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Abstract To validate the therapeutic efficacy of metformin on diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) and further elucidate whether the TXNIP-NLRP3-GSDMD axis serves as a target for metformin in ameliorating DBD. C57BL/6J mice were induced with diet-induced obesity by being fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. After establishing the model, the mice were treated with metformin for 4 weeks, and their glucose metabolism-related parameters were assessed. Urine spot assays and urodynamic measurements were conducted to reflect the bladder function and urinary behavior in mice, while histological examination was performed to observe morphological changes. Western blot analysis was employed to measure the expression levels of pyroptotic factors such as TXNIP, NLRP3, GSDMD, and tight junction proteins. Metformin treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice. Moreover, it showed promise in decreasing urinary spot occurrence, reducing urination frequency, alleviating non-voiding contractions, and stabilizing peak urinary pressure. Following metformin therapy, mice displayed restored epithelial fold structure, increased thickness of the muscular layer, substantial decrease in muscle fiber content, notably reduced levels of TXNIP and GSDMD proteins in the metformin-treated group compared to the DBD group, and restored expression of tight junction proteins Zo-1, Claudin-1, and Occludin. Metformin ameliorates urothelial cells damage in DBD mice by inhibiting TXNIP generation and reducing NLRP3 and GSDMD production.

Abstract Objectives This study aims to analyze factors associated with positive surgical margins following cold knife conization (CKC) in patients with cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and to develop a machine-learning-based risk prediction model. Method We conducted a retrospective analysis of 3,343 patients who underwent CKC for HSIL at our institution. Logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between demographic and pathological characteristics and the occurrence of positive surgical margins. Various machine learning methods were then applied to construct and evaluate the performance of the risk prediction model. Results The overall rate of positive surgical margins was 12.9%. Independent risk factors identified included glandular involvement (OR = 1.716, 95% CI: 1.345–2.189), transformation zone III (OR = 2.838, 95% CI: 2.258–3.568), HPV16/18 infection (OR = 2.863, 95% CI: 2.247–3.648), multiple HR-HPV infections (OR = 1.930, 95% CI: 1.537–2.425), TCT ≥ ASC-H (OR = 3.251, 95% CI: 2.584–4.091), and lesions covering ≥ 3 quadrants (OR = 3.264, 95% CI: 2.593–4.110). Logistic regression demonstrated the best prediction performance, with an accuracy of 74.7%, sensitivity of 76.7%, specificity of 74.4%, and AUC of 0.826. Conclusion Independent risk factors for positive margins after CKC include HPV16/18 infection, multiple HR-HPV infections, glandular involvement, extensive lesion coverage, high TCT grades, and involvement of transformation zone III. The logistic regression model provides a robust and clinically valuable tool for predicting the risk of positive margins, guiding clinical decisions and patient management post-CKC.

Abstract Objective To identify the risk factors of cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL) complicated with occult cervical cancer and standardize the management of initial treatment for HSIL. Method The clinical data of patients who underwent total hysterectomy directly due to HSIL in the obstetrics and gynecology department of two tertiary hospitals and three secondary hospitals from 2018 to 2023 were collected. Their general characteristics, pathological parameters and survival status were analyzed. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation between clinical parameters and postoperative pathological upgrading. Result 1. Among the 314 patients with HSIL who underwent total hysterectomy directly, 73.2% were from primary hospitals. 2. 25 patients (7.9%) were pathologically upgraded to cervical cancer, all of which were early invasive cancer. 3. Up to now, there was no recurrence or death in the 25 patients with early-stage invasive cancer, and the median follow-up period was 21 months(range 2–59 months). 4. Glandular involvement(OR 3.968; 95%CI 1.244–12.662) and lesion range ≥ 3 quadrants (OR 6.527; 95% CI 1.78–23.931), HPV 16/18 infection (OR 5.382; 95%CI 1.947–14.872), TCT ≥ ASC-H (OR 4.719; 95%CI 1.892–11.766) were independent risk factors that affected the upgrading of postoperative pathology. 5. The area under the curve (AUC) calculated by the Logistic regression model was 0.840, indicating that the predictive value was good. Conclusion There is a risk of occult cervical cancer in patients with HSIL. Glandular involvement, Lesion range ≥ 3 quadrants, HPV 16/18 infection and TCT ≥ ASC-H are independent risk factors for HSIL combined with occult cervical cancer. The prognosis of biopsy-proved HSIL patients who underwent extrafascial hysterectomy and unexpected early invasive cancer was later identified on specimen may be good.

Objective: This study aims to explore the impact of Nesfatin-1 on type 2 diabetic erectile dysfunction (T2DMED) and its underlying mechanism in regulating the phenotypic switching of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs). Methods: Twenty-four 4-week-old male C57 wild-type mice were randomly assigned to the control group, model group, and Nesfatin-1 treatment group. Monitoring included body weight, blood glucose levels, and penile cavernous pressure (ICP). Histochemistry and Western blot analyses were conducted to assess the expressions of α-SMA, OPN, and factors related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. CCSMCs were categorized into the control group, high glucose and high oleic acid group (GO group), Nesfatin-1 treatment group (GO + N group), sildenafil positive control group (GO + S group), and PI3K inhibitor group (GO + N + E group). Changes in phenotypic markers, cell morphology, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway were observed in each group. Results: (1) Nesfatin-1 significantly ameliorated the body size, body weight, blood glucose, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance in T2DMED mice. (2) Following Nesfatin-1 treatment, the ICP/MSBP ratio and the peak of the ICP curve demonstrated a significant increase. (3) Nesfatin-1 significantly enhanced smooth muscle and reduced collagen fibers in the corpus cavernosum. (4) Nesfatin-1 notably increased α-SMA expression and decreased OPN expression in CCSMCs. (5) Nesfatin-1 elevated PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR levels in penile cavernous tissue. Conclusions: Nesfatin-1 not only effectively improves body weight and blood glucose levels in diabetic mice but also enhances erectile function and regulates the phenotypic switching of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. The potential mechanism involves Nesfatin-1 activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to induce the conversion of CCSMCs to a contractile phenotype.

Abstract Oil-based drilling cutting pyrolysis residues (ODCPRs), bauxite, and sintering additives were applied to manufacture ceramic proppants with low density and high strength in this work. The effect of ODCPRs ratio, sintering temperature, holding time, and the content of additives on the performance of the proppants was comprehensively investigated, respectively. And the sintering mechanism of proppants was also discussed according to the phase, microstructure, and thermal behavior analyses. The results revealed that at the best sintering condition (1280 °C, holding for 60 min), and a mass ratio (ODCPRs: bauxite: MnO2 at 3:7:0.1), the well-developed granular corundum and acicular mullite formed inside the proppants and interspersed with each other to form a dense structure. The proppants presented low density and high strength as the bulk density of 1.48 g/cm3, the apparent density of 2.94 g/cm3, a breakage ratio of 5.25% under 52 MPa closed pressure, and the acid solubility of 4.80%, which could well meet the requirement of the standards of SY/T 5108-2014. This work provided a new pathway for recycling ODCPRs and the fabrication of high-performance proppants.

Abstract Background The perineural invasion (PNI)-mediated inflammation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) varies among gastric cancer (GC) patients and exhibits a close relationship with prognosis and immunotherapy. Assessing the neuroinflammation of TME is important in predicting the response to immunotherapy in GC patients. Methods Fifteen independent cohorts were enrolled in this study. An inflammatory score was developed and validated in GC. Based on PNI-related prognostic inflammatory signatures, patients were divided into Clusters A and B using unsupervised clustering. The characteristics of clusters and the potential regulatory mechanism of key genes were verified by RT-PCR, western-blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence in cell and tumor tissue samples.The neuroinflammation infiltration (NII) scoring system was developed based on principal component analysis (PCA) and visualized in a nomogram together with other clinical characteristics. Results Inflammatory scores were higher in GC patients with PNI compared with those without PNI (P

Abstract The recent progress in CuMnAs and Mn3X (X = Sn, Ge, Pt) shows that antiferromagnets (AFMs) provide a promising platform for advanced spintronics device innovations. Most recently, a switchable Fermi‐arc is discovered by the ARPES technique in antiferromagnet NdBi, but the knowledge about electron‐transport property and the manipulability of the magnetic structure in NdBi is still vacant to date. In this study, SdH oscillations are successfully verified from the Dirac surface states (SSs) with 2‐dimensionality and nonzero Berry phase. Particularly, it is observed that the spin‐flop transition only appears when the external magnetical field is applied along [001] direction, and features obvious hysteresis for the first time in NdBi, which provides a powerful handle for adjusting the spin texture in NdBi. Crucially, the DFT shows the Dirac cone and the Fermi arc strongly depend on the high‐order magnetic structure of NdBi and further reveals the orbital magnetic moment of Nd plays a crucial role in fostering the peculiar SSs, leading to unveil the mystery of the band‐splitting effect and to manipulate the electronic transport, high‐effectively, in the thin film works in NdBi. It is believed that this study provides important guidance for the development of new antiferromagnet‐based spintronics devices based on cutting‐edge rare‐earth monopnictides.

Abstract Background Cisplatin resistance is among the main reasons for the poor prognosis of ovarian cancer (OC) patients. Until now, effective biomarkers for predicting cisplatin resistance in OC and specific drugs for reversing this resistance are lacking. This study identified the critical gene associated with cisplatin resistance in OC and provided a potential target for overcoming this resistance. Methods Differentially expressed genes between cisplatin‐resistant and ‐sensitive OCs were identified by screening public datasets. Survival analysis was conducted to screen prognosis‐related DEGs. CIBERSORT, ESTIMATE, and immune checkpoint genes were used to assess the association between EMP1 expression and tumor microenvironment features. CTRP and GDSC databases were employed to analyze the correlation between EMP1 expression and cisplatin resistance. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry, qPCR, Western blotting, siRNA interference, and the CCK8 assay were performed to verify the role of EMP1 in cisplatin resistance in vitro. Finally, xenograft mouse models were generated to further confirm the role of EMP1 in cisplatin resistance in vivo. Results EMP1 was identified as a critical gene associated with cisplatin resistance in OC. According to bioinformatics analyses, increased EMP1 expression was linked to higher stromal/ESTIMATE scores as well as greater ICG expression levels. The in vitro experiments showed that EMP1 was highly expressed in cisplatin‐resistant OC tissues and cells, and silencing this EMP1 expression enhanced OC cell sensitivity to cisplatin. Finally, in vivo experiments confirmed that EMP1 promotes tumor growth and cisplatin resistance. Conclusions EMP1 can act as a predictive biomarker for cisplatin resistance in OC and as a potential therapeutic target.

Fluorescent probe is an important tool for investigation of biological events in plant tissues. However, the research on small-molecule based fluorescent probe for plant imaging still stays at the initial stage. In order to noninvasively achieve the subcellular information of Arabidopsis thaliana, a two-photon and fluorene based fluorophore with a bi-oligo (ethylene glycol) functional group was synthesized. Under the laser's irradiation at 750 nm, the subcellular structures of Arabidopsis thaliana including stomata and root tips were clearly observed without slicing, which displayed significant superiorities over traditional single-photon excitation microscopy. Subsequently, the above functionalized fluorophore was further modified with a recognition group (dipicolylamine) to form a smart fluorescent probe (LJTP1). As results, LJTP1 not only can sensitively detect Cu2+/S2− with fluorescence “on-off-on” response in vitro and in vivo, but also can achieve noninvasive imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana tissues under two-photon microscopy. We believe this study will open up a new mind for noninvasive imaging in plant tissues.

Abstract Mn $$_{3}$$ 3 Ir/CoFe bilayer is a prototypical exchange-coupled antiferromagnet (AF)–ferromagnet (FM) system. Nevertheless, a strong exchange coupling between FM and rare-earth(RE) interfaces of Fe/Dy and Fe/Tb has been established earlier. Strong coupling at the FM–RE interface originates from the number of irreversible spins owing to the imbalance in the non-collinear configuration in RE. However, exchange coupling between AF–RE could not be established due to the minimal number of irreversible spins in AF and RE. A frustrated inter-domain magnetic interaction leads to the coexistence of spin-freezing-like ordering around the temperature range of helical spin modulation at the exchange-coupled interfaces of RE-based specimens. To overcome the lack of coupling between the AF–RE interface, we use a sandwich structure of AF–FM–RE layers (Mn $$_{3}$$ 3 Ir/CoFe/Dy) as we demonstrate establishing considerable exchange bias in the system. Changing the bias direction during field cooling introduces possible differences in non-collinear directions (helicities), which affects the number of irreversible spins and consequent exchange coupling differently for opposite directions. The non-collinear structures in RE are topologically stable; thus, their directions of orientation can be regarded as an additional degree of freedom, which can be manipulated in all-spin-based technology.

Abstract Background Metastatic breast carcinoma is commonly considered during differential diagnosis when metastatic disease is detected in females. In addition to the tumor morphology and documented clinical history, sensitive and specific immunohistochemical (IHC) markers such as GCDFP-15, mammaglobin, and GATA3 are helpful for determining breast origin. However, these markers are reported to show lower sensitivity in certain subtypes, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Materials and methods Using bioinformatics analyses, we identified a potential diagnostic panel to determine breast origin: matrix Gla protein (MGP), transcriptional repressor GATA binding 1 (TRPS1), and GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3). We compared MGP, TRPS1, and GATA3 expression in different subtypes of breast carcinoma of (n = 1201) using IHC. As a newly identified marker, MGP expression was also evaluated in solid tumors (n = 2384) and normal tissues (n = 1351) from different organs. Results MGP and TRPS1 had comparable positive expression in HER2-positive (91.2% vs. 92.0%, p = 0.79) and TNBC subtypes (87.3% vs. 91.2%, p = 0.18). GATA3 expression was lower than MGP (p

Structurally well-defined compounds have advantages for quality control in plant biostimulant production and application processes. Humic acid (HA) is a biostimulant that significantly affects plant growth, and soil-dwelling Protaetia brevitarsis larva (PBLs) can rapidly convert agricultural waste into HA. In this study, we use PBLs as a model to investigate HA formation and screen for structurally well-defined HA-related plant biostimulant compounds. Dephasing magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C DD–MAS NMR) analysis indicated HA structural changes during PBL digestion; metabolic profiling detected seven HA-related aromatic ring-containing compounds. A total of six compounds that significantly stimulate plant growth were identified through plant experiments, and all six compounds demonstrate the ability to enhance seed germination. It is noteworthy that piperic acid exhibits a remarkable promotion of root growth in plants, a finding reported for the first time in this study. Thus, this study not only provides insights into the insect-mediated transformation of HA but also illustrates a new method for discovering structurally well-defined plant biostimulant compounds.

Abstract Objective To determine risk factors predicting residual lesion in a subsequent hysterectomy follow a cold knife conization (CKC) for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Method Between January 2010 and December 2021, a total of 740 patients who underwent a hysterectomy within 3 months after CKC for HSIL were included in this study. We analyzed their demographic features and pathological parameters. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between parameters and residual lesion in subsequent hysterectomy specimens. Results 104 (14.1%) had residual lesion in the hysterectomy specimen, 3 patients with microinvasive carcinoma. The rate of residual lesion in patients with positive endocervical margin was 31.3%, with positive ectocervical margin was 15.3%, with positive combine margin was 38.6%. In multivariate analysis, positive margin (OR 4.015; 95% CI 2.526–6.381; P

In recent days, change detection has become one of the central tasks for remote sensing image analyses. Due to the powerful discriminative abilities, various convolutional-based approaches have been applied and shown favorable performance in change detection. However, these approaches either require numerous parameters to obtain refined features or cannot make full use of the global context information, which is crucial for change detection. Motivated by the recently proposed visual transformers, we introduce a divided spatial and temporal context modeling network to tackle such shortcomings, which is tokens-based and passes the global context by well-modeled tokens. Specifically, to model the spatial context, we first use a spatial self-attention to make each token implicitly incorporate the spatial information of the corresponding image. Then, a followed temporal self-attention is used to model the temporal context. Together with the spatial self-attention, it makes the learned tokens contain the global context and become more representational and suitable for change detection. Finally, a prediction head is used to output change detection results over the token space without additional transformer decoder or skip connections between features and tokens, thus reducing the model parameters and computational costs. Thanks to the superior global context modeling capabilities of the proposed method, we further develop a simplified variant with much smaller parameters but only a slight drop in F1 and IoU scores. Our proposed method has shown competitive performance and surpasses several state-of-the-art methods according to our experiments.

Carbazole alkaloids, as an important class of natural products, have been widely reported to have extensive biological activities. Based on our previous three-component reaction to construct carbazole scaffolds, we introduced a methylene group to provide a rotatable bond, and designed series of carbazole derivatives with structural diversity including carbazole amide, carbazole hydrazide and carbazole hydrazone. All synthesized carbazole derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against 7901 (gastric adenocarcinoma), A875 (human melanoma) and MARC145 (African green monkey kidney) cell lines. The preliminary results indicated that compound 14a exhibited high inhibitory activities on 7901 and A875 cancer cells with the lowest IC50 of 11.8 ± 1.26 and 9.77 ± 8.32 μM, respectively, which might be the new lead compound for discovery of novel carbazole-type anticancer agents.

This paper presents a novel closed-loop control strategy that can be applied to quadrotor trajectory tracking to improve the control accuracy and stability. Inspired by intelligent creatures, the composite control strategy combines the open-loop mode and closed-loop control to overcome some disadvantages of oscillation and overshoot under feedback control mechanisms. The open-loop mode was realized by the quadrotor maneuverability model, which is proposed to build the bridge between the flight control commands and the desired acceleration. Then, a real-time control and acquisition platform with high-precision positioning, low-delay communication, and asynchronous distribution was built to collect the UAV’s real-time flight trajectory data for training the maneuverability model and to control the quadrotors asynchronously. Based on the platform and the trained model, the composite control mode on the closed-loop of the Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) control and the open-loop of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) maneuverability model was implemented and verified. The experimental results show that the open-loop control strategy has a better advantage in the unity of time and space over the existing techniques for improving the UAV dynamic obstacle avoidance capability.

In order to solve the problem that people can accurately search for the network information they need, the research on network information retrieval methods becomes more important. This article is mainly about the research of network information retrieval methods based on metadata ontology calculations. This article constructs an LDA three-layer Bayesian model with a three-layer structure of document, topic, and single order. The three-layer structure obeys a random polynomial distribution and can be calculated the joint distribution probability of all variables in the LDA model greatly increases the calculation efficiency. Using a cross-modal information retrieval method, it can mine the common data features between different modal data and analyze the semantic correlation between different modal data, improve the accuracy of search, and solve the existence of different modal data. There is a gap in the expression semantics between heterogeneous and different modal data. The experimental results in this paper show that the text feature extraction of the network information retrieval method based on the metadata ontology calculation has a good performance in terms of accuracy, and the accuracy of the extraction and clustering results is as high as about 90%. The improved CCA algorithm used is better than the traditional CCA and the accuracy is improved by 23%, which is 12% higher than the LDA-CCA algorithm.

Magnetic coupling resonance wireless power transfer can efficiently provide energy to intracranial implants under safety constraints, and is the main way to power fully implantable brain–computer interface systems. However, the existing maximum efficiency tracking wireless power transfer system is aimed at optimizing the overall system efficiency, but the efficiency of the secondary side is not optimized. Moreover, the parameters of the transmitter and the receiver change nonlinearly in the power control process, and the efficiency tracking mainly depends on wireless communication. The heat dissipation caused by the unoptimized receiver efficiency and the wireless communication delay in power control will inevitably affect neural activity and even cause damage, thus affecting the results of neuroscience research. Here, a linear-power-regulated wireless power transfer method is proposed to realize the linear change of the received power regulation and optimize the receiver efficiency, and a miniaturized linear-power-regulated wireless power transfer system is developed. With the received power control, the efficiency of the receiver is increased to more than 80%, which can significantly reduce the heating of fully implantable microsystems. The linear change of the received power regulation makes the reflected impedance in the transmitter change linearly, which will help to reduce the dependence on wireless communication and improve biological safety in received power control applications.

The detection of malicious encrypted traffic is an important part of modern network security research. The producers of the current malware do not pay attention to the fact that malicious encrypted traffic can also be detected; they do not construct further adversarial malicious encrypted traffic to deceive existing malicious encrypted traffic detection methods. However, with the increasing confrontation between attack and defense, adversarial malicious encrypted traffic samples will appear gradually, which will make the existing malicious encrypted traffic detection methods obsolete. In this paper, an adversarial malicious encrypted traffic detection method based on refined session analysis (ADRSA) is proposed. The key ideas of this method are: (1) interpretability analysis is used to extract malicious traffic features that are not easily affected by encryption, (2) restoration technology is used to further improve traffic separability, and (3) a deep neural network is used to identify adversarial malicious encrypted traffic. In experimental tests, the ADRSA method could accurately detect malicious encrypted traffic, particularly adversarial malicious encrypted traffic, and the detection rate is more than 95%. However, the detection rate of other malicious encrypted traffic detection methods is almost zero when facing adversarial malicious encrypted traffic. The detection performance of ADRSA exceeds that of the most popular detection methods.

Background: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are clinically significant in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Although a standardized methodology for visual TILs assessment (VTA) exists, it has several inherent limitations. We established a deep learning-based computational TIL assessment (CTA) method broadly following VTA guideline and compared it with VTA for TNBC to determine the prognostic value of the CTA and a reasonable CTA workflow for clinical practice. Methods: We trained three deep neural networks for nuclei segmentation, nuclei classification and necrosis classification to establish a CTA workflow. The automatic TIL (aTIL) score generated was compared with manual TIL (mTIL) scores provided by three pathologists in an Asian (n = 184) and a Caucasian (n = 117) TNBC cohort to evaluate scoring concordance and prognostic value. Findings: The intraclass correlations (ICCs) between aTILs and mTILs varied from 0.40 to 0.70 in two cohorts. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that the aTIL score was associated with disease free survival (DFS) in both cohorts, as either a continuous [hazard ratio (HR)=0.96, 95% CI 0.94–0.99] or dichotomous variable (HR=0.29, 95% CI 0.12–0.72). A higher C-index was observed in a composite mTIL/aTIL three-tier stratification model than in the dichotomous model, using either mTILs or aTILs alone. Interpretation: The current study provides a useful tool for stromal TIL assessment and prognosis evaluation for patients with TNBC. A workflow integrating both VTA and CTA may aid pathologists in performing risk management and decision-making tasks.

Spike sorting is used to classify the spikes (action potentials acquired by physiological electrodes), aiming to identify their respective firing units. Now it has been developed to classify the spikes recorded by multi-electrode arrays (MEAs), with the improvement of micro-electrode technology. However, how to improve classification accuracy and maintain low time complexity simultaneously becomes a difficulty. A fast and accurate spike sorting approach named HTsort is proposed for high-density multi-electrode arrays in this paper. Several improvements have been introduced to the traditional pipeline that is composed of threshold detection and clustering method. First, the divide-and-conquer method is employed to utilize electrode spatial information to achieve pre-clustering. Second, the clustering method HDBSCAN (hierarchical density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise) is used to classify spikes and detect overlapping events (multiple spikes firing simultaneously). Third, the template merging method is used to merge redundant exported templates according to the template similarity and the spatial distribution of electrodes. Finally, the template matching method is used to resolve overlapping events. Our approach is validated on simulation data constructed by ourselves and publicly available data and compared to other state-of-the-art spike sorters. We found that the proposed HTsort has a more favorable trade-off between accuracy and time consumption. Compared with MountainSort and SpykingCircus, the time consumption is reduced by at least 40% when the number of electrodes is 64 and below. Compared with HerdingSpikes, the classification accuracy can typically improve by more than 10%. Meanwhile, HTsort exhibits stronger robustness against background noise than other sorters. Our more sophisticated spike sorter would facilitate neurophysiologists to complete spike sorting more quickly and accurately.

As the basic tools for neuroscience research, invasive neural recording devices can obtain high-resolution neuronal activity signals through electrodes connected to the subject’s brain. Existing wireless neural recording devices are large in size or need external large-scale equipment for wireless power supply, which limits their application. Here, we developed an ultra-low-noise, low power and miniaturized dual-channel wireless neural recording microsystem. With the full-differential front-end structure of the dual operational amplifiers (op-amps), the noise level and power consumption are notably reduced. The hierarchical microassembly technology, which integrates wafer-level packaged op-amps and the miniaturized Bluetooth module, dramatically reduces the size of the wireless neural recording microsystem. The microsystem shows a less than 100 nV/Hz ultra-low noise level, about 10 mW low power consumption, and 9 × 7 × 5 mm3 small size. The neural recording ability was then demonstrated in saline and a chronic rat model. Because of its miniaturization, it can be applied to freely behaving small animals, such as rats. Its features of ultra-low noise and high bandwidth are conducive to low-amplitude neural signal recording, which may help advance neuroscientific discovery.

Abstract Background This study aimmed to evaluate the expression of p53-inducible RR small subunit 2 homologue (p53R2) in Lung sarcomatoid carcinoma (LSC) and its association with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. Methods In this study, clinicopathological factors and prognostic significance of the expression of p53R2 was investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 100 cases of LSC. Results The results showed that the expression of p53R2 was significantly correlated with clinical stage (P

Change detection based on deep learning has made great progress recently, but there are still some challenges, such as the small data size in open-labeled datasets, the different viewpoints in image pairs, and the poor similarity measures in feature pairs. To alleviate these problems, this paper presents a novel change capsule network by taking advantage of a capsule network that can better deal with the different viewpoints and can achieve satisfactory performance with small training data for optical remote sensing image change detection. First, two identical non-shared weight capsule networks are designed to extract the vector-based features of image pairs. Second, the unchanged region reconstruction module is adopted to keep the feature space of the unchanged region more consistent. Third, vector cosine and vector difference are utilized to compare the vector-based features in a capsule network efficiently, which can enlarge the separability between the changed pixels and the unchanged pixels. Finally, a binary change map can be produced by analyzing both the vector cosine and vector difference. From the unchanged region reconstruction module and the vector cosine and vector difference module, the extracted feature pairs in a change capsule network are more comparable and separable. Moreover, to test the effectiveness of the proposed change capsule network in dealing with the different viewpoints in multi-temporal images, we collect a new change detection dataset from a taken-over Al Udeid Air Basee (AUAB) using Google Earth. The results of the experiments carried out on the AUAB dataset show that a change capsule network can better deal with the different viewpoints and can improve the comparability and separability of feature pairs. Furthermore, a comparison of the experimental results carried out on the AUAB dataset and SZTAKI AirChange Benchmark Set demonstrates the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

Abstract It is well documented that microgravity in space environment leads to bone loss in astronauts. These physiological changes have also been validated by human and animal studies and modeled in cell-based analogs. However, the underlying mechanisms are elusive. In the current study, we identified a novel phenomenon that primary cilia (key sensors and functioning organelles) of rat calvarial osteoblasts (ROBs) gradually shrank and disappeared almost completely after exposure to simulated microgravity generated by a random positioning machine (RPM). Along with the abrogation of primary cilia, the differentiation, maturation and mineralization of ROBs were inhibited. We also found that the disappearance of primary cilia was prevented by treating ROBs with cytochalasin D, but not with LiCl or dynein light chain Tctex-type 1 (Dynlt1) siRNA. The repression of the differentiation, maturation and mineralization of ROBs was effectively offset by cytochalasin D treatment in microgravity conditions. Blocking ciliogenesis using intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88) siRNA knockdown inhibited the ability of cytochalasin D to counteract this reduction of osteogenesis. These results indicate that the abrogation of primary cilia may be responsible for the microgravity’s inhibition on osteogenesis. Reconstruction of primary cilia may become a potential strategy against bone loss induced by microgravity.

With the development of remote sensing technologies, change detection in heterogeneous images becomes much more necessary and significant. The main difficulty lies in how to make input heterogeneous images comparable so that the changes can be detected. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end heterogeneous change detection method based on the feature space constraint. First, considering that the input heterogeneous images are in two distinct feature spaces, two encoders with the same structure are used to extract features, respectively. A decoder is used to obtain the change map from the extracted features. Then, the Gram matrices, which include the correlations between features, are calculated to represent different feature spaces, respectively. The squared Euclidean distance between Gram matrices, termed as feature space loss, is used to constrain the extracted features. After that, a combined loss function consisting of the binary cross entropy loss and feature space loss is designed for training the model. Finally, the change detection results between heterogeneous images can be obtained when the model is trained well. The proposed method can constrain the features of two heterogeneous images to the same feature space while keeping their unique features so that the comparability between features can be enhanced and better detection results can be achieved. Experiments on two heterogeneous image datasets consisting of optical and SAR images demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.

Objective: Although many clinical studies have shown that ROUX-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery significantly improves metabolic syndrome-related erectile dysfunction (MED), the role and mechanism are unclear. Aim: In this study we used a mouse model to explore how RYGB improves MED induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: We established a mouse model of metabolic syndrome by feeding an HFD for 16 weeks. The mice were randomly assigned to the standard chow diet (SCD), HFD, or RYGB groups. Body weight, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and total plasma cholesterol were analyzed. Erectile responses were evaluated by determining the mean systolic blood pressure and the intracavernosal pressure (ICP). Penile histologic examination (Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemical stain) and Western blot were performed. Result: Compared with the SCD group, the ICP in the sham group was significantly lower, and the ICP of the RYGB was significantly increased. Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemical staining showed that the content of endothelium and smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum of mice with MED was significantly reduced. Western blot analysis showed a significant decrease in α-smooth muscle actin and a significant increase in osteopontin in penile tissue in the sham group, which was improved by RYGB surgery. Furthermore, RYGB significantly increased IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS phosphorylation. Clinical translation: In this study we explored the mechanism of bariatric surgery to improve erectile dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome and provided a theoretical basis for clinical research. Strengths and limitations: First, we did not investigate the mechanism by which RYGB affects the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway. Second, the effect of the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway on the function of corpus cavernosum endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells remains to be investigated in cellular studies. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that RYGB may not only improve metabolic parameters but also restore erectile function in MED patients. The mechanism of the therapeutic effect of RYGB may be reactivation of the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]