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Contagious Cities was a cultural project that explored how urban environments in different parts of the world have coped with infectious diseases. Its theme of how populations prepare for and deal with epidemics is a core strategic concern for Wellcome – the large health and medicine foundation behind the project. Thoroughly interdisciplinary in their approach, the variety of exhibitions, events and other cultural activities the project supported placed a special emphasis on the illuminating potential for artists to investigate medical, scientific and social phenomena. The initiative also drew inspiration from Wellcome’s track record of curating interdisciplinary projects in its own museum in London, and approached its international ambitions (in Geneva, New York, Hong Kong and Berlin) through partnership and co-production. This article looks back at this unusual project, which ironically was concluded just before the world plunged into the current pandemic. The emphasis here, however, is somewhat less on the project’s themes – the fascinating and frightening implications of human co-existence with microbes in crowded contexts. Instead, we have focused on the complexities of working with multiple stakeholders in very different contexts, and we reflect on Wellcome’s role as an experienced, knowledgeable and creative, but also powerful and well-funded partner cum commissioner.

This conversation between the founding and current directors of the multi-award-winning Medical Museion at the University of Copenhagen was held online, COVID-19-style, in the spring of 2021. We have different backgrounds and instincts. One of us is an academic historian of science, who almost accidentally ended up also running a museum. The other has spent decades working in museums, and then found himself hired as a university professor. Here we discuss the evolution of Medical Museion over the last two decades—the Museion concept, the integration of research and curatorship, the interaction of art and science, the balance between historical contextualization and aesthetic “presence,” the Faustian pact with foundations, and so forth—plus some visions for its future development.

Yunci Cai. Staging Indigenous Heritage: Instrumentalisation, Brokerage, and Representation in Malaysia. New York: Routledge, 2021Sang-hoon Jang. A Representation of Nationhood in the Museum. New York: Routledge, 2020Claire Dumortier and Patrick Habets (eds.). Porcelain Pugs: A Passion, The T. & T. Collection. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020Stephen B. Heard. Charles Darwin’s Barnacle and David Bowie’s Spider: How Scientific Names Celebrate Adventurers, Heroes, and Even a Few Scoundrels. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020Anna Woodham, Alison Hess, and Rhianedd Smith (eds.). Exploring Emotion, Care, and Enthusiasm in “Unloved” Museum Collections. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press, 2020Michael John Gorman. Idea Colliders: The Future of Science Museums. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2020Peter Bjerregaard (ed.). Exhibitions as Research: Experimental Methods in Museums. New York: Routledge, 2020

Throughout human history, the spread of disease has closed borders, restricted civic movement, and fueled fear of the unknown; yet at the same time, it has helped build cultural resilience. On 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) classified COVID-19 as a pandemic. The novel zoonotic disease, first reported to the WHO in December 2019, was no longer restricted to Wuhan or to China, as the highly contagious coronavirus had spread to more than 60 countries. The public health message to citizens everywhere was to save lives by staying home; the economic fallout stemming from this sudden rupture of services and the impact on people’s well-being was mindboggling. Around the globe museums, galleries, and popular world heritage sites closed (Associated Press 2020). The Smithsonian Magazine reported that all 19 institutes, including the National Zoo and the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), would be closed to the public on 14 March (Daher 2020). On the same day, New Zealand’s borders closed, and the tourism industry, so reliant on international visitors, choked. Museums previously deemed safe havens of society and culture became petri dishes to avoid; local museums first removed toys from their cafés and children’s spaces, then the museum doors closed and staff worked from home. In some cases, front-of-the-house staff were redeployed to support back-of-the-house staff with cataloguing and digitization projects. You could smell fear everywhere.

Joan H. Baldwin and Anne W. Ackerson. Women in the Museum: Lessons from the Workplace. New York: Routledge, 2017.Christina Kreps. Museums and Anthropology in the Age of Engagement. London: Routledge, 2020.Ken Gorbey. Te Papa to Berlin: The Making of Two Museums. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press, 2020.Inge Daniels. What Are Exhibitions For? An Anthropological Approach. London: Bloomsbury, 2019.Dario Gamboni. The Museum as Experience: An Email Odyssey through Artists’ and Collectors’ Museums. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.Yulia Karpova. Comradely Objects: Design and Material Culture in Soviet Russia, 1960s–80s. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.Gail Dexter Lord, Guan Qiang, An Laishun, and Javier Jimenez, eds. Museum Development in China: Understanding the Building Boom. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2019.Philipp Schorch with Noelle M. K. Y. Kahanu, Sean Mallon, Cristián Moreno Pakarati, Mara Mulrooney, Nina Tonga and Ty P. Kāwika Tengan. Refocusing Ethnographic Museums through Oceanic Lenses. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2020.

This article considers a curiosity-driven approach to curating focused on material culture that visitors encounter in physical spaces. Drawing on research into historical curiosity cabinets, it explores how a contemporary notion of curiosity has been put into practice in the new breed of culturally enlightened museums exploring interdisciplinary approaches to medicine, health, life, and art. Based on an inaugural professorial address at Copenhagen University, it reflects on exhibition projects there and at the Wellcome Collection in London. Museums are institutional machines that generate social understanding from material things. Their physical spaces influence how we learn, think, and feel in public; their material collections feed our comprehension, imagination, and emotions; and induce attentive behavior in curators and visitors.

What happens in interdisciplinary practices between the arts and sciences? What determines their successes and failures, and how they should be conducted? Here I propose that we can deepen our unde...

In the last five to ten years, several science, technology, engineering and medicine (STEM) museums have been experimenting with new forms of public engagement, aiming to be places for curiosity-driven investigation of the cultures of science via multiple perspectives, bringing artists, scientists, researchers, clinicians, members of the public and others together. Yet these diverse and rapidly evolving sites lack a clear definition of their family resemblances – something we argue is crucial for better understanding, advocating, and evaluating what they do. As a starting point for this definitional project we propose ‘the house’ as a metaphor and framing device for public engagement in STEM museums, grounded in experiences at Medical Museion in Denmark and Wellcome Collection in the UK. We further suggest that a Goldilocks principle – the notion of lying between two poles of a continuum in a ‘just right’ position – captures several key features of what it is about the idea of a house that resonates with the approach to public engagement in these museums.Key words: STEM museums, science communication, public engagement, house.

Curatorial practice is one of the most discussed but least analyzed subfields of museum practice. In this chapter, the author offers a broad survey of a multi-faceted topic based in part on a literature review, a specially convened seminar, and also his own experience making exhibitions at the Wellcome Collection in London. After reviewing a range of developments driving a change in the way curators work – expansion of the museum profession, new museum spaces and places, and different ways of thinking about collections and exhibitions, research and scholarship, media and audience – he argues that new forms, models, and approaches are appearing: broadly speaking a shift from caring to creating. In this “new curatorship” we see curators as political activists, artistic directors, and public investigators. However, sometimes the skills involved are the same as they have always been, for example the kind of “thinking out loud” found in the exhibition experiments of the new interdisciplinary cultural centers of which the Wellcome Collection is an example. In this particular form of new curatorship, the chapter concludes, a premium is placed on the idea of seeking and marshalling visual and material ideas in order finally, with an inspired flourish of showmanship, to just stand back and point. Keywords: anthropology; art; audience; collection; curator; curatorship; exhibition; gallery; media; museum; public investigators; research; science; space

Soft Skills - A two-part discussion of how ethics and integrity matter in the workplace. For many engineers, it helps to discuss ethical dilemmas with their colleagues and seek guidance for the appropriate application of a code of ethics. Many professional and technical societies have ethical guidelines for their members. SPE’s Guide for Professional Conduct for SPE members includes a Preamble, The Fundamental Principle, and 12 Canons of Professional Conduct. The canons (see next page) detail the expectations of SPE professionals in the areas of competency, societal and work consequences, honesty in presenting information, ethics, conflicts of interest, nonbiased actions, personal responsibility, impact on public health and safety, environmental impact, multidisciplinary work, and observation of the law. Registration as a professional will often have an ethics component to the testing for licensure (that is, the granting of a license which gives permission to practice) and an annual requirement for continuing education in ethics.

This essay proposes that our understanding of medical instruments might benefit from adding a more forthright concern with their immediate presence to the current historical focus on simply decoding their meanings and context. This approach is applied to the intriguingly tricky question of what actually is meant by a “medical instrument.” It is suggested that a pragmatic part of the answer might lie simply in reconsidering the holdings of medical museums, where the significance of the physical actuality of instruments comes readily to hand.

Pyrolysis furnaces run in a reducing mode to destroy waste materials while minimizing NOx formation. A subsequent reoxidation (re-ox) section, sometimes referred to as an afterburner, combusts any remaining combustibles exiting the reducing section. The oxygen level in the re-ox section can be easily controlled with a conventional O2 analyzer and an air control loop. However, controlling the stoichiometry in the reducing section is more complicated because of the waste stream composition and flow rate variability. Various techniques have been used such as measuring the waste gas composition and flow rate, measuring the combustibles level, or measuring the differential temperature before and after the re-ox air injection. All of these have some challenges depending on the application. A new technique has been developed for estimating the stoichiometric ratio using the combination of the measured oxygen concentration (which is at trace levels in the reducing section) and temperature in the reducing...

Do you like your politics with a big “P”, fleshed out with abstract concepts? If so, Clive Gray's The politics of museums, the latest addition to Palgrave Macmillan's new book series, New direction...

Publisher Summary The chapter describes the cycling of natural gas in a condensate reservoir, which is, re-injecting natural gas so as to keep the reservoir pressure above the gas dew point. This, in turn, would maximize ultimate NGL recovery. If the reservoir pressure is allowed to fall into the two-phase region, valuable liquids are condensed and will not be recovered. If the heavier HCs are more valuable as liquids, then complete liquification of propane and heavier HCs and partial ethane recovery is desirable. The chapter also explores the processing objectives that include producing transportable gas, meeting sales-gas specifications and maximizing liquid recovery and last, but not least, is the gas processing. However, in sales gas, propane is worth the contract price of the gas, assuming it can be left in the gas and sold for its GHV. Therefore, the extent of condensate removal may be limited by the sales-gas GHV specification, particularly, if appreciable N2 and/or CO2 are present.

Publisher Summary If hydrate prevention methods are unsuitable and hydrates are liable to form, some water must be removed from the gas stream. Dehydration is the process of removing water from the stream. Water removal from gas can be accomplished by several processes; the two most common methods are adsorption and absorption. Adsorption is a physical phenomenon that occurs when molecules of a gas are brought into contact with a solid surface and some of them condense on the surface. It involves a form of adhesion between the surface of the solid desiccant and the water vapor in the gas. In the absorption process, a hygroscopic liquid is used to contact wet gas and remove the water vapor. The most common liquid used in absorption type dehydration units is triethylene glycol (TEG). Through absorption, the water in a gas stream is dissolved in a relatively pure liquid solvent stream. In addition, one less common method of dehydration is nonregenerable dehydrator (calcium chloride brine unit).

Publisher Summary This chapter explains that the natural gas used by consumers is significantly different from the natural gas that is brought up from the wellhead. In many respects, the processing of natural gas is less complicated than the processing of crude oil but is equally important before it is used by the end users. Natural gas used by consumers is composed almost entirely of methane. Natural gas found at the wellhead, although composed primarily of methane, contains a number of impurities that need to be removed. Natural gas processing consists of separating all of the various hydrocarbons and impurities from the raw natural gas to produce what is termed “pipeline quality” dry natural gas. The chapter also explores that raw natural gas comes from three types of wells such as oil wells. However, complete processing of natural gas takes place at a processing plant, usually located in a natural gas-producing region. Therefore, extracted natural gas is transported to processing plants through a network of gathering pipelines.

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with glycol maintenance and care. Prevention and control programs should include system monitoring through corrosion coupons and glycol analysis (pH and iron). Three steps in combating corrosion in glycol systems are: using an effective corrosion inhibitor in both the liquid and vapor phases, using corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) in construction, and keeping the unit clean to prevent acid formation due to contamination. Operating and corrosion problems usually occur when the circulating glycol gets dirty. To achieve a long, trouble-free life from the glycol, it is necessary to recognize these problems and know how to prevent them. Some of the major areas are oxidation, thermal decomposition, pH control, salt contamination, hydrocarbon, sludge, and foaming. Excessive turbulence and high liquid-to-vapor contacting velocities usually cause the glycol to foam. The best way to prevent foaming is proper care of the glycol, such as effective gas cleaning ahead of the glycol system and good filtration of the circulating solution. Even the best preventive maintenance program does not guarantee that the dehydration unit will operate trouble-free. The most obvious indication of a unit malfunction is high water content (dew point) of the outlet stream. High water content is brought about by insufficient glycol circulation and reconcentration of the glycol. These problems can be caused by a variety of contributing factors such as mechanical causes and existing operating conditions for which the equipment was not designed.

The three-part series about quantifying separation performance in the August, October, and December 2013 Oil and Gas Facilities by Mark Bothamley represents a significant addition to the literature in two-phase separator design. I have been arguing against the misuse of the modified Souders-Brown K factors in selecting the size of separators for 30 years, and for a droplet settling design as proposed by Mark. I proposed the use of the droplet settling theory in the mid-1980s and that the function of a separator’s gravity settling section be visualized as merely to remove large droplets and liquid loadings that escape the inlet diverter and to prevent those droplets from flooding the mist extractor. Unfortunately, I did not know how to characterize the liquid loading, the drop size distribution downstream of the inlet diverter, or the requirements for flooding of various mist extractor designs. In my early career, I collected size and capacities of various separators and scrubbers that were published in those ancient times by National Tank, Sivalls, and Smith Industries. I was able to show that if one assumed the following conditions—140-μm separation, the droplet had to fall the whole height of the gas space in a horizontal separator, and short circuiting was not a factor—one could predict the published sizes. The assumption was that if the technique explained the standard sizes, perhaps it was a good scaling technique to use in sizing separators of higher capacity and pressure and with different temperatures and fluids. However, I continued to assert that this method was weak, because the actual dimensions of the gravity settling section should be a function of the capabilities of the inlet diverter and mist extractor. Mark has presented for the first time a logical process to take into account the capabilities and restrictions of the inlet diverter and mist eliminator. Now that he can do this, he can also be more precise in proposing techniques for taking into account short circuiting and a horizontal separator’s ability to capture to the liquid surface different size droplets as a function of their initial height above the liquid surface. I think this is a tremendous advancement and wish to compliment Mark for putting this technique together and his intention of making a spreadsheet available for facilities engineers to use. It is only by sharing such information that the science of facilities engineering advances. As with all such theories, I can quibble with some of Mark’s assumptions, but as he points out, what we really need are data to see how this technique compares with the actual performance of real separators. I suggest further thought or study of the following concepts

Higgs boson production in association with a hard central photon and two forward tagging jets is expected to provide valuable information on Higgs boson couplings in a range where it is difficult to disentangle weak-boson fusion processes from large QCD backgrounds. We present next-to-leading order QCD corrections to Higgs production in association with a photon via weak-boson fusion at a hadron collider in the form of a flexible parton-level Monte Carlo program. The QCD corrections to integrated cross sections are found to be small for experimentally relevant selection cuts, while the shape of kinematic distributions can be distorted by up to 20% in some regions of phase space. Residual scale uncertainties at next-to-leading order are at the few-percent level., 17 pages, 7 figures, 1 table

At lowest order in perturbation theory, the scattering matrix element for Higgs boson production in association with dijets displays a strong correlation in the azimuthal angle between the dijets, induced by the CP-properties of the Higgs Boson coupling. However, the phase space cuts necessary for a clean extraction of the CP-properties simultaneously induce large corrections from emissions of hard radiation and thus formation of extra jets. The current study concerns the generalization of CP-studies using the azimuthal angle between dijets beyond tree-level and to events with more than just two jets. By analyzing the High Energy Limit of hard scattering matrix elements we arrive at a set of cuts optimized to enhance the correlation, while maintaining a large cross section, and an observable, which is very stable against higher order corrections. We contrast the description of Higgs boson production in association with jets at different levels: for tree-level hjj and hjjj matrix elements, for hjj matrix elements plus parton shower, and in a recent all-order framework, which converges to the full, all-order perturbative result in the limit of large invariant mass between all produced particles., Comment: 23 pages

VBFNLO is a fully flexible parton level Monte Carlo program for the simulation of vector boson fusion, double and triple vector boson production in hadronic collisions at next-to-leading order in the strong Coupling constant. VBFNLO includes Higgs and vector boson decays with full spin correlations and all off-shell effects. In addition, VBFNLO implements CP-even and CP-odd Higgs boson via gluon fusion, associated with two jets, at the leading-order one-loop level with the full top- and bottom-quark mass dependence in a generic two-Higgs-doublet model. A variety of effects arising from beyond the Standard Model physics are implemented for selected processes. This includes anomalous couplings of Higgs and vector bosons and a Warped Higgsless extra dimension model. The program offers the possibility to generate Les Houches Accord event files for all processes available at leading order. Program summary Program title: VBFNLO Catalogue identifier: AEDO_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEDO_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: GPL version 2 No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 339218 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 2620847 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: Fortran, parts in C++ Computer: All Operating system: Linux, should also work on other systems Classification: 11.1, 11.2 External routines: Optionally Les Houches Accord PDF Interface library and the GNU Scientific library Nature of problem: To resolve the large scale dependence inherent in leading order calculations and to quantify the cross section error induced by uncertainties in the determination of parton distribution functions, it is necessary to include NLO corrections. Moreover, whenever stringent cuts are required on decay products and/or identified jets the question arises whether the scale dependence and a k-factor, defined as the ratio of NLO to LO cross section, determined for the inclusive production cross sections are valid for the search region one is interested in. Solution method: The problem is best addressed by implementing the one-loop QCD corrections in a fully flexible NLO parton-level Monte Carlo program, where arbitrary cuts can be specified as well as various scale choices. In addition, any currently available parton distribution function set can be used through the LHAPDF library. Running time: Depending on the process studied. Usually from minutes to hours, The research presented in this article was supported in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft via the Sonderforschungsbereich/Transregio SFB/TR-9 “Computational Particle Physics” and the Graduiertenkolleg “High Energy Physics and Particle Astrophysics”, and in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. PHY05-51164. F. Campanario acknowledges a postdoctoral fellowship of the Generalitat Valenciana (Beca Postdoctoral d‘Excelléncia) and S. Plätzer support from the Landesgraduiertenförderung Baden-Württemberg. M. Worek was funded in part by the RTN European Programme MRTN-CT-2006-035505 HEPTOOLS – Tools and Precision Calculations for Physics Discoveries at Colliders and B. Jäger by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, contract HA-101 (“Physics at the Terascale”).

This chapter describes oil-field emulsions and their characteristics, treating oil-field emulsions so as to obtain pipeline quality oil, and equipment used in conditioning oil-field emulsions. Conditioning of oil-field crude oils for pipeline quality is complicated by water produced with the oil. Separating water out of produced oil is performed by various schemes with various degrees of success. The problem of removing emulsified water has grown more widespread and oftentimes more difficult as production schemes lift more water with oil from water-drive formations, water-flooded zones, and wells stimulated by thermal and chemical recovery techniques. Removing water from crude oil often requires additional processing beyond the normal oil–water separation process, which relies on gravity separation. Crude oil treating equipment is designed to break emulsions by coalescing the water droplets and then using gravity separation to separate the oil and water. In addition, the water droplets must have sufficient time to contact each other and coalesce. The negative buoyant forces acting on the coalesced droplets must be sufficient to enable these droplets to settle to the bottom of the treating vessel. Therefore, it is important when designing a crude oil treating system to take into account temperature, time, viscosity of the oil, which may inhibit settling, and the physical dimensions of the treating vessel, which determine the velocity at which settling must occur.

Publisher Summary This study explains the concepts, theory, and sizing equations for the separation of two immiscible liquid phases (in this case, those liquids are normally crude oil and produced water). “Three-phase separator” and “free-water knockout” are terms used to describe pressure vessels that are designed to separate and remove the free water from a mixture of crude oil and water. Because flow normally enters these vessels directly from either a producing well or a separator operating at a higher pressure, the vessel must be designed to separate the gas that flashes from the liquid as well as separate the oil and water. The term “three-phase separator” is normally used when there is a large amount of gas to be separated from the liquid, and the dimensions of the vessel are determined by the gas capacity equations. “Free-water knockout” is generally used when the amount of gas is small relative to the amount of oil and water, and the dimensions of the vessel are determined by the oil–water separation equations, which is also briefly discussed in this chapter. The basic design aspects of three-phase separation are identical to those discussed for two-phase separation. The only additions are that more concern is placed on liquid-liquid settling rates and that some means of removing the free water must be added. Liquid-liquid settling rates are also discussed later in this chapter. Water removal is a function of the control methods used to maintain separation and removal from the oil. Several control methods are applicable to three-phase separators. The shape and diameter of the vessel will, to a degree, determine the types of control used.

The job of a production facility is to separate the well stream into three components, typically called “phases” (oil, gas, and water), and process these phases into some marketable product(s) or dispose of them in an environmentally acceptable manner. In mechanical devices called separators, gas is flashed from the liquids and “free water” is separated from the oil. These steps remove enough light hydrocarbons to produce a stable crude oil with the volatility (vapor pressure) to meet sales criteria. Separators can be either horizontal or vertical in configuration. The gas that is separated must be compressed and treated for sales. Compression is typically done by engine-driven reciprocating compressors. Usually, the separated gas is saturated with water vapor and must be dehydrated to an acceptable level, normally less than 7 lb/MMscf (110mg H 2 O/Sm 3 ). This is normally done in a glycol dehydrator. Dry glycol is pumped to the large vertical contact tower, where it strips the gas of its water vapor. The wet glycol then flows through a separator to the large horizontal reboiler, where it is heated and the water boiled off as steam. In some locations it may be necessary to remove the heavier hydrocarbons to lower the hydrocarbon dew point. Contaminants such as H 2 S and CO 2 may be present at levels higher than those acceptable to the gas purchaser. If this is the case, then additional equipment will be necessary to “sweeten” the gas.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides information about equipment selection and sizing for removing suspended solids and dissolved gases from water. The water's source affects the types and amounts of contaminants in the water. For example, produced water will be contaminated by some hydrocarbons. The treatment of water to remove calcium and magnesium dissolved solids (“water softening”) is important, especially if the water is to be used as boiler feed water for the generation of steam, as in a steam flood. The removal of suspended solids and dissolved gases from water may be desirable for a variety of reasons, the most common of which are to prepare the water for injection into a producing formation and to minimize the corrosion and solids build-up in surface equipment. Treating water for solids removal and for removal of dissolved gases are really two separate concepts, using two separate sets of theories and equipment. They are combined in this chapter only because both are usually considered together when designers plan a water treating system for water injection. With this presentation the designer can select the design required to prepare any water stream for several common uses. Along with this, solid removal equipment description is explained. The principles and equipment involved can also be applied when the water must be treated for other reasons.

Publisher Summary This study addresses the selection of design pressure rating and wall thickness of pressure vessels. It also presents a procedure for estimating vessel weight and includes some examples of design details. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of simple concepts of mechanical design of pressure vessels that must be understood by a project engineer specifying and purchasing this equipment. Most pressure vessels used in the oil and gas industry are designed and inspected according to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME code). This chapter further explains design considerations with design temperature, such as how the maximum and minimum design temperatures for a vessel will determine the maximum allowable stress value permitted for the material to be used in the fabrication of the vessel. The maximum temperature used in the design should not be less than the mean metal temperature expected under the design operating conditions. The minimum temperature used in the design should be the lowest expected in service except when lower temperatures are permitted by the rules of the ASME code. In determining the minimum temperature, such factors as the lowest operating temperature, operational upset, auto-refrigeration, ambient temperature, and any other source of cooling should all be considered. Along with this, design pressures are also explained.