Search

Background Measles is a highly infectious respiratory disease which causes 122,000 deaths annually. Although measles vaccine is extremely safe and effective, vaccine coverage could be improved by a vaccine that is more easily administered and transported. We developed an inhalable dry powder measles vaccine (MVDP) and two delivery devices, and demonstrated safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the vaccine in preclinical studies. Here we report the first clinical trial of MVDP delivered by inhalation. Methodology Sixty adult males aged 18 to 45 years, seropositive for measles antibody, were enrolled in this controlled Phase I clinical study. Subjects were randomly assigned in 1:1:1 ratio to receive either MVDP by Puffhaler® or by Solovent™ devices or the licensed subcutaneous measles vaccine. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded with diary cards until day 28 post-vaccination and subjects were followed for 180 days post-vaccination to assess potential serious long term adverse events. Measles antibody was measured 7 days before vaccination and at days 21 and 77 after vaccination by ELISA and a plaque reduction neutralization test. Results All subjects completed the study according to protocol. Most subjects had high levels of baseline measles antibody. No adverse events were reported. MVDP produced serologic responses similar to subcutaneous vaccination. Conclusions MVDP was well tolerated in all subjects. Most subjects had high baseline measles antibody titer which limited ability to measure the serologic responses, and may have limited the adverse events following vaccination. Additional studies in subjects without pre-existing measles antibody are needed to further elucidate the safety and immunogenicity of MVDP.

A critical problem facing educators today is the inability of our teacher education system to produce substantial numbers of teachers from racial, ethnic, and language minority groups. However, there is little research on partnerships that link the roles of institutions of higher education with those of school districts whose goal is to grow their own members of the teaching profession. A Professional Development School (PDS) partnership sought to integrate the goals of both groups by providing high school students with an understanding of teachers and teachers' work. High school participants in an urban Teaching Professions Academy (TPA) engaged in course work, teaching experiences, and visits to institutions of higher education. The success of TPA was in the ability of multiple stakeholders to provide different forms of support and insights into the program.

Born at Pembroke Castle, 28 January 1457, the son of Edmund Tudor (Earl of Richmond) and of Margaret Beaufort (great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, the third son of King Edward III). Henry VII was proclaimed King on Bosworth Field by Sir William Stanley (22 August 1485). Subsequently crowned (30 October 1485) by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Cardinal Bourchier). On 18 January 1486, Henry married Elizabeth Plantagenet (born 11 February 1466), the eldest daughter of King Edward IV. Henry VII died on 21 April 1509 at Richmond.

The Tudors shared the difficulty of being without standing armed forces, except for a number of small corps such as the Yeomen of the Guard, a body which was formed by Henry VII and reached a peak of six hundred men in 1513. They also had in common the recurring need to have armed forces at their disposal, either for the purposes of internal security — against rebellion or invasion — or for overseas expeditions. Two expedients were available to meet these requirements.

This section does not attempt comprehensive entries for all major figures of the Tudor period. Rather, it is intended as a guide to a representative cross-section of persons who had influence during this period.

Population estimates for the sixteenth century are, in an age before national censuses were taken, by their very nature incomplete. The best estimate puts England’s population at 2.3 million in 1522– 35, 2·8 million in 1545, and 3·75 million in 1603.1 Wales’ population hovered around 250,000 in 15002 and probably increased little in the succeeding century. Scotland had a population of c.750,000 in 1500 but it grew to 850,000 by the end of the Tudor period.3 Ireland’s population, because of the paucity of the records, is the most difficult of all to calculate. The best estimate puts it at little more than half a million by 1603.4

England under the Tudors was a society striving for law and order, for the secure peaceful background to people’s lives which has been frequently seen, in previous and later centuries, as the basic prerequisite of a civilised society. But, as at other periods, the Tudor thirst for order claimed many victims and pursued its own ends regardless of some of the most basic human values. Fifteenth-century society in England had felt the weakening influence of the vacuum at its summit — the monarchy. The first task of the Tudor monarchy was to restore the power and prestige of the Crown. From this followed the general reassertion of royal government throughout the realm: once more the monarch ruled England.

The paramount tasks of the Tudor Government were the maintenance of law and order and the defence of national security; it is in the context of these aims that its economic legislation must be seen. Tudor Government was practical government, concerned to maintain stability which meant upholding the traditional social and economic structure.