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Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a potent biomedica tool for HIV prevention; however, PrEP is underutilized among African American (AA) women in the Deep South of the United States, despite [...]

In immunocompetent rats and humans infection with Toxoplasma gondii remains mostly without overt clinical symptoms, but can be fatal, if the T-cell response is impaired. For a better understanding of the lack of control of T. gondii infection under immunosuppressed conditions, congenitally athymic rats were used as the experimental model. Whereas athymic F344-Whnrnu (F344 nude) rats die from a generalized infection during the first 3 weeks after peritoneal inoculation with 106 tachyzoites of T. gondii strain NTE, LEW-Whnrnu (LEW nude) rats and euthymic LEW rats infected with a 10-fold higher number of parasites developed chronic infection. To identify underlying mechanisms of LEW rats resistance to T. gondii infection and to investigate a possible contribution of residual T-cells to LEW-Whnrnu rat resistance, we characterized the immune response of LEW rats by determination of cellularity and composition of lymphocyte population, antigen-specific IgG2b response as well as assays of antigen-specific proliferation and production of IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α. As only euthymic LEW rats developed production of antigen-specific IgG and cellular in vitro responses, these results strongly suggest that the genetic background of LEW rats permits a control of the infection independent of an adaptive immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the comparative in vitro potency of the new investigative quinolone gemifloxacin (SB-265805) using low-passaged clinical isolates and type strains of mycoplasma commonly found in the human respiratory and urogenital tracts. Organisms studied were Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma penetrans and Ureaplasma urealyticum, obtained from different geographical regions. Comparator drugs were levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, tetracycline and clindamycin. MICs were determined using a microbroth dilution method. The overall range of MICs of gemifloxacin was ≤0.008–0.125 mg/L for different Mycoplasma spp. and ≤0.008–0.5 mg/L for Ureaplasma spp. Depending on the species tested, gemifloxacin showed variable results when compared with the macrolides. However, gemifloxacin was as potent as, or more potent than, tetracycline, clindamycin and the other quinolones investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Infection with the obligate intracellular parasite T. gondii has been described as asymptomatic in immunocompetent humans and rats, but can be lethal if T-cell immunity is massively suppressed. Congenitally athymic F344-Whn10rnu rats die from a generalized parasitemia 12-15 days after infection, when infected with 106 NTE tachyzoites. Athymic LEW-Whn10rnu rats, on the other hand, when infected with 107 NTE tachyzoites, as described in this study, develop no apparent signs of disease although the development of brain cysts demonstrates successful infection. However, athymic rats are known to possess a small population of T cells of unknown origin and specificity. Therefore, blood, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and peritoneal cells of uninfected and infected animals (1 month after infection) were phenotypically analyzed for the expression of αβ/γδ TCR, CD4, CD8αβ/αα NKRP1-A, CD45RA (B-cell marker) and several TCRBV segments. As expected, the T-cell pool found in athymic rats was oligoclonal and small in number. Furthermore, athymic rats showed no T-cell dependent B-cell response (Toxoplasma antigen (TAg) specific IgG2b) and did not develop an antigen specific cellular response in blood, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes as measured by in vitro proliferation, IL-2 and IFN-γ production. Only peritoneal cells in athymic rats produced low levels of IFN-γ upon TAg stimulation. Despite the absence of an immunocompetent T-cell response, LEW-Whn10rnu rats are able to survive a T. gondii infection as described in this study. Therefore, we propose the athymic LEW-Whn10rnu rat as a model to study T. gondii control strategies in the absence of an immunocompetent T-cell response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several solutions are used to preserve the pancreas prior to islet isolation. This study sought to assess whether the type of solution had an impact on the isolation outcome., Methods: We reviewed data from 125 islet isolation procedures performed from January 2002 to January 2005. Pancreata were preserved in University of Wisconsin (UW) (n = 101), Celsior (CS) (n = 19), or IGL-1 (n = 5) solutions. Islet isolation results and transplantation rates were compared between groups., Results: UW, CS, and IGL-1 groups were similar according to donor's age, weight, and body mass index. Weight of undigested pancreas was 20 +/- 13.1, 21.4 +/- 15.7, and 17.4 +/- 8.7 g for UW, CS, and IGL-1, respectively (P > .2). Final total number of IEQ was 267,000 +/- 132,000, 277,000 +/- 155,000, and 311,000 +/- 163,000, respectively (P > .4). Success rate (defined as >250,000 IEQ) was 55.5%, 52.9%, and 60% for UW, Celsior, and IGL-1 (P > .9); the transplantation rate was 42.2% for UW, 36.8% for Celsior, and 80% for IGL-1 preservation (P > .2)., Conclusions: In this preliminary study, UW, Celsior, and IGL-1 solutions demonstrated similar islet isolation results. The new IGL-1 solution appears promising.

There is evidence that not only the immune status, but also the genetic predisposition of certain hosts influence the clinical outcome of Toxoplasma gondii infection. By far the majority of our knowledge on genetic and immunological mechanisms involved in control of T. gondii infection has been obtained by studying mouse models, which in terms of clinical outcome of infection differ considerably from humans. Rats which show a rather similar course of infection in comparison to humans have not so far been investigated for effects of genetic differences on course of the infection. In this study we show that, like mice, different strains of rats exhibit a remarkable variation in the number of brain cysts arising from chronic infection. LEW rats seem to be highly resistant to cyst formation, in contrast to F344 rats that are susceptible. In addition, F344 rats express high numbers of gammadelta T cells during the acute phase of infection, whereas LEW rats express elevated but comparably low numbers of gammadelta T cells. The RT1 (rat MHC) haplotypes of both strains are identical in the RT1A and RT1B/D regions, which encode the restriction elements for conventional peptide antigens. Consequently, rat strain-specific differences may be useful to define MHC-independent mechanisms of resistance against T. gondii, which may also act in humans.

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages that are associated with the clinical outcome in infected individuals. Whereas group C strains are mainly found in animals, group A and B strains are associated with human disease (Howe and Sibley, 1995). An increased level of transcripts of the tachyzoite-specifically expressed gene SAG1 could be identified in group A T. gondii strains compared to group B strains. Since SAG1-mediated host-cell invasion seems to be important for parasite replication, the observed higher replication rate in group A T. gondii strains might explain the association with clinically overt symptoms at the acute stage in patients who are infected with this group of parasite strains. The presence of external stress factors, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-mediated nitric oxide (NO) formation has been identified to stabilize the cyst stage, most likely by activation of promoter(s) which drive the expression of genes encoding bradyzoite-specific antigens. Reactivation of chronic toxoplasmosis thus might occur in the absence of external stress factors, as has been observed in AIDS patients with decreases levels of IFN-gamma. Since group B T. gondii strains might form more cysts in infected individuals due to an increased potential to convert into bradyzoites, reactivation with resulting toxoplasmic encephalitis could be a more common event in those AIDS patients who were infected with persistent cysts of this group of parasite strains.