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Recent research on post-conflict environments prioritizes more creative understandings of peace operations, leading researchers to dig deeper into the micro-foundations of peacebuilding and peacekeeping. Though some of this research highlights the role of emotions, there are several complexifying factors that interact with emotion – including chronic stress arousal, trauma, increased stress loads, stress and emotion contagion, and decreased self-regulatory capacity – that remain dramatically undertheorized in this new wave of research. Given that peacekeeping operations are an environment in which these factors are likely to be at their most salient, it is essential that we understand where and how they interact with those operations. This article seeks to address this oversight. It begins by integrating recent psychological and neuroscientific arguments about individuals' neurobiological windows of tolerance, exploring how the conflict cycle can lead to post-conflict effects on individuals' thoughts, emotions, decision-making, and behaviour. It then explores the implications of those lessons for two dimensions of peacekeeping environments, offering insight into peacekeepers' dysregulation as well as structurally and socially embedded dysregulation within the host population. Most importantly, it offers recommendations for how to resolve the effects of stress and trauma in peacekeeping environments, and thus provide the healing needed for effective peacekeeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: College students with disordered eating (DE) are at increased risk of body focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs). Both DE and BFRBs are described as impulsive and compulsive. However, the associations of impulsive DE with impulsive BFRBs and compulsive DE with compulsive BFRBs have not been examined. Methods: 191 college-aged students completed a survey of BFRBs and DE. Results: Participants who reported hair pulling were twice as likely to report clinically significant DE than those who denied hair pulling (p =.022). Participants who endorsed distressing hair pulling (p =.026), skin picking (p =.052), and nail biting (p =.094) were twice as likely to report clinically significant DE than those who were not distressed by these behaviors. Evidence did not support the association of BFRBs and DE along an impulsive/compulsive continuum. Conclusions: Results suggest that BFRBs and DE often co-occur, and the role of impulsivity and compulsivity in these behaviors is complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Couples raising a child diagnosed with autism spectrum condition (ASC) experience unique challenges that can affect their relationship. This grounded theory study explores how couples maintain functioning in their relationship despite ongoing stressors related to raising a child on the spectrum. The presented model shows what couples can do to create and maintain their relationship functioning. It utilises four major themes developed from our analysis of interviews with 19 couples in the United States with a child diagnosed with ASC. This study increases understanding of couple functioning when raising a child on the spectrum. The grounded theory defines couple functioning for couples with a child diagnosed with ASC as balancing four mutually influential themes: togetherness, adaptability, resilience and communication. We also discuss clinical implications for systemic therapists to work with couples with a child diagnosed with ASC effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior sentencing research has examined the treatment of White, Black, and Hispanic defendants; however, little attention has been paid towards other racial/ethnic groups, like American Indian defendants. Moreover, a majority of sentencing research has focused men's outcomes, disregarding the treatment and outcomes of women. Therefore, this paper examines the outcomes of American Indian women in federal district courts using United States Sentencing Commission (USSC) data from FY2015 to FY2019. We situate our research within an intersectional framework and use the chivalry, evil women, and focal concerns perspectives to understand the sentencing outcomes of American Indian women. Our results indicate that American Indian women are similarly disadvantaged at the incarceration, and sentence length decisions as other racial/ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of poverty and unemployment are pervasive barriers to Nigerian emerging adults entering the job market. The current study employed the Psychology of Working Theory to explore career engagement, academic satisfaction, and life satisfaction predictors in a nation experiencing the intersections of high poverty and high unemployment rate. We tested a model predicting these outcomes from economic constraints and marginalization mediated by work volition, career adaptability, and perceptions of future decent work. We administered online surveys to 310 undergraduates in Nigeria. Career adaptability and work volition predicted the perception of future access to decent work. Also, those who reported higher chances of securing decent work after graduation reported greater academic and life satisfaction and career engagement. While economic constraints predicted career adaptability in this model, marginalization did not predict career adaptability. In contrast with previous studies, economic constraints, and marginalization were not predictive of work volition or future decent work perception. We also found a positive relationship between economic challenges and career adaptability against the propositions of the Psychology of Working Theory (PWT). The implications of our findings were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organismal solutions to natural challenges can spark creative engineering applications. However, most engineers are not experts in organismal biology, creating a potential barrier to maximally effective bioinspired design. In this review, we aim to reduce that barrier with respect to a group of organisms that hold particular promise for a variety of applications: snakes. Representing >10% of tetrapod vertebrates, snakes inhabit nearly every imaginable terrestrial environment, moving with ease under many conditions that would thwart other animals. To do so, they employ over a dozen different types of locomotion (perhaps well over). Lacking limbs, they have evolved axial musculoskeletal features that enable their vast functional diversity, which can vary across species. Different species also have various skin features that provide numerous functional benefits, including frictional anisotropy or isotropy (as their locomotor habits demand), waterproofing, dirt shedding, antimicrobial properties, structural colors, and wear resistance. Snakes clearly have much to offer to the fields of robotics and materials science. We aim for this review to increase knowledge of snake functional diversity by facilitating access to the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital neuropsychological test batteries are popular in college athletics; however, well-validated digital tests that are short and portable are needed to expand the feasibility of performing cognitive testing quickly, reliably, and outside standard clinical settings. This study assessed performance on digital versions of Trail Making Test (dTMT) and a modified Symbol Digit Modalities Test (dSDMT) in uninjured collegiate athletes (n = 537; 47% female) using the C3Logix baseline assessment module. Time to complete (dTMT) and the number of correct responses (dSDMT) were computed, transformed into z scores, and compared to age-matched normative data from analogous paper-and-pencil tests. Overall sample performance was compared to normative sample performance using Cohen's d. Sample averages on the dTMT, Part A, and dSDMT were similar to published norms; 97 and 92% of z scores fell within 2 standard deviations of normative means, respectively. The sample averaged faster completion times on dTMT, Part B than published norms, although 98% of z scores were within 2 standard deviations of the normative means. Brief, digitized tests may be useful in populations and testing environments when longer cognitive test batteries are impractical. Future studies should assess the ability of these tests to detect clinically relevant changes following a suspected head injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By searching the Open Supernova Catalog, an extragalactic transient host galaxy database, and literature analyses, I present the largest sample of type Ia supernova (SN Ia) siblings to date. The sample comprises 158 galaxies, consisting of 327 confirmed SNe Ia, over 10 times larger than existing sibling SN Ia samples. SN siblings share host galaxies, and thus share global environmental properties and associated systematic uncertainties. This makes them valuable for both cosmological and astrophysical analyses; for example, sibling SNe Ia allow for comparison of environmental properties within the same galaxy, progenitor comparisons, rates analyses, and multiple calibrations of the Hubble–Lemaître constant. This large sample will provide a variety of new avenues of research, and be of great interest to the wider SN Ia community. To give an example use of this sample, I define a cosmology subsample of 44 siblings; and use it to compare light-curve properties between sibling pairs. I find no evidence for correlations in stretch (x 1) and colour (c) between pairs of siblings. Moreover, by comparing a comparable set of random pairs of SNe Ia through boot-strapping, I find that siblings are no more similar in x 1 and c than any random pair of SNe Ia. Given that siblings share the same hosts, differences in x 1 and c between siblings cannot be due to global galaxy properties. This raises important questions regarding environmental systematics for SN Ia standardization in cosmology, and motivates future analyses of sibling SNe Ia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the 'staircase' design, derived from the zigzag pattern of steps along the diagonal of a stepped wedge design schematic where clusters switch from control to intervention conditions. Unlike a complete stepped wedge design where all participating clusters must collect and provide data for the entire trial duration, clusters in a staircase design are only required to be involved and collect data for a limited number of pre- and post-switch periods. This could alleviate some of the burden on participating clusters, encouraging involvement in the trial and reducing the likelihood of attrition. Staircase designs are already being implemented, although in the absence of a dedicated methodology, approaches to sample size and power calculations have been inconsistent. We provide expressions for the variance of the treatment effect estimator when a linear mixed model for an outcome is assumed for the analysis of staircase designs in order to enable appropriate sample size and power calculations. These include explicit variance expressions for basic staircase designs with one pre- and one post-switch measurement period. We show how the variance of the treatment effect estimator is related to key design parameters and demonstrate power calculations for examples based on a real trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold temperatures have been posited as a key driver of polyploidy (possession of multiple chromosome sets). However, high temperatures associated with fire, and the indirect impact of post-fire environments in polypoid formation and establishment deserve more attention for a comprehensive understanding of polyploid ecology, evolution, and current distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human hippocampus (Hc) is critical for memory function across the lifespan. It is comprised of cytoarchitectonically distinct subfields: dentate gyrus (DG), cornu ammonis sectors (CA) 1‐4, and subiculum, each of which may be differentially susceptible to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative mechanisms. Identifying age‐related differences in Hc subfield volumes can provide insights into neural mechanisms of memory function across the lifespan. Limited evidence suggests that DG and CA3 volumes differ across development while other regions remain relatively stable, and studies of adulthood implicate a downward trend in all subfield volumes with prominent age effects on CA1. Due to differences in methods and limited sampling for any single study, the magnitude of age effects on Hc subfield volumes and their probable lifespan trajectories remain unclear. Here, we conducted a meta‐analysis on cross‐sectional studies (n = 48,278 participants, ages = 4–94 years) to examine the association between age and Hc subfield volumes in development (n = 11 studies), adulthood (n = 30 studies), and a combined lifespan sample (n = 41 studies) while adjusting estimates for sample sizes. In development, age was positively associated with DG and CA3‐4 volumes, whereas in adulthood a negative association was observed with all subfield volumes. Notably, the observed age effects were not different across subfield volumes within each age group. All subfield volumes showed a nonlinear age pattern across the lifespan with DG and CA3‐4 volumes showing a more distinct age trajectory as compared to the other subfields. Lastly, among all the study‐level variables, only female percentage of the study sample moderated the age effect on CA1 volume: a higher female‐to‐male ratio in the study sample was linked to the greater negative association between age and CA1 volume. These results document that Hc subfield volumes differ as a function of age offering broader implications for constructing theoretical models of lifespan memory development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although most patients with cancer are treated with local therapy (LT), the proportion of late‐phase clinical trials investigating local therapeutic interventions is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion, characteristics, and trends of phase 3 cancer clinical trials assessing the therapeutic value of LT over time. Methods: This was a cross‐sectional analysis of interventional randomized controlled trials in oncology published from 2002 through 2020 and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Trends and characteristics of LT trials were compared to all other trials. Results: Of 1877 trials screened, 794 trials enrolling 584,347 patients met inclusion criteria. A total of 27 trials (3%) included a primary randomization assessing LT compared with 767 trials (97%) investigating systemic therapy or supportive care. Annual increase in the number of LT trials (slope [m] = 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15–0.39; p <.001) was outpaced by the increase of trials testing systemic therapy or supportive care (m = 7.57; 95% CI, 6.03–9.11; p <.001). LT trials were more often sponsored by cooperative groups (22 of 27 [81%] vs. 211 of 767 [28%]; p <.001) and less often sponsored by industry (5 of 27 [19%] vs. 609 of 767 [79%]; p <.001). LT trials were more likely to use overall survival as primary end point compared to other trials (13 of 27 [48%] vs. 199 of 767 [26%]; p =.01). Conclusions: In contemporary late‐phase oncology research, LT trials are increasingly under‐represented, under‐funded, and evaluate more challenging end points compared to other modalities. These findings strongly argue for greater resource allocation and funding mechanisms for LT clinical trials. Plain language summary: Most people who have cancer receive treatments directed at the site of their cancer, such as surgery or radiation.We do not know, however, how many trials test surgery or radiation compared to drug treatments (that go all over the body).We reviewed trials testing the most researched strategies (phase 3) completed between 2002 and 2020.Only 27 trials tested local treatments like surgery or radiation compared to 767 trials testing other treatments.Our study has important implications for funding research and understanding cancer research priorities. In this comprehensive study, the authors aimed to evaluate the representation of LT in 794 phase 3 randomized trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov and published between 2002 and 2020. Study results showed that only 27 trials (3.4%) tested LT, compared with 767 trials (96.6%) that investigated other modalities such as systemic therapy or supportive care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As marijuana use is rising among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), so is interest in its potential use as a therapeutic agent. We sought to survey IBD patients regarding marijuana use, self-reported impact on IBD symptoms, and perceptions of safety. Methods: A multicenter anonymous survey was administered to patients with IBD between October 2020 and June 2021. The 70-question survey collected demographic variables, clinical variables, attitudes about marijuana, and perceptions of its safety and efficacy in IBD. Participants were classified by their marijuana use: "rarely/never," "current," and "former". Percentage and chisquare tests were used to compare categorical variables between the 3 groups, and means and 2-group ANOVA were used for continuous variables. Results: Of 181 patients surveyed, 166 were eligible for the study. Of these, 70 (42.2%) participants were rare/never marijuana users, 44 (26.5%) were current users, and 52 (31.3%) were former users. Fifty-three percent thought marijuana would help with IBD inflammation and 80% thought it would help with IBD pain. Over 70% of patients from all groups thought marijuana had a low-tomoderate risk of harm, and 69.6% of the participants who never or rarely used marijuana thought marijuana was addictive, compared to 20.5% of the current users and 44% of the former marijuana users. Conclusions: While many patients thought marijuana use helps with IBD-related pain and inflammation, many expressed concerns about addiction to marijuana and a possible risk of harm. Further studies are needed to examine the benefit and harm of marijuana in IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A primary role in infant parenting is feeding, and this role undergoes a significant transition when introducing complementary foods (CF), with important long-term health implications. Understanding the influences on parental decision-making around timing the introduction to CF can help health care providers provide parents with effective support for feeding; however, the factors that influence parental decision-making have not been recently reviewed in the United States. To determine influences and information sources, this integrative review examined the literature from 2012 to 2022. Results indicated that parents are confused and distrustful of inconsistent and changing guidelines around CF introduction. Instead, developmental readiness signs may be a more appropriate way for practitioners and researchers to support parents in appropriate CF introduction. Future work is needed to evaluate interpersonal and societal influences on parental decision-making, as well as to develop culturally sensitive practices to support healthful parental decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to demonstrate "mentoring through service‐learning" models can be powerful avenues to support the development of emerging adult practitioners, and are scalable to new global contexts when careful attention is paid to the local culture and evidence‐based principles for mentoring and service‐learning. The study presents outcome findings for mentors who participated in Campus Connections Aotearoa, a culturally translated version of a US‐based service‐learning experience and therapeutic youth mentoring program implemented in New Zealand, based on a mixed‐method, pre‐post evaluation survey involving 62 ethnically diverse mentors (81% female). A large, significant increase in mentoring self‐efficacy and small to moderate significant increases for attunement to others, sociability and leadership, and problem‐solving and perspective‐taking were found. Open‐ended survey responses revealed self‐reported changes in both personal and professional growth. The discussion highlights the importance of theory and evidence‐driven design decisions and an intensive evidence‐informed training curriculum for mentoring‐based service‐learning programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood is a period of pronounced improvements in children's ability to remember connections between details of an event (i.e. binding ability). However, the mechanisms supporting these changes remain unclear. Prior evidence is mixed, with some proposing that improvements in the ability to identify previous connections (i.e. increases in hits) account for memory changes, whereas other evidence suggests changes are additionally supported by the ability to identify inaccurate connections (i.e. decreases in false alarms). To disentangle the role of each process, we investigated changes in hits and false alarms within the same paradigm. The present study of 200 4-to-8-year-old children (100 female) used a cohort sequential design to assess longitudinal change in binding ability. Developmental trajectories of d', hit, and false alarm rates were examined using latent growth analysis. Findings demonstrated non-linear improvements in children's binding ability from age 4-to-8-years. Improvements were differentially supported by hits and false alarms. Hit rates improved non-linearly from 4-to-8-years, with greater growth from 4-to-6-years. False alarm rates did not significantly change from 4-to-6-years, but significantly decreased from 6-to-8-years. Overall, findings show improvements in binding ability are predominantly supported by increased hit rates between 4-to-6-years and by both increasing hit rates and decreasing false alarms rates between 6-to-8-years. Together, these results suggest that binding development is non-linear and that mechanisms underlying improvements differ across childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. has a history of marginalizing Black people. Marginalization impedes Black Americans' ability to secure wealth, education, and meaningful work. The Psychology of Working Theory (PWT) uses a social justice lens to understand how contextual factors inform the labor market experiences of those who work and want to work. PWT highlights the ways economic constraints and marginalization predict access to decent work. We tested the PWT model with two measures of marginalization, general ethnic discrimination, and racial microaggressions, with a sample of 241 Black workers to add to the extant literature about the suitability of the PWT for racial minorities. Diverging from previous studies, we found that marginalization predicted career adaptability. Consistent with previous studies, marginalization and economic constraints predicted Black workers' work volition and perceived access to decent work. Work volition mediated the relationship between general ethnic discrimination and economic constraints with the perception of attaining decent work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to examine whether the key constructs targeted in the Work Intervention Network (WIN) intervention uniquely predicted well-being outcomes and mediated relations between un/underemployment and these outcomes. Using data from a sample of 462 adults in the U.S., we positioned employment status as a predictor of life satisfaction, well-being, and psychological distress. We also tested four mediators of these relations that operationalized targets in the WIN intervention – career engagement, social support, self-care, and self-blame. Employment status indirectly predicted life satisfaction, life meaning, and psychological distress via self-care and self-blame. Career engagement mediated the relation between employment status and psychological distress but in an unexpected direction. Social support was not directly predicted by employment status but predicted life satisfaction and life meaning. Results provided initial support for the WIN intervention and corroborate the contention that employment status is an important predictor of well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caregivers often tailor their language to infants' ongoing actions (e.g., "are you stacking the blocks?"). When infants develop new motor skills, do caregivers show concomitant changes in their language input? We tested whether the use of verbs that refer to locomotor actions (e.g., "come," "bring," "walk") differed for mothers of 13‐month‐old crawling (N = 16) and walking infants (N = 16), and mothers of 18‐month‐old experienced walkers (N = 16). Mothers directed twice as many locomotor verbs to walkers compared to same‐age crawlers, but mothers' locomotor verbs were similar for younger and older walkers. In real‐time, mothers' use of locomotor verbs was dense when infants were locomoting, and sparse when infants were stationary, regardless of infants' crawler/walker status. Consequently, infants who spent more time in motion received more locomotor verbs compared to infants who moved less frequently. Findings indicate that infants' motor skills guide their in‐the‐moment behaviors, which in turn shape the language they receive from caregivers. Research Highlights: Infants' motor skills guide their in‐the‐moment behaviors, which in turn shape the language they receive from caregivers.Mothers directed more frequent and diverse verbs that referenced locomotion (e.g., "come," "go," "bring") to walking infants compared to same‐aged crawling infants.Mothers' locomotor verbs were temporally dense when infants locomoted and sparse when infants were stationary, regardless of whether infants could walk or only crawl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) consumption confers a wide range of health benefits that are highly distinct from long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). A major difference between the metabolism of LCFAs compared with MCFAs is that mitochondrial LCFA oxidation depends on the carnitine shuttle, whereas MCFA mitochondrial oxidation is not. Although MCFAs are said to range from 6 to 14 carbons long based on physicochemical properties in vitro, the biological cut-off length of acyl chains that can bypass the carnitine shuttle in different mammalian tissues is unknown. To define the range of acyl chain length that can be oxidized in the mitochondria independent of carnitine, we determined the oxidative metabolism of free fatty acids (FFAs) from 6 to 18 carbons long in the liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle. The liver oxidized FFAs 6 to 14 carbons long, whereas the kidney oxidized FFAs from 6 to 10 carbons in length. Heart and skeletal muscle were unable to oxidize FFAs of any chain length. These data show that while the liver and kidney can oxidize MCFAs in the free form, the heart and skeletal muscle require carnitine for the oxidative metabolism of MCFAs. Together these data demonstrate that MCFA oxidation independent of carnitine is tissue-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are no definitive recommendations guiding repeat imaging, or its timing, in patients with blunt splenic injury managed non-operatively. This study examines delayed complications and interventions in patients with blunt splenic injuries who undergo repeat imaging. Imaging was prompted either by a clinical change (CC) or non-clinical change (NCC) including institutional recommendations and individual physician practice patterns. Methods: A 3-year, retrospective, dual-institution study was conducted of adult patients with blunt splenic injuries. Patients who underwent repeat imaging were grouped based on the reason for scan: CC or NCC. The incidence of delayed complications and interventions was examined. Results: Of 235 patients, 105 (45%) underwent repeat imaging [CC n = 67 (64%), NCC n = 38 (36%)]. Median time to repeat imaging was shorter in the NCC group [CC = 96 (IQR 48–192) hours, NCC = 48 (IQR 36–68) hours, p =.0005]. Delayed complications were found in 28 (42%) CC patients versus 18 (47%) NCC patients (p =.683). Interventions for complications were performed in 6 (21%) CC versus 10 (56%) NCC (p =.027). Discussion: Nearly half of patients reimaged because of NCC were found to have complications, with more than half undergoing intervention. Complications were identified and treated earlier in the NCC group than the CC group. This suggests patients with blunt splenic injuries should undergo routine repeat imaging to allow for prompt identification and treatment of delayed complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental knowledge attenuates delinquency in adolescence and may be particularly effective in low-resourced environments. Moreover, parenting behaviors in one generation may influence subsequent generations' psychosocial adjustment. In this pilot study with data spanning three generations, we explored whether the first generation's (G1; n = 48) parental knowledge throughout the second generation's (G2; n = 48) adolescence was associated with the third generation's (G3; n = 60) psychosocial adjustment outcomes. Further, we examined potential mediators and moderators of the links between G1 parental knowledge and G3 outcomes. G1 parental knowledge predicted lower G3 depressive symptoms, anxiety, risky behaviors, and poor self-control. Although mechanisms remain unclear given non-significant mediation models, socioeconomic hardship moderated the association between G1 parental knowledge and G3 anxiety. Highlights: This pilot study evaluates the influence of parental knowledge across three generations. Parental knowledge in one generation was associated with the third generation's psychosocial adjustment. Families' socioeconomic hardship influenced the extent to which parental knowledge was related to children's anxiety. Future research should explore mechanisms for intergenerational transmission of parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Repetitive, subconcussive events may adversely affect the brain and cognition during sensitive periods of development. Prevention of neurocognitive consequences of concussion in high school football is therefore an important public health priority. We aimed to identify the player positions and demographic, behavioral, cognitive, and impact characteristics that predict the frequency and acceleration of head impacts in high school football players. Methods: In this prospective study, three cohorts of adolescent male athletes (N = 53, 28.3% Hispanic) were recruited over three successive seasons in a high school American football program. Demographic and cognitive functioning were assessed at baseline prior to participating in football. Helmet sensors recorded impact frequency and acceleration. Each head impact was captured on film from five different angles. Research staff verified and characterized on-field impacts. Player-level Poisson regressions and year-level and impact-level linear mixed-effect models were used to determine demographic, behavioral, cognitive, and impact characteristics as predictors of impact frequency and acceleration. Results: 4,678 valid impacts were recorded. Impact frequency positively associated with baseline symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity [β(SE) = 1.05 impacts per year per unit of symptom severity (1.00), p = 0.01] and inattentiveness [β(SE) = 1.003 impacts per year per T-score unit (1.001), p = 0.01]. Compared to quarterbacks, the highest acceleration impacts were sustained by kickers/punters [β(SE) = 21.5 g's higher (7.1), p = 0.002], kick/punt returners [β(SE) = 9.3 g's higher (4.4), p = 0.03], and defensive backs [β(SE) = 4.9 g's higher (2.5), p = 0.05]. Impacts were more frequent in the second [β(SE) = 33.4 impacts (14.2), p = 0.02)] and third [β(SE) = 50.9 impacts (20.1), p = 0.01] year of play. Acceleration was highest in top-of-the-head impacts [β(SE) = 4.4 g's higher (0.8), p<0.001]. Conclusion: Including screening questions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in pre-participation evaluations can help identify a subset of prospective football players who may be at risk for increased head impacts. Position-specific strategies to modify kickoffs and correct tackling and blocking may also reduce impact burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Role Prioritization Model (RPM; Haines & Stroessner, 2019) proposes that evaluations of gender-incongruent behavior depend on the degree to which actions imply prioritization of earning versus childrearing responsibilities. When behavior indicates prioritization of gender-atypical roles (a family focus for men and a professional focus for women), they will be judged as poor representatives of their gender and low on gender-stereotypical traits (i.e., men as competent and women as warm). Four experiments examined these hypotheses focusing on fathers' perceived prioritization of family versus earning responsibilities. Study 1 verified that men and women are expected to prioritize breadwinning and caregiving roles, respectively, and that subtle context cues (i.e., whether men care for a child on a workday or weekend) affect the perceived prioritization of roles. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that gender role incongruency (fathers caring for young children) produces a competence penalty when the context suggests prioritizing family over work (i.e., when men are described as caring for a child on a workday). In contrast, judgments of men are enhanced when the context suggests that expected prioritization is met (i.e., when men are described as caring for a child on the weekend). Study 4 showed that this penalty was attenuated by cues suggesting that men balance work and family responsibilities. These results are considered in terms of perceived role prioritization and consequences of gender incongruent behavior for men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic segmentation methods for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging are increasing in popularity because of their high efficiency and reproducibility. However, automatic methods can be perfectly reliable and consistently wrong, and the validity of automatic segmentation methods cannot be taken for granted. Quality control (QC) by trained and reliable human raters is necessary to ensure the validity of automatic measurements. Yet QC practices for applied neuroimaging research are underdeveloped. We report a detailed QC and correction procedure to accompany our validated atlas for hippocampal subfield segmentation. We document a two‐step QC procedure for identifying segmentation errors, along with a taxonomy of errors and an error severity rating scale. This detailed procedure has high between‐rater reliability for error identification and manual correction. The latter introduces at maximum 3% error variance in volume measurement. All procedures were cross‐validated on an independent sample collected at a second site with different imaging parameters. The analysis of error frequency revealed no evidence of bias. An independent rater with a third sample replicated procedures with high within‐rater reliability for error identification and correction. We provide recommendations for implementing the described method along with hypothesis testing strategies. In sum, we present a detailed QC procedure that is optimized for efficiency while prioritizing measurement validity and suits any automatic atlas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hippocampus is composed of cytoarchitecturally distinct subfields that support specific memory functions. Variations in total hippocampal volume across development have been linked to socioeconomic status (SES), a proxy for access to material resources, medical care, and quality education. High childhood household SES is associated with greater cognitive abilities in adulthood. Currently, it is not known whether household SES differentially impacts specific hippocampal subfield volumes. We assessed susceptibility of subfields to variations in household SES across development in a sample of 167 typically developing 5‐ to 25‐year‐old. Bilateral cornu ammonis (CA) 1–2, combined CA3‐dentate gyrus (DG), and subiculum (Sub) volumes were measured by highly reliable manual segmentation of high‐resolution T2‐weighted images and adjusted for intracranial volume. A summary component score of SES measures (paternal education, maternal education, and income‐to‐needs ratio) was used to examine variability in volumes across ages. We did not identify age‐related differences in any of the regional volumes, nor did age modify SES‐related effects. Controlling for age, larger volumes of CA3‐DG and CA1‐2 were associated with lower SES, while Sub volume was not. Overall, these findings support the specific impact of SES on CA3‐DG and CA1‐2 and highlight the importance of considering environmental influences on hippocampal subfield development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this issue of Generations Journal, senior gerontologists describe their professional odysseys, mapping a complex landscape of personal, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors in the gerontology field. As the gerontologists age, their professional narratives are interwoven with autobiography. We are a group of emerging scholars who looked to this issue as a map of the field. We drew connections between our experiences and those of the senior scholars and found a common principle of proximity to study and describe aging, including multidisciplinary perspectives, closeness to our communities, and shared empathy across life stages--all of which are essential to gerontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, we have seen an increasing focus in the academic environment on equity, diversity and inclusion. However, one broad group often left out of these discussions are disabled scientists/ scientists with disabilities, who often face severe challenges entering the research profession and navigating their careers. Building on the success of the 2022 Young Embryologist Network's meeting, which included a session on 'Working in science with a disability' (Morgan, 2023) we learn here from the lived experiences of five biologists who share the challenges and successes of undertaking a scientific career with a disability, as well as accommodations that can make science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine (STEMM) careers more accessible and inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a growing Latinx workforce in the U.S., many of whom are Spanish-speaking, there is a pressing need to examine key constructs related to vocational well-being in this population. The aim of the current study was to validate a Spanish language version of the Work Needs Satisfaction Scales (WNSS; Autin et al., 2019). The WNSS comprises a set of scales developed to measure satisfaction of survival, social contribution, autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs, all of which are theorized to be key mediators in the link from decent work to well-being and work fulfillment. Using cross-sectional data across two samples of Latinx workers, we tested the reliability and validity of a Spanish language version of the WNSS (WNSS-SV). In Study 1 we conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a sample of 195 participants. This resulted in a 19-item scale with five factors mirroring those of the English language scale. In Study 2 (N = 377), we examined factor structure and model fit using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); measurement invariance across gender, language, and social class group; and concurrent validity. Results from Study 2 demonstrated the model was a good fit to the data; showed concurrent validity; and provided support for measurement invariance. Thus, overall results indicated that the WNSS-SV may serve as a useful tool for future research on work-related need satisfaction among Latinx workers. A discussion regarding the importance of these findings and implications for practice and research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Standard stepped wedge trials, where clusters switch from the control to the intervention condition in a staggered manner, can be costly and burdensome. Recent work has shown that the amount of information contributed by each cluster in each period differs, with some cluster-periods contributing a relatively small amount of information. We investigate the patterns of the information content of cluster-period cells upon iterative removal of low-information cells, assuming a model for continuous outcomes with constant cluster-period size, categorical time period effects, and exchangeable and discrete-time decay intracluster correlation structures. Methods: We sequentially remove pairs of "centrosymmetric" cluster-period cells from an initially complete stepped wedge design which contribute the least amount of information to the estimation of the treatment effect. At each iteration, we update the information content of the remaining cells, determine the pair of cells with the lowest information content, and repeat this process until the treatment effect cannot be estimated. Results: We demonstrate that as more cells are removed, more information is concentrated in the cells near the time of the treatment switch, and in "hot-spots" in the corners of the design. For the exchangeable correlation structure, removing the cells from these hot-spots leads to a marked reduction in study precision and power, however the impact of this is lessened for the discrete-time decay structure. Conclusions: Removing cluster-period cells distant from the time of the treatment switch may not lead to large reductions in precision or power, implying that certain incomplete designs may be almost as powerful as complete designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiation therapy (RT) is a common treatment for adolescents and young adults (AYAs, 15–39 years old) with cancer; however, it may cause toxicities that affect health‐related quality‐of‐life (HRQOL). Thus, we assessed HRQOL in AYAs before, during, and after RT. Methods: We identified 265 AYAs who completed HRQOL PROMIS® surveys before (n = 87), during (n = 84), or after (n = 94) RT. Higher PROMIS® score represents more of the concept. Mean scores were compared to the general US population and minimally important differences (MIDs) were used to evaluate the impact of cancer on HRQOL. Linear regression modeling was used to evaluate the effect of clinical and demographic factors on PROMIS scores. Results: Median [IQR] age was 26 [20–31] years. Cancer types varied; most had sarcoma (26%) or CNS malignancy (23%). Compared to the general US population, the before RT cohort had worse anxiety (mean score 55.2 vs. 50, MID 3, p < 0.001) and the during RT cohort had worse global physical health (mean score 44.9 vs. 50, MID 5, p < 0.001). In the during RT cohort, patients with regional/distant disease had significantly worse pain (B = 15.94, p < 0.01) and fatigue (B = 14.20, p = 0.01) than patients with localized disease. In the after RT cohort, adolescents (15–18 years) and young adults (26–39 years) had worse global physical health (B = ‐6.87, p < 0.01, and B = ‐7.87, p < 0.01, respectively) and global mental health (B = ‐6.74, p < 0.01, and B = ‐5.67, p = 0.01, respectively) than emerging adults (19–25 years). Conclusions: AYAs with cancer receiving RT experience impairments in various domains of HRQOL. Advanced cancer stage may contribute to poorer short‐term HRQOL and developmental stage may contribute to differing long‐term HRQOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecticide resistance is under strong selective pressure in Anopheles mosquitoes due to widespread usage of insecticides in vector control strategies. Resistance mechanisms likely cause changes that profoundly affect mosquito physiology, yet it remains poorly understood how selective pressures imposed by insecticides may alter the ability of the mosquito to host and transmit a Plasmodium infection. From pyrethroid-resistant field-derived Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes, we established resistant (RES) and susceptible (SUS) colonies by either selection for, or loss of insecticide resistance. We show increased oocyst intensity and growth rate as well as increased sporozoite prevalence and intensity in RES compared to SUS females infected with Plasmodium falciparum. The increase in infection intensity in RES females was not associated with the presence of the kdrL1014F mutation and was not impacted by inhibition of Cytochrome P450s. The lipid transporter lipophorin (Lp), which was upregulated in RES compared to SUS, was at least partly implicated in the increased intensity of P. falciparum but not directly involved in the insecticide resistance phenotype. Interestingly, we observed that although P. falciparum infections were not affected when RES females were exposed to permethrin, these females had decreased lipid abundance in the fat body following exposure, pointing to a possible role for lipid mobilization in response to damage caused by insecticide challenge. The finding that selection for insecticide resistance can increase P. falciparum infection intensities and growth rate reinforces the need to assess the overall impact on malaria transmission dynamics caused by selective pressures mosquitoes experience during repeated insecticide challenge. Author summary: Insecticide resistance poses a severe threat for malaria control. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, the active component of most insecticide-treated nets, is now widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, reducing the efficacy of these crucial tools. Despite significant research characterizing insecticide resistance mechanisms, it remains unknown how these traits influence Plasmodium falciparum infections in malaria-transmitting Anopheles mosquitoes. We established a pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible population of Anopheles gambiae s.l. derived from the same genetic background and performed experimental infections with P. falciparum. We found that the pyrethroid-resistant population was more supportive of malaria parasites compared to the susceptible population. This effect was not caused by well-known insecticide resistance mechanisms, but linked with a lipid transporter, lipophorin, which may play an indirect role in resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Treatment for tibial plateau fractures continues to evolve but maintains primary objectives of anatomic reduction of the joint line and a rapid recovery course. Arthroscopic-assisted percutaneous fixation (AAPF) has been introduced as an alternative to traditional open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). The purpose of the study is to compare clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients with low-energy Schatzker type I–III tibial plateau fractures treated with AAPF versus ORIF. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed at a level 1 trauma centre to compare outcomes of 120 patients (57 AAPF, 63 ORIF) with low-energy lateral Schatzker type I–III tibial plateau fractures who underwent tibial plateau fixation between 2009 and 2018. Demographic information, injury characteristics, and surgical treatment were recorded. The main outcome measurements included reduction step-off, joint space narrowing, time to weight bearing, and implant removal. Results: There was no difference in age, gender distribution, BMI, ASA, Schatzker classification distribution, initial displacement, blood loss, and reduction step-off between the two groups (p > 0.05). Shorter tourniquet time (74.1 ± 21.7 vs 100.0 ± 21.0 min; p < 0.001), shorter time to full weight bearing (47.8 ± 15.2 vs. 69.1 ± 17.2 days; p < 0.001), and lower rate of joint space narrowing (3.5% vs. 28.6% with more than 1 mm, p < 0.001) were associated with the AAPF cohort, with no difference in pain, knee range of motion, or implant removal rate between the two cohorts. Conclusion: AAPF may be a viable alternative to ORIF for the management of low-energy tibial plateau fractures with outcomes not inferior compared to the traditional ORIF method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-disclosure builds high quality relationships, but knowledge of self-disclosure in youth mentoring relationships is limited by a lack of research and reliance on self-reports. To demonstrate the value of observational methods and dyadic modeling of mentoring communication processes, this study examined the associations between behavioral observation of self-disclosure and self-reported relationship quality in 49 mentee-mentor dyads (mentees: 73.5% female; x̄ age = 16.2, range = 12–19; mentors: 69.4% female; x̄ age = 36.2, range = 19–59). Video-recorded observations of disclosure were coded on three dimensions: amount (number of topics and detail of disclosure), intimacy (disclosure of personal or sensitive information), and openness (willingness to disclose). More intimate mentor disclosure was associated with higher mentee relationship quality, whereas higher amount of mentor disclosure combined with low intimacy was associated with lower mentee relationship quality. Greater mentee openness correlated with higher mentor relationship quality, but more intimate mentee disclosures were associated with lower mentee relationship quality. These preliminary findings illustrate the potential of methods that enable in-depth investigation of dyadic processes to advance understanding of how behavioral processes may influence mentoring relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the influence of structural racism and racial trauma on HIV-related outcomes among African Americans. Topics include the impact of the mass incarceration of African Americans on racial disparities in HIV-related outcomes, association between racial trauma and psychological distress, and recommendations for public health practice and research.

Background: Adolescents who have received a kidney transplant are at high risk of graft rejection and transplant‐related comorbidities around the time of transition from pediatric to adult care. While there has been a progress in tracking transition readiness, further work is needed to prepare adolescents for healthcare transitions. We describe a longitudinal cohort‐based transition curriculum designed to prepare kidney transplant recipients for adult transplant care. Methods: Adolescent kidney transplant recipients aged 17 and older participated in the pilot cohort of the 2‐year transition curriculum. Session topics included communication with the healthcare team, insurance, job skills, reflective practice, reproductive health, medications, and adult clinic introduction. Surveys were given to obtain narrative feedback, assess participant self‐management behavior, and track curriculum knowledge. Results: Each participant attended an average of two sessions, with 18 out of 30 eligible adolescents participating in at least one session. After transitioning to a virtual platform, there was increased attendance of participants who live greater than 150 miles from the transplant center. Adolescents highlighted the value of the program's group structure to relate to and learn from other participants. Conclusions: The pilot transition program successfully provided adolescent kidney transplant recipients the opportunity to learn alongside their peers and gain interdisciplinary knowledge to prepare for healthcare transition. The program converted to a virtual platform during the COVID‐19 pandemic, with increased accessibility for participants who live further from the transplant center. Group‐based programming for adolescents should be enhanced to further prepare them for transitions to adult medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers used for corn (Zea mays L.) production supply ammonium (NH4+), but N availability can be reduced by volatilization or microbial immobilization. The former process is eliminated and the latter reduced by fertilizing with nitrate (NO3−), which is best done in‐season to promote crop uptake while minimizing N loss by leaching or denitrification. To compare 15N uptake for in‐season surface applications of labeled potassium nitrate (KNO3), urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN), and urea, field studies were conducted in two growing seasons on Mollisols and Alfisols located in production fields under second‐ or third‐year corn or a corn–soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation. In contrast to dry matter production and total N uptake, the three 15N sources often differed significantly in N derived from the labeled fertilizer (NDF15F) and fertilizer 15N uptake efficiency (F15NUE), both of which decreased in the order: KNO3 > UAN > urea. As evidenced by a laboratory incubation study using the same three 15N sources, this trend was attributed to differences in NH3 volatilization and microbial immobilization that was greater for ammoniacal than NO3− fertilizers. When surface applying a sidedressing to corn in the Midwestern United States, N uptake efficiency can be increased by the use of NO3− fertilizers. Core Ideas: A 2‐year 15N field study was conducted to compare ammoniacal and NO3− fertilizer sources applied in‐season.Fertilizer 15N uptake efficiency ranged from 17% to 50% for grain and from 22% to 55% for total aboveground biomass.Fertilizer 15N uptake decreased in the order: KNO3 > urea‐NH4NO3 > urea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Greyhounds have been reported to have hyperhomocysteinemia (HHC), but the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications are unclear. Hypothesis: Our primary aim was to assess serum concentrations of homocysteine (HCy) and related analytes in Greyhounds and to identify a likely metabolic pathway for HHC. A secondary aim was to determine whether HHC is associated with evidence of oxidative stress. Animals: Healthy pet Greyhounds (n = 31) and non‐sighthound control dogs (n = 15). Methods: Analysis of serum HCy, cobalamin, folate, and methionine, and plasma cysteine, glutathione, and total 8‐isoprostane concentrations. Results: Homocysteine concentrations were higher in Greyhounds (median, 25.0 μmol/L) compared to controls (13.9 μmol/L; P <.0001). Cobalamin concentrations were lower in Greyhounds (median, 416 ng/L) compared to controls (644 ng/L; P =.004) and were inversely correlated with HCy (r = −0.40, P =.004). Serum concentrations of folate, which is regenerated when HCy is converted to methionine, also were inversely correlated with HCy (r = −0.47, P =.002). Serum methionine concentrations were more than 4‐fold lower in Greyhounds (median, 3.2 μmol/L) compared to controls (median, 15.0 μmol/L), but this difference was not significant (P =.3). Plasma cysteine, glutathione, and 8‐isoprostane concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Our findings suggest a primary defect in conversion of HCy to methionine in Greyhounds, with related impaired folate generation. Ineffective cycling by methionine synthase could lead to secondary cobalamin depletion. Notably, low serum folate and cobalamin concentrations can be observed in Greyhounds without signs of intestinal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promise of therapeutic nucleic acids has long been tempered by difficulty in overcoming biological barriers to their delivery. The past two decades have seen the development of ionizable lipid nanoparticles as a vehicle for nucleic acid delivery and their translation to the clinic. Over the past 20 years, lipid-based nanoparticles have been engineered to overcome the biological barriers to nucleic acid delivery. This Perspective looks at their development for use in vaccines, immunotherapies, protein replacement therapies, and gene therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social-emotional learning has the power to change how educators deliver instruction across the country. For this article, social-emotional learning research and journal articles were reviewed for the purposes of identifying common themes among existing research. Multiple perspectives were considered in the review of literature and the findings were used to identify potential issues and create overall recommendations. The first author provides an example of an implementation case at her elementary school. The recommendations from this case are provided for school leaders to consider when implementing social-emotional learning in their elementary school buildings. A step-by-step action plan is laid out for school leaders to use as a guide for this process, based on the first author's case, while taking possible issues into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nonoperative management of hemodynamically stable patients with blunt splenic and/or hepatic injury has been widely accepted in the pediatric population. However, variability exists in the utilization and timing of repeat imaging to assess for delayed complications during index hospitalization. Recent level-IV evidence suggests that repeat imaging in children should be performed based on a patient's clinical status rather than on a routine basis. The aim of this study is to examine the rate of delayed complications and interventions in pediatric trauma patients with blunt splenic and/or hepatic injuries who undergo repeat imaging prompted either by a clinical change (CC) or non-clinical change (NCC). Methods: A 9-year (2011-2019), retrospective, dual-institution study was performed of children (0-17 years) with blunt splenic and/or hepatic injuries. Patients were grouped based on reason for repeat imaging: CC or NCC. The rate of organ-specific delayed complications and interventions was examined by reason for scan. Results: A total of 307 injuries were included in the study period (174 splenic, 113 hepatic, and 20 both). Of 194 splenic injuries, 30(15.5%) underwent repeat imaging (CC = 19; NCC = 11). Of 133 hepatic injuries, 27(20.3%) underwent repeat imaging (CC = 21; NCC = 6). There was no difference in the incidence of organ-specific delayed complications between the CC and NCC groups. Of the 4 patients with complications necessitating intervention, only one was identified based on NCC. Conclusions: Our data suggest routine repeat imaging is unnecessary in children with blunt splenic and/or hepatic injuries; therefore, practitioners may rely on a patient's clinical change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Radiation therapy (RT) is a critical component of treatment for adolescents and young adults (AYAs, age 15–39 years old) diagnosed with cancer. Limited prior studies have focused on AYAs receiving RT despite the potentially burdensome effects of RT. We reviewed the literature to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in AYAs with cancer who received RT. Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched in January 2022 to identify studies that analyzed HRQOL measured by patient-reported outcomes in AYAs who received RT. After title (n = 286) and abstract (n = 58) screening and full-text review (n = 19), articles that met eligibility criteria were analyzed. Results: Six studies were analyzed. Two studies included AYAs actively receiving treatment and all included patients in survivorship; time between diagnosis and HRQOL data collection ranged from 3 to > 20 years. Physical and mental health were commonly assessed (6/6 studies) with social health assessed in three studies. AYA-relevant HRQOL needs were rarely assessed: fertility (1/6 studies), financial hardship (1/6), body image (0/6), spirituality (0/6), and sexual health (0/6). No study compared HRQOL between patients actively receiving RT and those post-treatment. None of the studies collected HRQOL data longitudinally. Conclusion: HRQOL data in AYAs receiving RT is limited. Future studies examining longitudinal, clinician- vs. patient-reported, and AYA-relevant HRQOL are needed to better understand the unique needs in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the ordered preferences or orders of priority for appointing individuals who are eligible to serve as a guardian for an adult in the event of the adult's incapacity in the U.S. Topics include the difficulties faced by the guardianship system in the U.S. caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, a definition of guardianship and the use of the Uniform Guardianship, Conservatorship and Other Protective Arrangements Act (UGCOPAA) to describe an individual subject to guardianship.

Nitrogen (N) captured by cover crops can be recycled for use by the following crop via decomposition and net mineralization. This study assessed the magnitude of inorganic‐N released from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) residue. The experiment was designed using a five by two factorial treatment structure with five cover crop residue treatments (radish shoots, radish roots, whole radish, cereal rye shoots, and no cover crop) and two levels of residue incorporation (incorporated and surface applied). Cover crop residues were applied to a silt loam soil on an equivalent N basis, incubated for 25 weeks and sampled periodically. Generally, NH4‐N concentration increased for 7–11 days after residue application, after which, NH4‐N concentration declined and NO3‐N concentration increased due to nitrification. Mineralization during the later days (42–179 days after residue application) was negligible from radish residue, but cereal rye shoots and radish roots released significant amounts of NH4‐N, which decreased over the last 137 d. Radish roots generated significantly more NO3‐N from day 42 through 141 than any other residue, while cereal rye shoots mineralized the least amount of NO3‐N from day 42 through 86. Incorporating cereal rye residue increases the occurrence of immobilization within the first 35 days after residue application; however, incorporation increases the rate at which NO3‐N is released from residues between 42 and 179 days after residue addition, regardless of cover crop species. Incorporation of residue can increase N mineralization rate, but the effect varies across cover crop species. Core Ideas: Cover crop species influences rate of residue decomposition and mineralization of N.Immobilization of N was lower for radish residue than cereal rye regardless of incorporation.Nitrate concentrations were similar for all cover crop residues following 154 days of incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have been reported to ascertain the benefits of starter fertilization for corn (Zea mays L.) production, but most rely on data collected by measuring early growth or grain yield at harvest. As a more conclusive evaluation, five field trials were conducted using 15N‐labeled urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution (90 kg N ha−1) to compare single and dual subsurface band placement, as well as surface dribble and broadcasting with incorporation. Significant differences in dry matter production and total N uptake occurred between fertilized and unfertilized treatments, but not among the different placements studied. In contrast, fertilizer 15N uptake efficiency (F15NUE) tended to be greater for either type of subsurface banding than for the dribble treatment, demonstrating the added sensitivity that can be achieved through isotopic measurements. More importantly, band placement consistently outperformed broadcasting, according to estimates of F15NUE for total aboveground biomass that ranged from 11% to 46% when UAN was banded and from 7% to 34% for broadcast applications. Core Ideas: A field study was conducted using 15N‐labeled urea‐ammonium nitrate to evaluate fertilizer placement at planting for corn production.Fertilizer 15N uptake efficiency ranged from 5% to 34% for grain and from 7% to 46% for total aboveground biomass.Banded placement was consistently more efficient than broadcast fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent analyses have found intriguing correlations between the colour (c) of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and the size of their 'mass-step', the relationship between SN Ia host galaxy stellar mass (M stellar) and SN Ia Hubble residual, and suggest that the cause of this relationship is dust. Using 675 photometrically classified SNe Ia from the Dark Energy Survey 5-yr sample, we study the differences in Hubble residual for a variety of global host galaxy and local environmental properties for SN Ia subsamples split by their colour. We find a 3σ difference in the mass-step when comparing blue (c < 0) and red (c > 0) SNe. We observe the lowest r.m.s. scatter (∼0.14 mag) in the Hubble residual for blue SNe in low mass/blue environments, suggesting that this is the most homogeneous sample for cosmological analyses. By fitting for c -dependent relationships between Hubble residuals and M stellar, approximating existing dust models, we remove the mass-step from the data and find tentative ∼2σ residual steps in rest-frame galaxy U − R colour. This indicates that dust modelling based on M stellar may not fully explain the remaining dispersion in SN Ia luminosity. Instead, accounting for a c -dependent relationship between Hubble residuals and global U − R , results in ≤1σ residual steps in M stellar and local U − R , suggesting that U − R provides different information about the environment of SNe Ia compared to M stellar, and motivating the inclusion of galaxy U − R colour in SN Ia distance bias correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of body mass index (BMI) as a criterion for determining kidney transplant candidacy in children raises clinical and ethical challenges. Childhood obesity is on the rise and common among children with kidney failure. In addition, obesity is reported as an independent risk factor for the development of CKD and kidney failure. Resultantly, more children with obesity are anticipated to need kidney transplants. Most transplant centers around the world use high BMI as a relative or absolute contraindication for kidney transplant. However, use of obesity as a relative or absolute contraindication for pediatric kidney transplant is controversial. Empirical data demonstrating poorer outcomes following kidney transplant in obese pediatric patients are limited. In addition, pediatric obesity is distributed inequitably among groups. Unlike adults, most children lack independent agency to choose their food sources and exercise opportunities; they are dependent on their families for these choices. In this paper, we define childhood obesity and review (1) the association and impact of obesity on kidney disease and kidney transplant, (2) existing adult guidelines and rationale for using high BMI as a criterion for kidney transplant, (3) the prevalence of childhood obesity among children with kidney failure, and (4) the existing literature on obesity and pediatric kidney transplant outcomes. We then discuss ethical considerations related to the use of obesity as a criterion for kidney transplant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the proportion of immigrant workers in the United States grows, understanding how contextual constraints restrict immigrant workers from securing decent work is critical. Therefore, drawing from psychology of working theory (PWT), this study examined relations from contextual barriers (economic constraints and acculturative stress) to psychological mechanisms (work volition and career adaptability) to decent work with a sample of immigrant workers in the United States. We also conducted multigroup analysis to explore whether the model varied depending on race. Diverging from previous PWT studies, we found that economic constraints directly predicted decent work and that career adaptability predicted both acculturative stress and decent work. Importantly, multigroup analysis found the relations from career adaptability and work volition to decent work were stronger for the white group than the POC group. Our findings encourage psychologists to advocate for working immigrants, including working immigrants of color, to reduce marginalization and economic constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many consumer health libraries were forced to close their doors to patrons. At the Health Information Center in Knoxville, Tennessee, the physical space closed, while health information services continued to be provided via phone and email. To examine the impact of lack of access to a physical library for consumer health information, researchers analyzed the number of health information requests pre-COVID-19 pandemic compared to during the initial phase of the pandemic. Case Presentation: Data from an internal database was collected and analyzed. Researchers divided the data into three time periods: March 2018 to February 2019 (Phase 1), March 2019 to February 2020 (Phase 2), and March 2020 to February 2021 (Phase 3). Data was de-identified and duplicate entries were removed. The type of interaction and request topics were reviewed in each phase. Conclusion: In Phase 1, there were 535 walk-ins to request health information and 555 walk-ins in Phase 2. In Phase 3, there were 40 walk-ins. The number of requests through phone and email varied but remained steady. There was a 61.56% decrease in requests between Phase 1 and Phase 3 while there was a 66.27% decrease between Phase 2 and Phase 3 due to the lack of walk-in requests. The number of phone and email requests did not increase despite the closure of the physical library space to the public. Access to the physical space plays a significant role in providing health information requests to patients and family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]