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Nitrile oxides were formed from α-nitro ketones using silica gel-supported sodium hydrogen sulfate (NaHSO4/SiO2) or Amberlyst 15 as solid acid catalyst, and then the corresponding 3-acylisoxaszoles were obtained by reacting with alkynes via the 1,3-dipolar [3+2] cyclo­addition. These heterogeneous catalysts are easily separable from the reaction mixture and reused. This synthetic method provides a facile, efficient, and reusable production of 3-acylisoxazoles.

A novel method was developed for the synthesis of N -alkoxyacylimidoyl halide by the reaction of α-nitro ketone and alkyl halides in the presence of NaHSO 4 /SiO 2 . Nitrile oxides that are generated from α-nitro ketones by silica gel supported acid catalysts are the possible intermediate, which react with alkyl halides to form N -alkoxyacylimidoyl halides. Novel 17 N -alkoxyacylimidoyl halides were synthesized by this procedure.

Aiming to develop sponge-type sorbent, composite involving ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP) and polyurethane foam (PUF) was prepared. A 33 - 60 % (w/w) of AMP granule was kneaded with base-liquids of two-component rigid type PUF. The composite was able to selectively and quantitatively adsorb 0.5-500 µL of Cs+ from 10 mL solution of 500 µL of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ as matrices ions; distribution coefficient (kd) was 4.2 × 106 and 1.3 × 105 mL/g for without and with matrices, respectively. Maximum sorption capacity was of 42.9 mg/g.

3-Benzoylisoxazoles were synthesized by the reaction of alkynes and benzoylnitromethane using silica gel-supported polyphosphoric acid (PPA/SiO2). This reaction provides a convenient, efficient, and reusable synthetic method of isoxazole derivatives.

Estragole (EG) is biosynthesized in herbs including anise, basil, bay, tarragon, fennel and marjoram, and is thought to be a useful biomass for the food and health industries. Moreover, the metabolites from estragole are useful intermediates in organic synthetic chemistry. However, estragole has been transformed only by chemical methods, and no biocatalysts have been reported. In this paper, we report the biotransformation of estragole using the plant cells of Caragana chamlagu gave 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde (MCAL), 4-methoxycinnamyl alcohol (MCA) and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (MBAL). In addition, we propose a reaction mechanism in the biotransformation of estragole using Caragana chamlagu. Since estragole generates malignant liver tumors in the rat, it is necessary to reduce exposure. The present study reveals the transformation of harmful estragole. Furthermore, we succeeded in biotransforming estragole as biomass using plant cells into useful compounds.

Asymmetric reduction of ketone by a microalga, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, smoothly afforded to the corresponding (S)-alcohol in excellent enantiomeric excess by the aid of illumination of orange and red LED lights which are more effective than other LEDs such as blue and green lights. The condition under minimum energy flux (1.0 W/m2) of orange-red LEDs is enough for the reduction of ketone, and it seems that orange-red light rather effectively forwarded the regeneration of coenzyme.

Suspension cultured cells of Caragana chamlagu (Leguminosae) converted zerumbone (1) into zerumbone epoxide (2) as the intermediate, (2R,3R,7R)-2,3-epoxy-9-humulen-8-one (3) and (2R,3S,7R)-2,3-epoxy-9-humulen-8-one (4) as new sesquiterpenes in 11%, 36% and 21% yields, respectively.

The magnetic properties of self-assembly cobalt nanowire arrays formed in anodic porous alumina template were investigated by nanosize imaging method and macroscopic magnetic measurement. We have successfully made a wire-by-wire observation of magnetization reversal of a cobalt nanowire array using magnetic force microscopy with a home-made FePt tip. The nanowires in this medium have uniaxial anisotropy with easy axis along the wire due to the large aspect ratio of the wires (30 nm in diameter and 300 nm in length). Considering the nanowires as single-domain structures, we can obtain the average DC demagnetization curve from nanosize images by calculating the number of wires in each magnetized direction, and the results agreed well with the DC demagnetization curve measured by macroscopic measurement. The magnetostatic field between wires was evaluated by a new nanosize imaging method. Macroscopic measurement shows that reversible magnetization occurs in this medium. Nanosize images of the remanent and saturated states prove that the reversible magnetization processes mainly take place inside individual wires and reversed wires induced by magnetostatic field just give a little contribution to the reversible magnetization.

The biotransformation of racemic 1-phenylethanol (30 mg) with plant cultured cells of basil (Ocimum basilicum cv. Purpurascens, 5 g wet wt) by shaking 120 rpm at 25 degrees C for 7 days in the dark gave (R)-(+)-1-phenylethanol and acetophenone in 34 and 24% yields, respectively. The biotransformation can be applied to other 1-arylethanols and basil cells oxidized the (S)-alcohols to the corresponding ketones remaining the (R)-alcohols in excellent ee.

The biotransformation of several indoles using suspension plant cultured-cells of Caragana chamlagu gave the corresponding ketoamides by oxidative cleavage. In the case of biotransformation of 2,3-dimethylindole ( 1 ) by C. chamlagu , o -acetylaminoacetophenone ( 1b , 76%) as the major product and 2,3-epoxy-2,3-dimethylindoline ( 1a , 11%) were obtained after 6 days’ incubation. Furthermore, the biotransformation of 1 in the presence of H 2 O 2 gave the compounds 1b (83%) and 1a (6%) in short time (1 h). On the other hand, the biotransformation of 2,3-dimethylindole ( 1 ) for Wasabia japonica (Japanese horseradish)–H 2 O 2 system gave o -acetylaminoacetophenone ( 1b ) in good yield. Moreover, we discuss about biotransformation for 2,3-dimethylbenzofuran ( 11 ), benzofuran ( 12 ), benzoxazole, ( 13 ) and 2-methylbenzoxazole ( 14 ).

A method to independently run two coexisting Linux systems on one computer is proposed. Up to the present time a virtual computer method has been used as a method to run multiple operating systems on one computer. This method has a problem, however, in which the guest operating system depends on the running state of the host operating system making it impossible to efficiently utilize the processing performance of each operating system. In contrast to this, because each operating system runs independently in the proposed method by time sharing the processes and exclusively dividing the other hardware resources, one of the operating systems and applications running on the operating systems are not influenced by the other operating system and the applications running on the operating system. This paper presents the proposed method and reports the results of performance evaluations when actually implemented in Linux. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(9): 56– 68, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20343

Controlled filling of Permalloy into a one-end-opened carbon nanotube (∼40 nm in inner diameter, 900 nm in length) array embedded in an anodic aluminium oxide film was achieved by an electrochemical route. Thanks to the electron-microscopically transparent carbon nanotubes, the time course of the electrochemical deposition process was readily visualized by means of transmission electron microscopy, revealing that Permalloy filling started from the pore bottom of the carbon nanotubes. This novel bottom-up filling opens a route to controllable filling of materials of interest into carbon nanotubes with one open end. The magnetic properties of the controlled filled carbon nanotubes in the array were studied. Interestingly, even in the case of isolated Permalloy nanoparticles inside the carbon nanotubes in the array, prominent magnetic anisotropy with an easy magnetization direction along the carbon nanotube axis was observed. In addition to the Permalloy-filled carbon nanotube array as embedded in the anodic aluminium oxide film, individual carbon nanotubes filled with Permalloy were also obtained.

The reaction of α,β-unsaturated ketones with cerium (IV) sulfate tetrahydrate [Ce(SO4)2·4H2O, CS] in acetic acid gave the corresponding β-acetoxy ketones. In the case of 2-cyclohexen-1-one with CS in acetic acid, benzobicyclo[2.2.2]octen-2-one was obtained. The reaction mechanism also was proposed. Moreover, we report the aromatization and esterification of (R)-(−)-carvone by CS in acetic acid. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The reaction of olefins with cerium(IV) sulfate tetrahydrate [Ce(SO4)2·4H2O, CS] in acetone–H2O under reflux for 5 h gave 2-oxo- and 2-oxo-5-hydroxy derivatives. In this reaction, the yields of 2-oxo-5-hydroxy derivatives were dependent on the quantity of H2O. Moreover, the reaction of α, β-unsaturated ketones with CS in acetone–H2O yielded 2,7-dioxo-3-hydroxy or 3,8-dioxo-4-hydroxy derivatives. The reaction mechanism is also discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

3-Acylisoxazoles were synthesized by the reaction of alkenes or alkynes with ketones (acetone or acetophenone), as both a reagent and the solvent, by three methods: iron(lll) nitrate under reflux, iron(III) salt-nitrogen dioxide (NO;) at room temperature, and iron(III) nitrate under microwave irradiation (MW).

It has been found that the suspension cultures of Gynostemma pentaphyllum convert valencene (1) into nootkatone (2) as the major product and nootkatol (3) as the minor product. Based on this finding, a further study was conducted to investigate the biotransformation of 1 by other cultured plant cells (Caragana chamlagu, Hibiscus cannabinus).

Suspension cultures of Caragana chamlagu (Leguminosae) convert (±)-α-ionone (1) into (±)-3-oxo-α-ionone (3) as the major product and β-ionone (2) into 5,6-epoxy-β-ionone (6) as the sole product. It is interesting to note that the cultured cells of C. chamlagu convert regioselectively the cycloolefinic part of 1 into the corresponding unsaturated carbonyl compound, allylic alcohol and epoxide as the oxidation products, whereas the suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) convert the unsaturated carbonyl of 1 into the corresponding saturated ketones and alcohols as reduction products.

The reactions of alkenes and alkynes with ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate ((NH4)2Ce(NO3)6, CAN(IV)) in acetone under reflux gave the corresponding 3-acetyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole and 3-acetylisoxazole derivatives. In the case of acetophenone, 3-benzoyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole and 3-benzoylisoxazole derivatives were obtained. Reaction of acetone with CAN(IV) afforded the corresponding furoxan (3,4-diacetyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole 2-oxide) as the dimer of nitrile oxide. Moreover, it was found that yields of isoxazole derivatives were improved using ammonium cerium(III) nitrate tetrahydrate ((NH4)2Ce(NO3)5·4H2O, CAN(III))-formic acid. The reaction mechanisms based on nitration and formation of nitrile oxide mediated by CAN(IV) or CAN(III) from acetone or acetophenone are also proposed.

The deposition of V 2 O 5 thin film, which is the candidate of the electrochromic material, by the microwave plasma MOCVD with bis -acetylacetonatovanadyl as a vanadium precursor on the indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film coated fused silica substrate in the similar method with trisacetylacetonatoindium and dipivaloylmethanatotin as indium and tin precursors. The deposit on the ITO film coated fused silica substrate was identified as slightly oxygen deficient V 2 O 5 by means of X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The transmittance and the absorption edge were 70% and 400 nm, respectively. The cyclic voltammogram measured in a 1 M LiClO 4 /γ-butyrolactone electrolyte, a voltammogram due to the reduction of vanadium atom was identified and the variation of color of the film was observed. The deposit was suitable for the electrochromic material.

Excellent Bi 2 Sr 2 CuO x (2201) thin films were fabricated by ion beam sputtering at extremely low substrate temperatures ( T s =400–550°C) by supplying oxygen molecules or plasma. The 2201 crystalline films could be grown at 450°C by the plasma, whereas unexpectedly be grown at 400°C by the molecules. Their crystallinity and surface morphology were improved by the supply of molecules instead of plasma. A half width of (008) peak in X-ray diffraction was 0.06° for T s =550°C and a surface roughness was 4.5 nm for 400°C. However, the crystal growth of Ca-doped Bi2201 was improved by the plasma. Collisions between the oxygen molecules and sputtered particles in gas phase play important roles on these effects. This result implies a possibility of very low temperature growth of other perovskite oxide films.

Nonresonant microwave absorption (NMA) measurements were carried out at liquid-nitrogen temperature on a high quality Bi2212 single crystal, as a function of microwave power in three mutual orientations of crystal ab plane, dc field (Hdc), and microwave magnetic field (Hw). NMA line shapes in Bi2212 crystal are complicated with a narrow peak (P1 peak) located near zero field, followed by a much broader second peak (P2 peak) in the particular orientations. More excitingly, we show that the P2 peak qualitatively evolves as a function of microwave power in the orientation of Hdc ⊥ ab plane, $$H_W | {ab}.$$ plane, and Hdc ⊥ Hw. In this configuration, as the microwave power is progressively increased, the broad P2 peak first gets smeared off and then a multiple peak structure appears, which develops into another narrower second peak (Ps-peak) at high enough microwave powers. In the orientation of $$H_{dc} | {ab}.$$ plane, Hw ⊥ ab plane, and Hdc ⊥ Hw, we report for the first time the appearance and disappearance of a new second peak (P2-like peak) as a function of microwave power.

YBa 2 Cu 3 O x (YBCO) films were prepared by ion beam sputtering (IBS) at low temperatures of 450–650°C with supply of oxygen molecules or plasma. The growth of a -axis-oriented phase ( a -phase) was enhanced by the plasma, then it could be grown at the lowest temperature of 450°C. The crystallinity and surface of a -phase were improved by the plasma. The growth enhancement of a -phase relating to the substrate temperature, oxygen partial pressure and the supply of oxygen plasma are interpreted in terms of thermal migration, particle-assisted migration and surface energy , respectively.

Thin films of Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O were co-deposited on MgO by ion beam sputtering at substrate temperatures (Ts) of 400°C–700°C with supply of either oxygen molecules or plasma at around 1 mTorr. High-quality Ca-doped Bi2201 phases can be grown with c-orientation having extremely small XRD linewidths (Δ=0.1°–0.2°) in the region of 550 550°C, due to extensive re-evaporation of Bi2O3 formed in the gas phase. This result supports the proposal of self-limited Bi sticking coefficient. Film thickness increases with increasing Ts in Ts 550°C while 2D-like smooth morphologies for Ts 550°C and the plasma effects are prominent for Ts

Bromobenzenes, C6H5Br and C6H4Br2, were selected as carbon sources for the diamond deposition and were added into the Ar/H2 plasma jet. The role of the adsorbed species on the deposit on the substrate placed in the plasma jet on the diamond deposition was investigated with the characterization of the deposits and identification of the species in the plasma jet and species adsorbed on the surface of the deposit. Well faceted diamond was deposited from the Ar/C6H5Br/H2 plasma jet and the Ar/C6H4Br2/H2 plasma jet. As the comparison of results obtained with the results in the diamond deposition using benzene as carbon source, the interaction of species in the plasma jet with the adsorbed bromine on the surface of the deposit would promote the diamond deposition reaction like the diamond deposition with chlorobenzene as carbon source.

Some mixed metal oxide thin films were deposited by means of plasma CVD with metal β -diketonates and titanium tetraisopropoxide [TTIP] as precursors. Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as a solid electrolyte and BaTiO 3 and SrTiO 3 as dielectric materials were easily obtained. During the mixed oxides thin films deposition process, β -diketonates of group 2 and 3 elements which were used as precursors were easily dissociated to respective constituents. Otherwise, when acetylacetonato zirconium [Zr(acac) 4 ] or TTIP was added into the microwave oxygen plasma, ZrO 2 or TiO 2 would be formed in the plasma. The intermediate species prepared in the plasma deposited on the substrate and crystallized on the substrate surface.

We present dynamic write/read characteristics of alumina nanohole patterned media having a soft magnetic underlayer (SUL), which offer good flyability of a perpendicular magnetic head with a flight height of 10 nm. Increase in the head-field gradient in the recording layer owing to the SUL was confirmed by measurements of signal-to-noise ratio and isolated magnetic transition width. The writability of the magnetic nanopillars was clearly demonstrated by visualization of the recorded patterns with a magnetic force microscope

The effect of chlorine species on diamond deposition with chlorobenzenes as carbon sources was investigated. Diamond deposited from an Ar/chlorinated benzenes/H 2 plasma jet, on which Cl species were adsorbed, was exposed to Ar and Ar/H 2 plasma jets and diamond deposited from an Ar/C 6 H 6 /H 2 plasma jet, on which H species were adsorbed, was exposed to an Ar/CCl 4 plasma jet. During the exposure, HCl species were observed in the plasma jets by means of optical emission spectroscopy. By the exposure of samples to the Ar/H 2 and Ar plasma jets, adsorbed Cl species disappeared. By the exposure of the H adsorbed sample in the Ar/CCl 4 plasma jet, the surface was covered with graphite or amorphous carbon. The abstraction of surface adsorbed Cl species by H atoms, the dehydrochlorination reaction on the surface and the abstraction of surface adsorbed H species by Cl species would occur in the diamond deposition from the plasma jets with chlorobenzenes as carbon sources. Excess amounts of Cl species would foster the nondiamond deposition.

Diamond was deposited on an Mo substrate placed in CO 2 –CH 4 –Ar and CO 2 –CH 4 microwave plasmas. In these plasmas, larger amounts of CO and OH radicals were identified than those of CH and C 2 radicals by OES. Strong peaks due to CO and H 2 were identified by means of QMA. The surface temperature of the substrate was about 1150±20 K. Particles exhibiting cubo-octahedral habit planes were observed in SEM images. The sharp lines due to diamond were identified in X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra. The adsorption of CO on the surface of the deposit from the CO 2 –CH 4 microwave plasma was identified by XPS at the beginning of the deposition. Diamond could be deposited from the CO 2 –CH 4 microwave plasma through the adsorption of CO molecule as precursors.

We report a rare case of a 41-year-old male patient, a professional musician, with dilated cardiomyopathy and sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) that was refractory to class I antiarrhythmic drugs. Severe myolysis developed after 10 months' administration of amiodarone (400 mg/day) in combination with mexiletine (300 mg/day) and disopyramide (400 mg/day). He had been suffering from severe moving muscle pain and an extremely high (16,830) IU/ml) serum level of creatine kinase (CK). The dosage of amiodarone was reduced from 400 mg/day to 200 mg/day without reduction of mexiletine or disopyramide and the patient's symptoms diminished. However, sustained VT developed, and so the dosage of the drug was increased to 250 mg/day. The high serum level of CK also decreased and returned to the normal range after the reduction in amiodarone dosage. Electrophysiologic examination of moving muscle revealed normal motor and sensory conduction velocities and, furthermore, the electromyogram revealed normal potentials and normal motor units. We conclude that severe myolysis developed as a result of the high dose and chronic administration of amiodarone. This is the first report of a Japanese patient showing rare and serious adverse effects in response to amiodarone treatment.

The diamond deposition on a molybdenum substrate was examined in an ArH2 DC plasma jet adding C6H5Cl, C6H4Cl2 and C6H3Cl3 as the carbon sources, compared with adding C6H6 to to examine the effect of chlorine species on diamond deposition. Well-faceted high-quality diamond was formed from the ArC6H4Cl2H2 plasma jet. A small amount of graphite and/or amorphous carbon were identified on the surface of the deposits from other plasma jets. Hydrogen abstraction of surface-adsorbed chlorine, chlorine abstraction of surface-adsorbed hydrogen and/or dehydrochlorination play a dominant role in providing higher diamond deposition rates and the removal of graphite and/or amorphous carbon. Excess amounts of chlorine, however, seem to foster the deposition of non-diamond carbon phase.

The multi-agent model is a model in which agents with limited ability cooperate each other to accomplish a goal. In this paper, we introduce a multi-agent model in which agents are created to imitate real ants. There are two different type of agents, each type of which has a particular task. We designed agents to communicate each other by using pheromone considering noise. On this model, we observed cooperative behavior of agents and evaluated conditions to make an order of behavior in the model.

Electrical, optical, and structural properties of nitrogen-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon films with the N content up to about 12 at. % are systematically studied using electrical conductivity measurements, electron-spin resonance, light-induced electron-spin resonance, constant photocurrent method, optical absorption spectrophotometry, IR absorption spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both behaviors of the dark conductivity and the charged-dangling-bond density against the N content suggest that most of charged dangling bonds originate from potential fluctuations. Only part of charged dangling bonds created by the N doping up to 2 at. % originate from positively charged fourfold-coordinated N. The decay behavior of the photoconductivity after turning off the probing light also supports that most of charged dangling bonds in N-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon do not originate from positively charged fourfold-coordinated N. A possible origin of poten...

Barium titanium trioxide (BaTiO 3 ) thin films were deposited on fused silica or silicon wafer substrate from barium dipivaloylmethanate (II) (Ba(dpm) 2 ) and titanium tetraisopropoxide (IV) (TTIP) used as precursors in an oxygen microwave plasma. The substrates were dielectrically heated and the substrate temperatures were around 900 K during the film deposition. The deposition was performed for 15 min and the deposits were identified as BaTiO 3 by means of X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and ellipsometry. Oxygen and barium atoms and TiO and CO molecules were identified in the plasma. These species would produce higher deposition rates at lower substrate temperatures than those did in the usual thermal metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The dielectric constant of the BaTiO 3 thin film that was directly deposited on the silicon wafer substrate was as low as 10 1 order of magnitude. Because the deposit reacted with the substrate and an interdiffusional layer was formed, the platinum layer was coated on the silicon wafer substrate in order to prevent the formation of an interdiffusional layer. The dielectric constant then increased to 10 3 order of magnitude.

The deposition of GaN thin films in a nitrogen–hydrogen microwave plasma using Ga(CH3)3as a gallium precursor was investigated. The deposit was identified as stoichiometric GaN by XPS and XRD. The substrate was dielectrically heated in the microwave discharge and the substrate temperature was lower than that in usual thermal MOCVD. The NH radicals, which were the primary N-atoms precursors, and fragments of Ga(CH3)3were identified in the plasma by OES. The NH radical formation and the decomposition of Ga(CH3)3in the plasma may be one of the reasons for the lower deposition temperature of GaN. The position dependence of the substrate temperature showed similar tendency as the position dependence of the electron temperature. The plasma state contributes to the deposition of GaN thin films. The deposited GaN exhibited a wide optical band gap of 3.4eV. Material highly oriented along the c axis was detected in the deposit, and a PL spectrum which has the band head at about 450 mm was obtained.

To determine whether the nitric oxide (NO) system in the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in the peripheral metabolism of carbohydrate we injected NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA), an inhibitor of NO synthase, into the third cerebral ventricle of unanesthetized, unrestrained rats and determined the plasma level of glucose. This intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the drug increased the plasma level of glucose dose-dependently, whereas an intravenous (i.v.) injection had no effect. The hyperglycemia thus induced was suppressed by concomitant i.c.v. or prior i.v. administration of L-arginine. Concomitant administration of D-arginine did not affect hyperglycemia by L-NMA. The i.c.v. injection of 5 x 10(-6) mol L-NMA increased plasma levels of glucose, epinephrine and norepinephrine, and serum levels of glucagon. However, plasma levels of insulin were unchanged, despite the presence of hyperglycemia. The hyperglycemia produced by L-NMA was completely inhibited by bilateral adrenalectomy. It was also inhibited by prior intraperitoneal injection of phentolamine, but not of propranolol or naloxone. Results suggest that L-NMA acts on the CNS to stimulate adrenal secretion of epinephrine and, subsequently, to elevate glucose levels in the peripheral blood. The NO system thus seems to be involved in the neural regulation of the adrenal by the GNS, which in turn regulates peripheral blood glucose levels.

Densely functionalized diamines having three contiguous stereocenters are synthesized in a stereoselective fashion in a one-pot cross double-Mannich reaction.

The origin of charged dangling bonds in N-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) was investigated by measuring the dark conductivity, the light-induced electron spin resonance and the decay time of the photoconductivity after turning off the probing light. It has been supposed that the neutral dangling bonds decrease the decay time of the photoconductivity while N donors increase it. No increase in the decay time with an increase in charged dangling bonds was observed for N doping of more than 2 at.%, suggesting that most of charged dangling bonds in N-doped a-Si:H do not originate from N donors but from structural randomness caused by the incorporation of N.

Intensive studies have recently been made on the noise reduction method for the chaotic time series. In those approaches, the trajectory of the attractor is reconstructed in the multidimensional space form the single-variable time-series data, and then the deviation of the trajectory is corrected. In the conventional method, the noise is assumed to be Gaussian distribution. Consequently, when the outliers are contained in the real data, they are difficult to delete. This paper intends to solve this problem and proposes a noise reduction method for the chaotic timeseries data, considering not only the noise with the Gaussian distribution, but also the outliers. A method is devised that eliminates the outliers efficiently using Biweight estimation and similar methods, and a program is constructed based on the idea. the experimental data are constructed by adding the pseudorandom variable with the Cauchy or Gaussian distribution to the chaotic timeseries data generated from the Henon map and the Lorenz model. Using these data, the noise reduction experiment is conducted; the relative error, the phase plot and correlation dimensions are examined. It is verified as a result that the proposed method can reduce drastically the effect of the outliers compared to the conventional methods, and has nearly the same noise reduction performance as in the conventional methods for the noise with the Gaussian distribution.

We investigated the roles played by three muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, and M3) in the pressor response with bradycardia that followed the injection of neostigmine (5 × 10−8 mol) into the hippocampus of anesthetized rats. These changes were blocked by the co-administration of methyl-atropine (5 × 10−8 mol). The intrahippocampal injection of pirenzepine (M1 antagonist) (5 × 10−9 − 5 × 10−7 mol) suppressed the neostigmine-induced presser response dose-dependently. However injection of gallamine (M2 antagonist) (5 × 10−8 − 5 × 10−7 mol) and of 4-DAMP (M1 and M3 antagonist) ( 5 × 10 8 − 5 × 10 −7 mol ) did not suppress this hypertensive response. These findings suggest that the neostigmine-induced pressor response with bradycardia is mediated through the M1 muscarinic receptor subtype.

"財務リストラの一環としての金利コスト削減の実態を検証した。対象は金融・証券を除く東京,大阪,名古屋証券取引所上場の企業全社であり,それらを上場全社,1部上場全社,2部上場全社,製造業全社,製造業1部上場全社,製造業2部上場全社,非製造業全社,非製造業1部上場全社,非製造業2部上場全社を基準に9分類し,財務リストラの様相を考察した。すべての集計レベルにおいて,社債利息を増加させながら,支払利息・割引料を圧縮するという方向で総額としての金利コストを削減するという共通の行動パターンがとられていることが確認された。"

"この論文では,「開銀企業財務データバンク」に収録されている会社数の推移から,産業構造の変化を探りつつ,日本の会社がどの程度の営業利益と経常利益の獲得能力を持っているのかを,それぞれの利益が赤字の会社と黒字の会社においてどのように獲得されているかを会社数と金額から見ることによって,日本の会社が強かったのかどうか,また,今日強いと考えられるかどうかを明らかにしようとした。その結果,利益獲得能力という点から見る限り,今日の平成不況と呼ばれる状況は,とくに,製造業に属する会社に非常に大きな影響を与えており,これまでにない事態に直面していることが明確になった。"

In recent years, there have been intensive studies on the short-term prediction method for time-series data with chaotic properties. the prediction for the chaotic time-series data is executed, for example, as follows. Based on the single-variable time-series data, the trajectory of the attractor is reconstructed in the multidimen sional space and the change of the trajectory is predicted by a polynomial approximation. However, when there exists a noise such as the outlier in the time-series, the prediction error is increased drastically. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a prediction method which is robust against the outlier. More precisely, the following three elaborations are added to the conventional method: (1) the coefficients of the polynomial are calculated by Biweight's estimation method; (2) the order of the polynomial is determined automatically examining the residual error; and (3) the data with a large prediction error are replaced by the predicted value and the next prediction is applied. an evaluation experiment is executed for the data where the pseudorandom variable with the Cauchy distribution is superposed on the chaotic time-series data generated by the Henon map and the Lorenz model. It is verified as a result that the proposed method can well suppress the increase of the prediction error due to the outliers, improving greatly the accuracy of the prediction compared to the conventional method.

Stereocontrolled synthesis of neolacto series ganglioside analogs containing GlcNAcβ1–6Gal substituted for the GlcNAcβ1–3Gal residue in sialyl Lewis X and sialyl neolactotetraosyl ceramide is described. Tri- and tetra- saccharides 7 and 10 containing GlcNAcβ1 →6Gal residue were obtained by glycosylation of 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl O-(2,3-di-O-benzyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1 →4)-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (2) with methyl 3-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-l-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (4) for the synthesis of sialyl paragloboside or methyl O-(2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-l-fucopyranosyl)-(l →3)-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside (6) for sialyl Lex synthesis. Compounds 7 and 10 were transformed via removal of the phthaloyl group followed by N-acetylation, O-acetylation and reductive ring-opening of the benzylidene acetal into the acceptors 9 and 12. Dimethyl (methylthio)sulfonium triflate (DMTST)-promoted coupling of 9 or 12 with methyl O-(methyl 5-ac...

The reaction with aryl iodides or bromides proceeds without the need for a transition-metal catalyst.

Aromatic ketones were reduced using suspension culture of Chlorella sp. MK201 under fluorescent light illumination producing the corresponding chiral alcohols in high yields with excellent enantiomeric excess (ee). For example, 2′,3′,4′,5′,6′-pentafluoroacetophenone at 0.25 mg/ml was converted to the corresponding (S)-alcohol in 80 % yield with >99 % ee by 1 mg dry wt of Chlorella/ml in 12 h illumination (2,000 lux).

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of alkynes or alkenes with nitrile oxides results in regioselective formation of the title compounds.