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ERDC/CERL TR-15-30 OACSIM Environmental Quality Program Studies Developing Baselines for Prescribed Burning Smoke Management Plans and Best Management Practices Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Michael R. Kemme September 2015 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. OACSIM Environmental Quality Program Studies ERDC/CERL TR-15-30 September 2015 Developing Baselines for Prescribed Burning Smoke Management Plans and Best Management Practices Michael R. Kemme Construction Engineering Research Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 2902 Newmark Drive Champaign, IL 61822 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management Army Environmental Division (ISE) 600 Army Pentagon Washington, DC 20310-0600 Under Project 652BJ3, “Developing Baselines for Prescribed Burning Smoke Man-agement Plan and Best Management Practices” ERDC/CERL TR-15-30 ii Abstract Prescribed fire is a critical component of Army wildland fire management and prevention, range maintenance, and ecosystem management. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets policy on controlling emis-sions from prescribed burning that is complex and still evolving. States have implemented EPA regulations and policy by developing their own regulations, Smoke Management Programs (SMPs), and State Implemen-tation Plan conditions. A wide array of guidanc

ERDC/CERL TR-15-19 The Structural Insulated Panel “SIP Hut” Preliminary Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Indoor Air Quality Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Megan A. Kreiger, Dahtzen Chu, Som S. Shrestha, K. James Hay, Michael R. Kemme, Andrew C. Johannes, Charles Decker, Debbie Lawrence, Ashok Kumar, Steven D. Hart, and Karl F. Meyer August 2015 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default.ERDC/CERL TR-15-19 August 2015 The Structural Insulated Panel “SIP Hut” Preliminary Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Indoor Air Quality Megan A. Kreiger, Dahtzen Chu, K. James Hay, Michael R. Kemme, Andrew C. Johannes, Charles Decker, Debbie Lawrence, and Ashok Kumar U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) 2902 Newmark Drive Champaign, IL 61826-9005 Som. S. Shrestha Oak Ridge National Laboratory One Bethel Valley Road Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6070 Karl F. Meyer and Steven D. Hart Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996 Final Report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 ERDC/CERL TR-15-19 ii Abstract The Army uses a variety of soft shelters and semi-permanent structures at contingency operating bases for functions such as barracks, dining halls, administrative offices, and maintenance shops. Soldiers or local n

U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Installations, especially demilitarization facilities and Army Ammunition Plants, have long used Open Burning/Open Detonation (OB/OD) as a safe, effective, and economic means to dispose of propellants, explosives, and waste military munitions. Work on WP-2153 included a field campaign to characterize air emissions from open burning (OB) in pans of three propellants (M31A1E1, M26 and SPCF) and static firing of Sparrow rocket motors (containing ammonium perchlorate (AP) composite propellant). An aerostat-lofted instrument package called the Flyer was used as the sampling platform. Continuous measurements of CO2 and CO, and batch samples for particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), metals, HCl, perchlorate, chlorate, volatile organic compounds, and semi-volatile organic compounds allowed determination of emission factors. CO2 readings indicated that the Flyer was successfully maneuvered into 90-98% of the OB plumes from pan burning of the three different propellant types and 92% of the static firing plumes. The calculated emission factors in general were comparable to earlier results and literature values for similar propellant types. The resulting emission factors for PM10 and PM2.5 were very close suggesting that OB plumes generate mostly fine PM (PM2.5). No perchlorate and CO were detected for any of the propellants. Only a very limited number of static fire events were sampled and additional work is necessary to close material balances for Cl and Al in the AP propellant., Work on SERDP project WP-2153 is a continuation of work on SERDP project WP-1672, Feasibility of New Technology to Comprehensively Characterize Air Emissions from Full Scale Open Burning and Open Detonation, which was successfully completed in FY10. Work on WP-2153 included OB emissions characterization of several propellants using a subset of the measurement systems employed in WP-1672. The original document contains color images.

Executive Order (EO) 13514, Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance expanded on the energy reduction and environmental performance requirements of EO 13423, Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management. EO 13514 requires Federal agencies to set a Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goal for fiscal year 2020 (FY20) based on an FY08 baseline. US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works projects include many common facility energy consumers such as office space, laboratory space, and visitor centers that are the focus of energy and GHG reduction strategies by many organizations. These Goal Subject (GS) energy consuming facilities support building operations and do not include facilities such as locks and dams and outdoor lighting, which are termed Goal Excluded (GE) facilities. USACE has many GE and non-building GHG emission sources such as those found at locks and dams; hydropower facilities; large pumping plants; fish barriers; canals, channels, harbors, and other navigation waterways; as well as docked vessels. This report documents a data analysis of GE energy consumption and GHG emissions and opportunities for reducing energy usage and GHG emissions based on site visits to three of these Civil Works project types., The original document contains color images.

As with other Federal agencies, the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is attempting to plan a long-term strategy to increase the efficiency of operations through a series of investments and operational changes that reduce energy and water use and green house gas (GHG) emissions. These investments and changes are driven by a number of legislative and executive requirements that, since 2010, are addressed in annual sustainability plans, as required in Executive Order 13514 (2009). Besides meeting required goals, USACE al-so hopes to reduce operational costs through these investments and operational changes, and different investment approaches have sig-nificantly different impacts in terms of lifetime energy and operational cost savings. This study examines the various investment path-ways, over multiple years that can be considered to achieve greater efficiencies. The efficiency value gained by different investments varies widely. The study also examines the ability of USACE to achieve different goals in their various timelines, and attempts to iden-tify the investments levels that might be required, year by year, to achieve these goals. This study also compares, given limited re-sources, the relative benefits to USACE operational budgets, over the lifetime of these investments and operational changes, for various approaches., The original document contains color images.

ERDC/CERL TR-12-17 Center for the Advancement of Sustainability Innovations (CASI) Resource Efficiency in the US Army Corps of Engineers Examination of Strategies To Reduce Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Paul M. Loechl, Michael R. Kemme, Payal S. Shah, and William D. Goran September 2012 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Center for the Advancement of Sustainability Innovations (CASI) ERDC/CERL TR-12-17 September 2012 Resource Efficiency in the US Army Corps of Engineers Examination of Strategies To Reduce Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Paul M. Loechl, Michael R. Kemme, Payal S. Shah, and William D. Goran Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) US Army Engineer Research and Development Center 2902 Newmark Dr. Champaign, IL 61822-1076 Payal S. Shah University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) Urbana, IL 61801 Final Report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for Headquarters, US Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 ERDC/CERL TR-12-17 ii Abstract As with other Federal agencies, the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is attempting to plan a long-term strategy to increase the efficiency of operations through a series of investments and operational changes that reduce energy and water use and green house gas (GHG) emissions. These investments and changes are driven by a number of legislative and executive requirements that, since 2010, are addressed in annual sustainability plans, as required in Executive Order 13514 (2009). Besides meeting required goals, USACE also hopes to reduce operational costs through these investments and operational changes, and different investment approaches have significantly different impacts in terms of lifetime energy and operational cost savings. This study examines the various investment pathways, over multiple years that can be considered to achieve greater efficiencies. The efficiency value gaine

ERDC/CERL TR-12-19 Center for the Advancement of Sustainability Innovations (CASI) Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Opportunities for Civil Works Projects Unique to the US Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Michael R. Kemme and David M. Underwood October 2012 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Center for the Advancement of Sustainability Innovations (CASI) ERDC/CERL TR-12-19 October 2012 Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Opportunities for Civil Works Projects Unique to the US Army Corps of Engineers Michael R. Kemme and David M. Underwood Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) US Army Engineer Research and Development Center 2902 Newmark Dr. Champaign, IL 61822-1076 Center for the Advancement of Sustainability Innovation (CASI) Final Report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for Headquarters, US Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 ERDC/CERL TR-12-19 ii Abstract Executive Order (EO) 13514, Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance expanded on the energy reduction and environmental performance requirements of EO 13423, Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management. EO 13514 requires Federal agencies to set a Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goal for fiscal year 2020 (FY20) based on an FY08 baseline. US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works projects include many common facility energy consumers such as office space, laboratory space, and visitor centers that are the focus of energy and GHG reduction strategies by many organizations. These “Goal Subject” (GS) energy consuming facilities support building operations, and do not include outdoor lighting, or facilities such as locks and dams, which are termed “Goal Excluded” (GE) facilities. USACE has many GE and non-building GHG emission sources such as those found at locks and dams; hydropower facilities; l

This study addresses the nature of indicators of sustainability. Such indicators differ from both sustainability goals and plans, and even from the implementation of actions that are believed likely to enhance sustainability. The indicators developed during this study are intended as direct measures of sustainability. The attributes of ideal indicators of sustainability are discussed. A set of indicators is defined that satisfy the criteria represented by the attributes. This ideal set of indicators is then confronted with Army data that might be used to derive values for the indicators. A set of six indicators and data sources is proposed for use both by installations that are part of the U.S. Army's Installation Management Command (IMCOM) and by the Command itself., The original document contains color images.

For many decades, Open Burning/Open Detonation (OB/OD) has been used as a safe and economic munitions demilitarization for energetic material disposal. Field OB/OD air emissions have been very difficult to characterize because of rapid dispersion, short event duration, heterogeneous emission concentrations, large plume lift, soil entrainment, and explosion safety restrictions. In response to a 2009 SERDP Statement of Need, this project was designed to develop a new emission measurement system for comprehensive air emission characterization for full-scale OB/OD operations. The project team developed a field campaign plan and conducted the field campaign at Tooele Army Depot, Utah, in March 2010. Emissions from OB of M1 propellant and OD of TNT were sampled over a three week period. This report describes the execution and results of the field campaign and discusses the feasibility of the emission measurement system to characterize air emissions from full-scale OB/OD. Close coordination with the DoD demilitarization community enabled the research team to produce useful data for demilitarization-related compliance issues and operations. The feasibility study consisted of in situ and optical remote sensing (ORS) sampling, analysis and monitoring. The in situ sampling configuration included fixed position samplers, and airborne sampling. The aerial platform used a balloon-lofted instrument package called the Flyer. The instrument pack was lofted with a He-filled balloon and maneuvered by two tethers connected to two all-terrain-vehicles (ATVs). Continuous measurements of CO2 and co-sampled PM-10, volatile organic compounds, and semi-volatile organic compounds allowed determination of emission factors. The ORS system included active and passive open-path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometers, Ultraviolet Differential Absorption Spectrometers (UV-DOAS), and a Micropulse LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) (MPL). The ORS samplers were complemented with Tapered

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) set opacity standards for visual emissions from industrial sources to protect ambient air quality. USEPA developed Method 9, which is a reference method to describe how plume opacity can be quantified by human observers during daytime conditions. However, it would be beneficial to determine plume opacity with digital still cameras (DSCs) to provide graphical records of the plume and its environment during visual emission evaluation and to be able to determine plume opacity with DSCs during nighttime conditions. Digital optical method (DOM) was developed to quantify plume opacity from photographs that were provided by a DSC during daytime. Past daytime field campaigns have demonstrated that DOM provided opacity readings that met Method 9 certification requirements. In this paper, the principles and methodology of DOM to quantify plume opacity during nighttime are described. Also, results are described from a nighttime field campaign that occurred at Springfield, IL. Opacity readings provided by DOM were compared with the opacity values obtained with the reference in-stack transmissometer of the smoke generator. The average opacity errors were 2.3-3.5% for contrast model of DOM for all levels of plume opacity. The average opacity errors were 2.0-7.6% for the transmission model of DOM for plumes with opacity 0-50%. These results are encouraging and indicate that DOM has the potential to quantify plume opacity during nighttime., U.S. Government or Federal Rights. The original document contains color images. Pub in Environmental Science & Technology, v43 n3 p783-789, 2009.

The goal of this project is to identify and fill knowledge gaps concerning emission testing methods, emission factors and rates, and activities that create emissions for non-road military diesel engines. This requires the development of new measurement methods that quantify a larger number of chemical compounds and particle sizes, at concentration levels much less than the certification requirements, and for fuels and operating cycles that are not well represented by engine certification tests. Specific project objectives are: 1. Develop, test, and apply new methods for quantifying non-road emissions that more efficiently and realistically represent actual operations than engine dynamometer certification tests. 2. Develop source-, activity-, and fuel-specific emission rate estimates for representative Department of Defense (DoD) mobile and stationary diesel equipment, most of which is not used on public roadways. Emitted pollutants include carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM, including PM2.5 [particles < 2.5 um aerodynamic diameter], and ultrafine particles [UP, particles less than 0.1 um aerodynamic diameter]), sulfur dioxide, (SO2), and ammonia (NH3). Chemical source profiles for PM2.5 are also quantified. 3. Determine how non-road emissions can be integrated with emissions modeling databases and software that estimate total diesel emissions., The original document contains color images.

This paper describes a new method for retrieving path-averaged mass concentrations from multi-spectral light extinction measured by optical remote sensing (ORS) instruments. The light extinction measurements as a function of wavelength were used in conjunction with an iterative inverse-Mie algorithm to retrieve path-averaged particulate matter (PM) mass distribution. Conventional mass concentration measurements in a controlled release experiment were used to calibrate the ORS method. A backscattering micro pulse lidar (MPL) was used to obtain the horizontal extent of the plume along MPL's line of sight. This method was used to measure concentrations and mass emission rates of PM with diameters smaller or equal to 10 microns (PM(sub 10)) and PM with diameters smaller or equal to 2.5 microns (PM(sub 2.50) that were caused by dust from an artillery back blast event at a location in a desert region of the southwestern United States of America., Prepared in collaboration with the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urban, IL and US Army Construction Engineering Research Lab (CERL), Urbana, IL. To be published in Advanced Environmental Monitoring, edited by Kim & Platt, Springer, 2007, p143-154. ISBN 9781402063633.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed Method 9 to describe how plume opacity can be quantified by humans. However, use of observations by humans introduces subjectivity, and is expensive due to semiannual certification requirements of the observers. The Digital Opacity Method (DOM) was developed to quantify plume opacity at lower cost, with improved objectivity, and to provide a digital record. Photographs of plumes were taken with a calibrated digital camera under specified conditions. Pixel values from those photographs were then interpreted to quantify the plume's opacity using a contrast model and a transmission model. The contrast model determines plume opacity based on pixel values that are related to the change in contrast between two backgrounds that are located behind and next to the plume. The transmission model determines the plume's opacity based on pixel values that are related to radiances from the plume and its background. DOM was field tested with a smoke generator. The individual and average opacity errors of DOM were within the USEPA Method 9 acceptable error limits for both field campaigns. Such results are encouraging and support the use of DOM as an alternative to Method 9., Published in Environmental Science and Technology, v41 n3 p928-935, 2007. Prepared in collaboration with the Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), Champaign, IL and the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Des Plaines, IL. The original document contains color images.

Visual Determination of the Opacity of Emissions from Stationary Sources (Method 9) is a reference method established by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to quantify plume opacity. However, Method 9 relies on observations from humans, which introduces subjectivity. In addition, it is expensive to teach and certify personnel to evaluate plume opacity on a semiannual basis. In this study, field tests were completed during a "smoke school" and a 4-month monitoring program of plumes emitted from stationary sources with a Method 9 qualified observer to evaluate the use of digital photography and two computer algorithms as an alternative to Method 9. This Digital Optical Method (DOM) improves objectivity, costs less to implement than Method 9, and provides archival photographic records of the plumes. Results from "smoke school" tests indicate that DOM passed six of eight tests when the sun was located in the 140c sector behind one of the three cameras, with the individual opacity errors of 15% or less and average opacity errors of 7.5% or less. DOM also passed seven of the eight tests when the sun was located in the 216c sector behind another camera. However, DOM passed only one of the eight tests when the sun was located in the 116c sector in front of the third camera. Certification to read plume opacity by a "smoke reader" for 6 months requires that the "smoke reader" pass one of the smoke school tests during smoke school. The average opacity errors and percentage of observations with individual opacity errors above 15% for the results obtained with DOM were lower than those obtained by the smoke school trainees with the sun was located behind the camera, whereas they were higher than the smoke school trainee results with the sun located in front of the camera. In addition, the difference between plume opacity values obtained by DOM and a Method 9 qualified observer, as measured in the field for two industrial sources, were 2.2%., U.S. Government or Federal Rights. ISSN 1047-3289. Pub. in Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, v57, p836-844, Jul 2007.

Headquarters, Installation Management Command (HQ IMCOM) commissioned a study team under the leadership of the Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL), to determine the electric power requirements of Fort Wainwright, Alaska (FWA) through the year 2020, and energy supply alternatives to meet these requirements. Of particular importance was that FWA management projected that the installation might experience electrical power shortages during the impending winter of 2006/2007 due to increases in energy demand resulting from troop deployments, new construction at the installation, reduction in the number of facilities scheduled for demolition, and the temporary loss of some Central Heating and Power Plant (CHPP) generating capacity. The study team was dispatched to FWA in May 2006 to: (1) determine if there was an imminent problem, (2) identify the most promising courses of action, and (3) identify options and estimate costs to meet the installation's power requirements through the year 2020., The original document contains color images. Prepared in collaboration with Science Applications International Corp., McLean, VA and WorleyParsons Resources and Energy, Reading, PA.

The Technology Requirements Study for a new Central Heating and Power Plant (CHPP) at Fort Wainwright, Alaska (FWA) (Vavrin et al. 2006) recommended that if the option for a new CHPP were to be pursued, among the tasks suggested for further analysis was to determine predictive maintenance requirements and new technologies for the existing plant. This study was undertaken to develop a Preventative Maintenance (PM) assessment that includes a maintenance program overview for the major systems in the existing CHPP. The assessment entailed: (1) an identification of shortcomings and deficiencies of existing procedures and processes, (2) recommendations to overcome shortcomings and deficiencies, (3) development of a maintenance schedule, (4) development of an estimate of staffing requirements, and (5) development of a budget estimate for execution of the recommended PM program with breakout for costs, detailed annually for a period of 25 years. This study also identified, prioritized, and separately broke out new technologies and associated costs that would significantly improve the reliability of the existing CHPP., The original document contains color images. Prepared in collaboration with Science Applications International Corp., McLean, VA and WorleyParsons Resources and Energy, Reading, PA.

The future training/testing capacities of military installations and their surrounding regions are increasingly based on today's smart regional planning in collaboration with surrounding cities, counties, and states. Developing urban patterns around installations can be steered in a manner that ensures the continued viability of the installation to support present and future missions. Researchers have developed a two-step process to link proposed regional plans to future training/testing opportunities. The first step is to project future urban patterns that are likely to develop. This document covers the second step: identifying where military training will be tolerated, in future urban patterns, by people living near installations. It includes discussions of mathematical modeling approaches that convert projected urban patterns into maps of where noise, dust, and smoke will be tolerated by surrounding communities and where light from the communities will not interfere with night training., The original document contains color images.

This study evaluated on-site and regional options for providing heat and power to Fort Wainwright, Eielson Air Force Base, Fort Greely, and the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense installation adjacent to Fort Greely, collectively known as the Greater Fairbanks Military Complex (GFMC). The alternatives evaluated include site-specific alternatives (continued operation of existing plant and new plant) and regional alternatives to provide power or both heat and power. The report provides background information on the energy supply situation in Interior Alaska, the availability of fuels, and the existing energy infrastructure and reviews the suitability of possible technologies for long-term heat and power solutions for the GFMC installations. The report also develops evaluation criteria for fuels and alternative heat and power solutions. Life-cycle costs are developed for each alternative and are used in the evaluation along with other criteria such as security, impact on Alaska infrastructure, and air and water quality. Results of the analysis are presented to allow the Department of Defense to make an informed decision about heat and power solutions for the installations., The original document contains color images.

The Fort Wainwright (FWA) military community has a critical need to establish its power and heating requirements to successfully complete a series of planned capital improvements. The CHPP upgrade coincides with an expansion of FWA's mission within the next 5 years. To help the installation successfully complete these changes within the specified time frame, the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) conducted an independent technical assessment of the FWA CHPP in which: (1) the current condition, capabilities, and maintenance status of the FWA CHPP were evaluated; (2) recent performance tests and supporting combustion data were evaluated to determine baseline-operating conditions and efficiencies; (3) regional private sector opportunities were investigated; (4) current heating and power loads and projected loads were reviewed based on master plans; and (5) alternatives to the current CHPP were developed and recommendations made to implement the most cost effective combinations of technologies that would meet required heating and power loads., The original document contains color images.