Quang, Torre, Beatriz, Torres, Ana, Torres, Claudio V., Türkoğlu, Beril, Ungaretti, Joaquín, Valshtein, Timothy, Van Laar, Colette, van der Noll, Jolanda, Vasiutynskyi, Vadym, Vauclair, Christin-Melanie, Vohra, Neharika, Walentynowicz, Marta, Ward, Colleen, Włodarczyk, Anna, Yang, Yaping, Yzerbyt, Vincent, Zanello, Valeska, Zapata-Calvente, Antonella Ludmila, Zawisza, Magdalena, Žukauskienė, Rita, and Żadkowska, Magdalena

Abstract

Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countries. Using data from 62 countries (N = 28,640), we examine binary gender gaps in agentic and communal self-views as a function of country-level objective gender equality (the Global Gender Gap Index) and subjective distributions of social power (the Power Distance Index). Findings show that in more egalitarian countries, gender gaps in agency are smaller and gender gaps in communality are larger. These patterns are driven primarily by cross-country differences in men’s self-views and by the Power Distance Index (PDI) more robustly than the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We consider possible causes and implications of these findings.

Published
2022

3. Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Author

Bosson, J.K. Jurek, P. Vandello, J.A. Kosakowska-Berezecka, N. Olech, M. Besta, T. Bender, M. Hoorens, V. Becker, M. Timur Sevincer, A. Best, D.L. Safdar, S. Włodarczyk, A. Zawisza, M. Żadkowska, M. Abuhamdeh, S. Badu Agyemang, C. Akbaş, G. Albayrak-Aydemir, N. Ammirati, S. Anderson, J. Anjum, G. Ariyanto, A. Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, J. Ashraf, M. Bakaitytė, A. Bertolli, C. Bërxulli, D. Bi, C. Block, K. Boehnke, M. Bongiorno, R. Bosak, J. Casini, A. Chen, Q. Chi, P. Cubela Adoric, V. Daalmans, S. Dandy, J. Lemus, S.D. Dhakal, S. Dvorianchikov, N. Egami, S. Etchezahar, E. Sofia Esteves, C. Felix, N. Froehlich, L. Garcia-Sanchez, E. Gavreliuc, A. Gavreliuc, D. Gomez, Á. Guizzo, F. Graf, S. Greijdanus, H. Grigoryan, A. Grzymała-Moszczyńska, J. Guerch, K. Gustafsson Sendén, M. Hale, M.-L. Hämer, H. Hirai, M. Hoang Duc, L. Hřebíčková, M. Hutchings, P.B. Høj Jensen, D. Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. Karabati, S. Kelmendi, K. Kengyel, G. Khachatryan, N. Ghazzawi, R. Kinahan, M. Kirby, T.A. Kovács, M. Kozlowski, D. Krivoshchekov, V. Kulich, C. Kurosawa, T. Thi Lac An, N. Labarthe, J. Latu, I. Anne Lauri, M. Mankowski, E. Musbau Lawal, A. Li, J. Lindner, J. Lindqvist, A. Maitner, A.T. Makarova, E. Makashvili, A. Malayeri, S. Malik, S. Mancini, T. Manzi, C. Mari, S. Martiny, S.E. Mayer, C.-H. Mihić, V. Milošević Đorđević, J. Moreno-Bella, E. Moscatelli, S. Bryan Moynihan, A. Muller, D. Narhetali, E. Neto, F. Noels, K.A. Nyúl, B. O’Connor, E.C. Ochoa, D.P. Ohno, S. Olanrewaju Adebayo, S. Osborne, R. Giuseppina Pacilli, M. Palacio, J. Patnaik, S. Pavlopoulos, V. Pérez de León, P. Piterová, I. Barreiros Porto, J. Puzio, A. Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J. Rentería Pérez, E. Renström, E. Rousseaux, T. Ryan, M.K. Sainz, M. Salvati, M. Samekin, A. Schindler, S. Seydi, M. Shepherd, D. Sherbaji, S. Schmader, T. Simão, C. Sobhie, R. Souza, L.D. Sarter, E. Sulejmanović, D. Sullivan, K.E. Tatsumi, M. Tavitian-Elmadjian, L. Jain Thakur, S. Thi Mong Chi, Q. Torre, B. Torres, A. Torres, C.V. Türkoğlu, B. Ungaretti, J. Valshtein, T. Van Laar, C. van der Noll, J. Vasiutynskyi, V. Vauclair, C.-M. Venäläinen, S. Vohra, N. Walentynowicz, M. Ward, C. Yang, Y. Yzerbyt, V. Zanello, V. Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, A. Žukauskienė, R.

Abstract

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role. © The Author(s) 2021.

Published
2021

4. Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Author

Bosson, J. K., Jurek, P., Vandello, J. A., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Olech, M., Besta, T., Bender, M., Hoorens, V., Becker, M., Timur Sevincer, A., Best, D. L., Safdar, S., Wlodarczyk, A., Zawisza, M., Zadkowska, M., Abuhamdeh, S., Badu Agyemang, C., Akbas, G., Albayrak-Aydemir, N., Ammirati, S., Anderson, J., Anjum, G., Ariyanto, A., Jamir Benzon, R. Aruta J., Ashraf, M., Bakaityte, A., Bertolli, C., Berxulli, D., Bi, C., Block, K., Boehnke, M., Bongiorno, R., Bosak, J., Casini, A., Chen, Q., Chi, P., Cubela Adoric, V., Daalmans, S., Dandy, J., Lemus, S. D., Dhakal, S., Dvorianchikov, N., Egami, S., Etchezahar, E., Sofia Esteves, C., Felix, N., Froehlich, L., Garcia-Sanchez, E., Gavreliuc, A., Gavreliuc, D., Gomez, A., Guizzo, F., Graf, S., Greijdanus, H., Grigoryan, A., Grzymala-Moszczynska, J., Guerch, K., Gustafsson Senden, M., Hale, M. -L., Hamer, H., Hirai, M., Hoang Duc, L., Hrebickova, M., Hutchings, P. B., Hoj Jensen, D., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Karabati, S., Kelmendi, K., Kengyel, G., Khachatryan, N., Ghazzawi, R., Kinahan, M., Kirby, T. A., Kovacs, M., Kozlowski, D., Krivoshchekov, V., Kulich, C., Kurosawa, T., Thi Lac An, N., Labarthe, J., Latu, I., Anne Lauri, M., Mankowski, E., Musbau Lawal, A., Li, J., Lindner, J., Lindqvist, A., Maitner, A. T., Makarova, E., Makashvili, A., Malayeri, S., Malik, S., Mancini, T., Manzi, Claudia, Mari, S., Martiny, S. E., Mayer, C. -H., Mihic, V., Milosevic Dordevic, J., Moreno-Bella, E., Moscatelli, S., Bryan Moynihan, A., Muller, D., Narhetali, E., Neto, F., Noels, K. A., Nyul, B., O'Connor, E. C., Ochoa, D. P., Ohno, S., Olanrewaju Adebayo, S., Osborne, R., Giuseppina Pacilli, M., Palacio, J., Patnaik, S., Pavlopoulos, V., Perez de Leon, P., Piterova, I., Barreiros Porto, J., Puzio, A., Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J., Renteria Perez, E., Renstrom, E., Rousseaux, T., Ryan, M. K., Sainz, M., Salvati, M., Samekin, A., Schindler, S., Seydi, M., Shepherd, D., Sherbaji, S., Schmader, T., Simao, C., Sobhie, R., Souza, L. D., Sarter, E., Sulejmanovic, D., Sullivan, K. E., Tatsumi, M., Tavitian-Elmadjian, L., Jain Thakur, S., Thi Mong Chi, Q., Torre, B., Torres, A., Torres, C. V., Turkoglu, B., Ungaretti, J., Valshtein, T., Van Laar, C., van der Noll, J., Vasiutynskyi, V., Vauclair, C. -M., Venalainen, S., Vohra, N., Walentynowicz, M., Ward, C., Yang, Y., Yzerbyt, V., Zanello, V., Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, A., Zukauskiene, R., Manzi C. (ORCID:0000-0002-0742-731X), Bosson, J. K., Jurek, P., Vandello, J. A., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Olech, M., Besta, T., Bender, M., Hoorens, V., Becker, M., Timur Sevincer, A., Best, D. L., Safdar, S., Wlodarczyk, A., Zawisza, M., Zadkowska, M., Abuhamdeh, S., Badu Agyemang, C., Akbas, G., Albayrak-Aydemir, N., Ammirati, S., Anderson, J., Anjum, G., Ariyanto, A., Jamir Benzon, R. Aruta J., Ashraf, M., Bakaityte, A., Bertolli, C., Berxulli, D., Bi, C., Block, K., Boehnke, M., Bongiorno, R., Bosak, J., Casini, A., Chen, Q., Chi, P., Cubela Adoric, V., Daalmans, S., Dandy, J., Lemus, S. D., Dhakal, S., Dvorianchikov, N., Egami, S., Etchezahar, E., Sofia Esteves, C., Felix, N., Froehlich, L., Garcia-Sanchez, E., Gavreliuc, A., Gavreliuc, D., Gomez, A., Guizzo, F., Graf, S., Greijdanus, H., Grigoryan, A., Grzymala-Moszczynska, J., Guerch, K., Gustafsson Senden, M., Hale, M. -L., Hamer, H., Hirai, M., Hoang Duc, L., Hrebickova, M., Hutchings, P. B., Hoj Jensen, D., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Karabati, S., Kelmendi, K., Kengyel, G., Khachatryan, N., Ghazzawi, R., Kinahan, M., Kirby, T. A., Kovacs, M., Kozlowski, D., Krivoshchekov, V., Kulich, C., Kurosawa, T., Thi Lac An, N., Labarthe, J., Latu, I., Anne Lauri, M., Mankowski, E., Musbau Lawal, A., Li, J., Lindner, J., Lindqvist, A., Maitner, A. T., Makarova, E., Makashvili, A., Malayeri, S., Malik, S., Mancini, T., Manzi, Claudia, Mari, S., Martiny, S. E., Mayer, C. -H., Mihic, V., Milosevic Dordevic, J., Moreno-Bella, E., Moscatelli, S., Bryan Moynihan, A., Muller, D., Narhetali, E., Neto, F., Noels, K. A., Nyul, B., O'Connor, E. C., Ochoa, D. P., Ohno, S., Olanrewaju Adebayo, S., Osborne, R., Giuseppina Pacilli, M., Palacio, J., Patnaik, S., Pavlopoulos, V., Perez de Leon, P., Piterova, I., Barreiros Porto, J., Puzio, A., Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J., Renteria Perez, E., Renstrom, E., Rousseaux, T., Ryan, M. K., Sainz, M., Salvati, M., Samekin, A., Schindler, S., Seydi, M., Shepherd, D., Sherbaji, S., Schmader, T., Simao, C., Sobhie, R., Souza, L. D., Sarter, E., Sulejmanovic, D., Sullivan, K. E., Tatsumi, M., Tavitian-Elmadjian, L., Jain Thakur, S., Thi Mong Chi, Q., Torre, B., Torres, A., Torres, C. V., Turkoglu, B., Ungaretti, J., Valshtein, T., Van Laar, C., van der Noll, J., Vasiutynskyi, V., Vauclair, C. -M., Venalainen, S., Vohra, N., Walentynowicz, M., Ward, C., Yang, Y., Yzerbyt, V., Zanello, V., Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, A., Zukauskiene, R., and Manzi C. (ORCID:0000-0002-0742-731X)

Abstract

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role.

Published
2021

5. Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Author

John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Dashamir Bërxulli, Tomasz Besta, Soline Ammirati, Ana Makashvili, Sandesh Dhakal, Mandy Boehnke, Emma C. O’Connor, Jennifer K. Bosson, Hedy Greijdanus, Janine Bosak, Serdar Karabati, Monika Kovacs, Emma A. Renström, Martina Hřebíčková, Neharika Vohra, Valeska Zanello, Ani Grigoryan, Vincent Yzerbyt, Marco Salvati, Eric S. Mankowski, Jorge Palacio, Joaquín Ungaretti, Collins Badu Agyemang, Vassilis Pavlopoulos, Sylvie Graf, Vadym Vasiutynskyi, Masoumeh Seydi, Dominique Muller, Junyi Li, Alin Gavreliuc, Adil Samekin, Antonella Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, Carla Sofia Esteves, Soledad de Lemus, Amarina Ariyanto, Nikolay Dvorianchikov, Angela T. Maitner, A. Timur Sevincer, Maja Becker, Justine Dandy, Tiphaine Rousseaux, Simon Schindler, Tiziana Mancini, Sachiko Ohno, Serena Daalmans, Desirée Kozlowski, Francesca Guizzo, Rosita Sobhie, Nhan Thi Lac An, Claudia Manzi, Sami Abuhamdeh, Chongzeng Bi, Mary Anne Lauri, Juliana Barreiros Porto, Erico Rentería Pérez, Sonoko Egami, Gabriella Kengyel, Hannah Hämer, Vladimir Mihić, Rawan Ghazzawi, Jasna Milošević Đorđević, Katie E. Sullivan, Mariko Tatsumi, Sadia Malik, Quang Thi Mong Chi, Sarah E. Martiny, Sara Sherbaji, Michael Bender, Narine Khachatryan, Lucy R. Tavitian-Elmadjian, Katharina Block, Miriam-Linnea Hale, Deborah L. Best, Andrew B. Moynihan, Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir, Mika Hirai, Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo, Abiodun Musbau Lawal, Qingwei Chen, Marta Walentynowicz, Annalisa Casini, Dorthe Høj Jensen, Cláudio Vaz Torres, Aistė Bakaitytė, Edgardo Etchezahar, Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, Mujeeba Ashraf, Magdalena Zawisza, Paweł Jurek, Anna Lindqvist, Silvia Mari, Joanna Grzymała-Moszczyńska, Shera Malayeri, Peilian Chi, Toni Schmader, Danielle P. Ochoa, Michał Olech, Pablo Perez de Leon, Teri A. Kirby, Ana Raquel Rosas Torres, Lucille De Souza, Kimberly A. Noels, Erita Narhetali, Saba Safdar, Chiara Bertolli, Vera Cubela Adoric, Emma Sarter, Mary Kinahan, Angelica Puzio, Beril Türkoğlu, Laura Froehlich, Clara Kulich, Jolanda van der Noll, Dijana Sulejmanović, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Jana Lindner, Timothy Jacob Valshtein, Mario Sainz, Randall E. Osborne, Colleen Ward, Tai Kurosawa, Snigdha Patnaik, Rita Žukauskienė, Paul B. Hutchings, Suparna Jain Thakur, Javier Labarthe, Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Anna Wlodarczyk, Boglárka Nyúl, Kaltrina Kelmendi, Claude-Hélène Mayer, Colette van Laar, Michelle K. Ryan, Beatriz Torre, Debra Shepherd, Yaping Yang, Félix Neto, Keltouma Guerch, Maria Giuseppina Pacilli, Gulnaz Anjum, Neto Felix, Vladislav Krivoshchekov, Marie Gustafsson Sendén, Efraín García-Sánchez, Joel Anderson, Lam Hoang Duc, Satu Venäläinen, Elena Makarova, Cláudia Simão, Joseph A. Vandello, Joanna Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Dana Gavreliuc, Ioana M Latu, Silvia Moscatelli, Gülçin Akbaş, Magdalena Żadkowska, Renata Bongiorno, Eva Moreno-Bella, Vera Hoorens, Ángel Gómez, Ivana Piterová, Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE-LTC), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bosson, J, Jurek, P, Vandello, J, Kosakowska-Berezecka, N, Olech, M, Besta, T, Bender, M, Hoorens, V, Becker, M, Timur Sevincer, A, Best, D, Safdar, S, Wlodarczyk, A, Zawisza, M, Zadkowska, M, Abuhamdeh, S, Badu Agyemang, C, Akbas, G, Albayrak-Aydemir, N, Ammirati, S, Anderson, J, Anjum, G, Ariyanto, A, Jamir Benzon, R, Ashraf, M, Bakaityte, A, Bertolli, C, Berxulli, D, Bi, C, Block, K, Boehnke, M, Bongiorno, R, Bosak, J, Casini, A, Chen, Q, Chi, P, Cubela Adoric, V, Daalmans, S, Dandy, J, Lemus, S, Dhakal, S, Dvorianchikov, N, Egami, S, Etchezahar, E, Sofia Esteves, C, Felix, N, Froehlich, L, Garcia-Sanchez, E, Gavreliuc, A, Gavreliuc, D, Gomez, A, Guizzo, F, Graf, S, Greijdanus, H, Grigoryan, A, Grzymala-Moszczynska, J, Guerch, K, Gustafsson Senden, M, Hale, M, Hamer, H, Hirai, M, Hoang Duc, L, Hrebickova, M, Hutchings, P, Hoj Jensen, D, Jasinskaja-Lahti, I, Karabati, S, Kelmendi, K, Kengyel, G, Khachatryan, N, Ghazzawi, R, Kinahan, M, Kirby, T, Kovacs, M, Kozlowski, D, Krivoshchekov, V, Kulich, C, Kurosawa, T, Thi Lac An, N, Labarthe, J, Latu, I, Anne Lauri, M, Mankowski, E, Musbau Lawal, A, Li, J, Lindner, J, Lindqvist, A, Maitner, A, Makarova, E, Makashvili, A, Malayeri, S, Malik, S, Mancini, T, Manzi, C, Mari, S, Martiny, S, Mayer, C, Mihic, V, Milosevic Dordevic, J, Moreno-Bella, E, Moscatelli, S, Bryan Moynihan, A, Muller, D, Narhetali, E, Neto, F, Noels, K, Nyul, B, O'Connor, E, Ochoa, D, Ohno, S, Olanrewaju Adebayo, S, Osborne, R, Giuseppina Pacilli, M, Palacio, J, Patnaik, S, Pavlopoulos, V, Perez de Leon, P, Piterova, I, Barreiros Porto, J, Puzio, A, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J, Renteria Perez, E, Renstrom, E, Rousseaux, T, Ryan, M, Sainz, M, Salvati, M, Samekin, A, Schindler, S, Seydi, M, Shepherd, D, Sherbaji, S, Schmader, T, Simao, C, Sobhie, R, Souza, L, Sarter, E, Sulejmanovic, D, Sullivan, K, Tatsumi, M, Tavitian-Elmadjian, L, Jain Thakur, S, Thi Mong Chi, Q, Torre, B, Torres, A, Torres, C, Turkoglu, B, Ungaretti, J, Valshtein, T, Van Laar, C, van der Noll, J, Vasiutynskyi, V, Vauclair, C, Venalainen, S, Vohra, N, Walentynowicz, M, Ward, C, Yang, Y, Yzerbyt, V, Zanello, V, Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, A, Zukauskiene, R, UCL - SSH/IPSY - Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Social Psychology, Research programme OB, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Bosson J.K., Jurek P., Vandello J.A., Kosakowska-Berezecka N., Olech M., Besta T., Bender M., Hoorens V., Becker M., Timur Sevincer A., Best D.L., Safdar S., Wlodarczyk A., Zawisza M., Zadkowska M., Abuhamdeh S., Badu Agyemang C., Akbas G., Albayrak-Aydemir N., Ammirati S., Anderson J., Anjum G., Ariyanto A., Jamir Benzon R. Aruta J., Ashraf M., Bakaityte A., Bertolli C., Berxulli D., Bi C., Block K., Boehnke M., Bongiorno R., Bosak J., Casini A., Chen Q., Chi P., Cubela Adoric V., Daalmans S., Dandy J., Lemus S.D., Dhakal S., Dvorianchikov N., Egami S., Etchezahar E., Sofia Esteves C., Felix N., Froehlich L., Garcia-Sanchez E., Gavreliuc A., Gavreliuc D., Gomez A., Guizzo F., Graf S., Greijdanus H., Grigoryan A., Grzymala-Moszczynska J., Guerch K., Gustafsson Senden M., Hale M.-L., Hamer H., Hirai M., Hoang Duc L., Hrebickova M., Hutchings P.B., Hoj Jensen D., Jasinskaja-Lahti I., Karabati S., Kelmendi K., Kengyel G., Khachatryan N., Ghazzawi R., Kinahan M., Kirby T.A., Kovacs M., Kozlowski D., Krivoshchekov V., Kulich C., Kurosawa T., Thi Lac An N., Labarthe J., Latu I., Anne Lauri M., Mankowski E., Musbau Lawal A., Li J., Lindner J., Lindqvist A., Maitner A.T., Makarova E., Makashvili A., Malayeri S., Malik S., Mancini T., Manzi C., Mari S., Martiny S.E., Mayer C.-H., Mihic V., Milosevic Dordevic J., Moreno-Bella E., Moscatelli S., Bryan Moynihan A., Muller D., Narhetali E., Neto F., Noels K.A., Nyul B., O'Connor E.C., Ochoa D.P., Ohno S., Olanrewaju Adebayo S., Osborne R., Giuseppina Pacilli M., Palacio J., Patnaik S., Pavlopoulos V., Perez de Leon P., Piterova I., Barreiros Porto J., Puzio A., Pyrkosz-Pacyna J., Renteria Perez E., Renstrom E., Rousseaux T., Ryan M.K., Sainz M., Salvati M., Samekin A., Schindler S., Seydi M., Shepherd D., Sherbaji S., Schmader T., Simao C., Sobhie R., Souza L.D., Sarter E., Sulejmanovic D., Sullivan K.E., Tatsumi M., Tavitian-Elmadjian L., Jain Thakur S., Thi Mong Chi Q., Torre B., Torres A., Torres C.V., Turkoglu B., Ungaretti J., Valshtein T., Van Laar C., van der Noll J., Vasiutynskyi V., Vauclair C.-M., Venalainen S., Vohra N., Walentynowicz M., Ward C., Yang Y., Yzerbyt V., Zanello V., Ludmila Zapata-Calvente A., Zukauskiene R., and Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa

Subjects
Cultural Studies, Ciências Sociais::Sociologia [Domínio/Área Científica], Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, 300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology, Social Sciences, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, 050109 social psychology, Ambivalence, Ciências Sociais::Psicologia [Domínio/Área Científica], Psychology, Social, Precarious manhood beliefs, 050105 experimental psychology, ddc:150, Psychometric isomorphism, precarious manhood beliefs, ambivalent sexism, ambivalence toward men, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Meaning (existential), media_common, Isomorphism (sociology), Ciências Sociais::Antropologia [Domínio/Área Científica], precarious manhood belief, 4. Education, 05 social sciences, psychometric isomorphism, precarious manhood beliefs, ambivalent sexism, ambivalence toward men, 16. Peace & justice, Ambivalence toward men, Human development (humanity), Settore M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, 3. Good health, Communication and Media, Ambivalent sexism, Scale (social sciences), Anthropology, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, Ideology, 150 Psychology, Social psychology, Social status
Abstract

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was funded by a Grant from the National Science Centre in Poland (Grant Number: 2017/26/M/HS6/00360) awarded to Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka. Data collection by the following researchers was supported by Grants as follows: Emma C. O'Connor (Grant RL5GM118963 from National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health; Angel Gomez (Grant RTI2018-093550-B-I00 from the Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Spain); Sylvie Graf and Martina Hrebickova (Grant 20-01214S from the Czech Science Foundation, and Grant RVO: 68081740 from the Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences); Teri A. Kirby (Grant ES/S00274X/1 from the Economic and Social Research Council); Soledad de Lemus (Grant PSI2016-79971-P from Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the excellence); Michelle K. Ryan and Renata Bongiorno (Grant ERC-2016-COG 725128 from the European Research Council awarded to Michelle K. Ryan); Marie Gustafsson Senden, Anna Lindqvist and Emma Renstrom (Grant 2017-00414 from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare); Claudio V. Torres (Grant DPI/DIRPE n. 04/2019 from the University of Brasilia)., This study was preregistered in Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/u9xfg/., Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Whereas qualitative and ethnographic data suggest that many cultures conceptualize manhood as precarious, quantitative research has yet to demonstrate the cross-cultural consistency of precarious manhood beliefs. Here, we examined the psychometric isomorphism, or measurement invariance, of a brief precarious manhood beliefs scale (the PMB). Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N=33,417), we examined: (1) the isomorphism of the PMB across individual and country levels; (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies (e.g., ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; Glick & Fiske, 1996, 1999); and (3) associations of the PMB with country-level indices of gender equality (the GGGI; World Economic Forum, 2019) and human development (the HDI; United Nations Development Programme, 2019). Findings indicate that the PMB is a psychometrically valid and isomorphic index of beliefs about the male gender role that accounts for unique variance in country-level gender equality and human development., National Science Center, Poland 2017/26/M/HS6/00360, United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) RL5GM118963, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Spain RTI2018-093550-B-I00, Grant Agency of the Czech Republic 20-01214S, Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences RVO: 68081740, UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC) ES/S00274X/1, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness PSI2016-79971-P, European Research Council (ERC) European Commission ERC-2016-COG 725128, Swedish Research Council Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte) 2017-00414, University of Brasilia 04/2019

Published
2021
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6. Gendered self-views across 62 countries : A test of competing models

Author

Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, Jennifer K. Bosson, Paweł Jurek, Tomasz Besta, Michał Olech, Joseph A. Vandello, Michael Bender, Justine Dandy, Vera Hoorens, Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Eric Mankowski, Satu Venäläinen, Sami Abuhamdeh, Collins Badu Agyemang, Gülçin Akbaş, Nihan Albayrak-Aydemir, Soline Ammirati, Joel Anderson, Gulnaz Anjum, Amarina Ariyanto, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Mujeeba Ashraf, Aistė Bakaitytė, Maja Becker, Chiara Bertolli, Dashamir Bërxulli, Deborah L. Best, Chongzeng Bi, Katharina Block, Mandy Boehnke, Renata Bongiorno, Janine Bosak, Annalisa Casini, Qingwei Chen, Peilian Chi, Vera Cubela Adoric, Serena Daalmans, Soledad de Lemus, Sandesh Dhakal, Nikolay Dvorianchikov, Sonoko Egami, Edgardo Etchezahar, Carla Sofia Esteves, Laura Froehlich, Efrain Garcia-Sanchez, Alin Gavreliuc, Dana Gavreliuc, Ángel Gomez, Francesca Guizzo, Sylvie Graf, Hedy Greijdanus, Ani Grigoryan, Joanna Grzymała-Moszczyńska, Keltouma Guerch, Marie Gustafsson Sendén, Miriam-Linnea Hale, Hannah Hämer, Mika Hirai, Lam Hoang Duc, Martina Hřebíčková, Paul B. Hutchings, Dorthe Høj Jensen, Serdar Karabati, Kaltrina Kelmendi, Gabriella Kengyel, Narine Khachatryan, Rawan Ghazzawi, Mary Kinahan, Teri A. Kirby, Monika Kovacs, Desiree Kozlowski, Vladislav Krivoshchekov, Kuba Kryś, Clara Kulich, Tai Kurosawa, Nhan Thi Lac An, Javier Labarthe-Carrara, Mary Anne Lauri, Ioana Latu, Abiodun Musbau Lawal, Junyi Li, Jana Lindner, Anna Lindqvist, Angela T. Maitner, Elena Makarova, Ana Makashvili, Shera Malayeri, Sadia Malik, Tiziana Mancini, Claudia Manzi, Silvia Mari, Sarah E. Martiny, Claude-Hélène Mayer, Vladimir Mihić, Jasna MiloševićĐorđević, Eva Moreno-Bella, Silvia Moscatelli, Andrew Bryan Moynihan, Dominique Muller, Erita Narhetali, Félix Neto, Kimberly A. Noels, Boglárka Nyúl, Emma C. O’Connor, Danielle P. Ochoa, Sachiko Ohno, Sulaiman Olanrewaju Adebayo, Randall Osborne, Maria Giuseppina Pacilli, Jorge Palacio, Snigdha Patnaik, Vassilis Pavlopoulos, Pablo Pérez de León, Ivana Piterová, Juliana Barreiros Porto, Angelica Puzio, Joanna Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Erico Rentería Pérez, Emma Renström, Tiphaine Rousseaux, Michelle K. Ryan, Saba Safdar, Mario Sainz, Marco Salvati, Adil Samekin, Simon Schindler, A. Timur Sevincer, Masoumeh Seydi, Debra Shepherd, Sara Sherbaji, Toni Schmader, Cláudia Simão, Rosita Sobhie, Jurand Sobiecki, Lucille De Souza, Emma Sarter, Dijana Sulejmanović, Katie E. Sullivan, Mariko Tatsumi, Lucy Tavitian-Elmadjian, Suparna Jain Thakur, Quang Thi Mong Chi, Beatriz Torre, Ana Torres, Claudio V. Torres, Beril Türkoğlu, Joaquín Ungaretti, Timothy Valshtein, Colette Van Laar, Jolanda van der Noll, Vadym Vasiutynskyi, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Neharika Vohra, Marta Walentynowicz, Colleen Ward, Anna Włodarczyk, Yaping Yang, Vincent Yzerbyt, Valeska Zanello, Antonella Ludmila Zapata-Calvente, Magdalena Zawisza, Rita Žukauskienė, Magdalena Żadkowska, Kosakowska-Berezecka, N, Bosson, J, Jurek, P, Besta, T, Olech, M, Vandello, J, Bender, M, Dandy, J, Hoorens, V, Jasinskaja-Lahti, I, Mankowski, E, Venäläinen, S, Abuhamdeh, S, Agyemang, C, Akbaş, G, Albayrak-Aydemir, N, Ammirati, S, Anderson, J, Anjum, G, Ariyanto, A, Aruta, J, Ashraf, M, Bakaitytė, A, Becker, M, Bertolli, C, Bërxulli, D, Best, D, Bi, C, Block, K, Boehnke, M, Bongiorno, R, Bosak, J, Casini, A, Chen, Q, Chi, P, Cubela Adoric, V, Daalmans, S, de Lemus, S, Dhakal, S, Dvorianchikov, N, Egami, S, Etchezahar, E, Esteves, C, Froehlich, L, Garcia-Sanchez, E, Gavreliuc, A, Gavreliuc, D, Gomez, Á, Guizzo, F, Graf, S, Greijdanus, H, Grigoryan, A, Grzymała-Moszczyńska, J, Guerch, K, Gustafsson Sendén, M, Hale, M, Hämer, H, Hirai, M, Hoang Duc, L, Hřebíčková, M, Hutchings, P, Jensen, D, Karabati, S, Kelmendi, K, Kengyel, G, Khachatryan, N, Ghazzawi, R, Kinahan, M, Kirby, T, Kovacs, M, Kozlowski, D, Krivoshchekov, V, Kryś, K, Kulich, C, Kurosawa, T, Lac An, N, Labarthe-Carrara, J, Lauri, M, Latu, I, Lawal, A, Li, J, Lindner, J, Lindqvist, A, Maitner, A, Makarova, E, Makashvili, A, Malayeri, S, Malik, S, Mancini, T, Manzi, C, Mari, S, Martiny, S, Mayer, C, Mihić, V, Miloševićđorđević, J, Moreno-Bella, E, Moscatelli, S, Moynihan, A, Muller, D, Narhetali, E, Neto, F, Noels, K, Nyúl, B, O’Connor, E, Ochoa, D, Ohno, S, Olanrewaju Adebayo, S, Osborne, R, Pacilli, M, Palacio, J, Patnaik, S, Pavlopoulos, V, de León, P, Piterová, I, Porto, J, Puzio, A, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J, Rentería Pérez, E, Renström, E, Rousseaux, T, Ryan, M, Safdar, S, Sainz, M, Salvati, M, Samekin, A, Schindler, S, Sevincer, A, Seydi, M, Shepherd, D, Sherbaji, S, Schmader, T, Simão, C, Sobhie, R, Sobiecki, J, De Souza, L, Sarter, E, Sulejmanović, D, Sullivan, K, Tatsumi, M, Tavitian-Elmadjian, L, Thakur, S, Thi Mong Chi, Q, Torre, B, Torres, A, Torres, C, Türkoğlu, B, Ungaretti, J, Valshtein, T, Van Laar, C, van der Noll, J, Vasiutynskyi, V, Vauclair, C, Vohra, N, Walentynowicz, M, Ward, C, Włodarczyk, A, Yang, Y, Yzerbyt, V, Zanello, V, Zapata-Calvente, A, Zawisza, M, Žukauskienė, R, Żadkowska, M, and Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa

Subjects
Binary sex differences, Social Psychology, binary sex difference, 300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology, Self-views, communality, agency, self-views, binary sex differences, egalitarianism, gender equality, Communication and Media, communality, Gender equality, Communality, Clinical Psychology, Egalitarianism, Agency, self-view, agency, egalitarianism, binary sex differences, self-views, 150 Psychology, gender equality, M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE
Abstract

Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countries. Using data from 62 countries (N = 28,640), we examine binary gender gaps in agentic and communal self-views as a function of country-level objective gender equality (the Global Gender Gap Index) and subjective distributions of social power (the Power Distance Index). Findings show that in more egalitarian countries, gender gaps in agency are smaller and gender gaps in communality are larger. These patterns are driven primarily by cross-country differences in men’s self-views and by the Power Distance Index (PDI) more robustly than the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We consider possible causes and implications of these findings., National Science Centre, Poland 2017/26/M/HS6/00360, United States Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA, NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) RL5GM118963, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Spain RTI2018-093550-B-I00, Grant Agency of the Czech Republic 20-01214S, Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences RVO: 68081740, UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC) ES/S00274X/1 MCIN/AEI PID2019-111549GB-I00, European Research Council (ERC) European Commission ERC-2016-COG 725128, Swedish Research Council Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte) 2017-00414, University of Brasilia 04/2019

Published
2022

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