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Linalool-rich Rosewood oil (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) is a natural compound widely used in perfumery industry. Evidence suggests that linalool exerts antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Conversely, ethanol binge drinking (i.e., intermittent and episodic consumption) during adolescence elicits neurobehavioral alterations associated with brain damage. Here, we investigated whether linalool-rich Rosewood oil administration can improve the emotional and molecular impairments associated with ethanol binge-like exposure during adolescence in female rats. Rosewood oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and posteriorly analyzed. Adolescent female Wistar rats received four-cycles of ethanol binge-like pattern (3 g/kg/day, 3 days on/4 days off) and daily Rosewood oil (35 mg/kg, intranasally) for 28 days. Twenty-four hours after treatments, it was evaluated the impact of ethanol exposure and Rosewood oil treatment on the putative emotional impairments assessed on the splash and forced swimming tests, as well as the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), S100B, oxidative parameters, and inflammatory cytokines in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Results indicated that Rosewood oil intranasal administration mitigated emotional impairments induced by ethanol exposure accompanied by a marked increase in BDNF, S100B, glutathione (GSH), and antioxidant activity equivalent to Trolox (TEAC) levels in brain areas. Rosewood oil treatment also prevented the ethanol-induced increase of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels. These findings provide the first evidence that Rosewood oil intranasal administration exerts protective effects against emotional and molecular impairments associated with adolescent ethanol binge-like exposure, possibly due to linalool actions triggering neurotrophic factors, rebalancing antioxidant status, and attenuating proinflammatory process.

Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is often treated with antibiotics despite recommendations against screening for and treating ASB in most populations. Some providers cite concern for progression of ASB to a symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) as the jultification for antibiotic use. While the 2019 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) ASB guidelines refute this concern, most evidence is derived from studies done in females, potentially limiting external validity. The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of patients with ASB who received antibiotic treatment versus those who did not in a primarily male population. Methods: This is a multi-center, retrospective, cohort study conducted by the 5 sites within the Veterans Affairs MidSouth Healthcare Network. Patients with a positive urine culture (defined as cultures with a colony forming unit count >100,000) collected from January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021 were identified. ASB was determined via chart review using pre-determined criteria (positive culture in the absence of reported or documented signs or symptoms attributable to UTI as defined by the 2019 IDSA ASB guidelines). Additional data collected included antibiotic use, clinic visits and hospital admissions related to UTI or sepsis from a UTI. The primary outcome was the comparison of UTI incidence at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year in those untreated versus treated with antibiotics. Secondary outcomes included a comparison of admissions with sepsis from UTI and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) between the cohorts. Continuous data were analyzed using a Student’s t-test. Discrete data were analyzed using either a Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test. Results: The study population was primarily elderly (73 years, range 27-99 years) and male (79.7%). Of the 281 patients with ASB, 127 (45.2%) and 154 (54.8%) were untreated and treated, respectively. The incidence of UTI was 3% versus 1% (p = 0.41) at 30 days, 10% versus 12% (p = 0.61) at 6 months and 11% versus 12% (p = 0.94) at 12 months in the untreated and treated cohorts, respectively. There was no difference in admissions for UTI, sepsis from UTI or ADRs at 30 days. Conclusion: This study found no difference in the development of symptomatic UTI in veterans with untreated ASB compared to those treated with antibiotics. These findings align with current ASB guideline recommendations and support avoidance of unnecessary antibiotic use in the veteran population.

Background Indoor residual spraying (IRS) using neonicotinoid-based insecticides (clothianidin and combined clothianidin with deltamethrin) was deployed in two previously unsprayed districts of Côte d’Ivoire in 2020 and 2021 to complement standard pyrethroid insecticide-treated nets. This retrospective observational study uses health facility register data to assess the impact of IRS on clinically reported malaria case incidence.Methods Health facility data were abstracted from consultation registers for the period September 2018 to April 2022 in two IRS districts and two control districts that did not receive IRS. Malaria cases reported by community health workers (CHWs) were obtained from district reports and District Health Information Systems 2. Facilities missing complete data were excluded. Controlled interrupted time series models were used to estimate the effect of IRS on monthly all-ages population-adjusted confirmed malaria cases and cases averted by IRS. Models controlled for transmission season, precipitation, vegetation, temperature, proportion of cases reported by CHWs, proportion of tested out of suspected cases and non-malaria outpatient visits.Results An estimated 10 988 (95% CI 5694 to 18 188) malaria cases were averted in IRS districts the year following the 2020 IRS campaign, representing a 15.9% reduction compared with if IRS had not been deployed. Case incidence in IRS districts dropped by 27.7% (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.723, 95% CI 0.592 to 0.885) the month after the campaign. In the 8 months after the 2021 campaign, 14 170 (95% CI 13 133 to 15 025) estimated cases were averted, a 24.7% reduction, and incidence in IRS districts dropped by 37.9% (IRR 0.621, 95% CI 0.462 to 0.835) immediately after IRS. Case incidence in control districts did not change following IRS either year (p>0.05) and the difference in incidence level change between IRS and control districts was significant both years (p

Summary: Here we interrogate the factors responsible for SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in a K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model. We show that Delta and the closely related Kappa variant cause viral pneumonia and severe lung lesions in K18-hACE2 mice. Human COVID-19 mRNA post-vaccination sera after the 2nd dose are significantly less efficient in neutralizing Delta/Kappa than early 614G virus in vitro and in vivo. By 5 months post-vaccination, ≥50% of donors lack detectable neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Kappa and all mice receiving 5-month post-vaccination sera die after the lethal challenges. Although a 3rd vaccine dose can boost antibody neutralization against Delta in vitro and in vivo, the mean log neutralization titers against the latest Omicron subvariants are 1/3-1/2 of those against the original 614D virus. Our results suggest that enhanced virulence, greater immune evasion, and waning of vaccine-elicited protection account for SARS-CoV-2 variants caused breakthrough infections.

Background: Bacterial coinfections with COVID-19 appear to be rare, yet antibiotic use in this population is high. Limited guidance is available regarding the use of antibiotics in these patients. In response, a multidisciplinary group of physicians and pharmacists from 5 VISN9 facilities developed a guideline for the use of antibiotics with COVID-19 in July 2021. This guideline created a network-wide standard for antibiotic use and facilitates the assessment of antibiotic appropriateness in hospitalized veterans with COVID-19. Methods: In this observational, cross-sectional study, we reviewed veterans diagnosed with COVID-19 from August 1 through September 30, 2021, who were admitted to VISN9 facilities. Use of antibiotics was assessed during the first 4 days of admission. If antibiotics were prescribed, their use was determined to be appropriate or inappropriate based on the presence or absence of a finding concerning for bacterial coinfection as outlined in the guideline (Table 1). Additional data including procalcitonin results as well as positive sputum cultures were collected. Results: In total, 377 veterans were admitted for COVID-19 during the study period. Among them, 42 veterans (11%) received antibiotics for nonrespiratory infections and were removed from this analysis. Of the remaining 335 veterans, 229 (68%) received antibiotics and 116 (51%) of those met guideline criteria that were concerning for bacterial coinfection. Additionally, 32 (14%) of the 229 veterans who received antibiotics had >1 finding concerning for bacterial coinfection. Procalcitonin levels were obtained in 97 (42%) of 229. Only 33 veterans (14%) who received antibiotics had an elevated procalcitonin, and only 19 (8%) had a positive sputum culture. Conclusions: Antibiotic use was common in hospitalized veterans with COVID-19 in VISN9 facilities. This results are comparable to findings in the published literature. Among those receiving antibiotics early in their hospitalization, half were considered appropriate based on our guideline. Quality improvement initiatives are needed to improve implementation of the network guideline to reduce the overuse of antibiotics for management of COVID-19. Additionally, procalcitonin may be a helpful tool for hospitalized veterans with COVID-19.

Infant mental health is interconnected with and affected by maternal mental health. A mother or birthing person's mental health before and during pregnancy and the postpartum period is essential for a child's development. During the first year of life, infants require emotional attachment and bonding to strive. Perinatal mood disorders are likely to hinder attachment and are associated with an increased risk of adverse mental health effects for children later in life. The Black community is faced with a crisis as Black mothers experience a higher prevalence of perinatal mood disorders, including postpartum depression and anxiety, compared to the United States national estimates. The aim of the research is to identify social, structural, and economic disparities of Black perinatal women and birthing people's experience to understand the impact of perinatal mental health on infants' mental health. Black mothers and birthing people may often face social and structural barriers that limit their opportunity to seek and engage with interventions and treatment that address the root causes of their perinatal mood disorder. To enhance understanding of racial disparities caused by social and structural determinants of health on Black mothers and birthing people's mental health and health care experiences that influence infant mental health, the study team conducted semi-structured interviews among self-identified cisgender Black women health professionals nationwide, who provide care to pregnant or postpartum Black women and birthing people. Our study attempted to identify themes, pathways, interventions, and strategies to promote equitable and anti-racist maternal and infant mental health care. Using a Rigorous and Accelerated Data Reduction (Radar) technique and a deductive qualitative analytic approach it was found that limited access to resources, lack of universal screening and mental health education, and the disjointed healthcare system serves as barriers, contribute to mental health issues, and put Black mothers and birthing people at a disadvantage in autonomous decision making. Our study concluded that instituting education on healthy and culturally appropriate ways to support infant development in parent education programs may support Black parents in establishing healthy attachment and bonds. Prioritizing strategies to improve maternal mental health and centering Black parents in developing these educational parenting programs may optimize parenting experiences.

Glutaraldehyde (GA) has been cleared by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a high-level disinfectant for disinfecting heat-sensitive medical equipment in hospitals and healthcare facilities. Inhalation exposure to GA is known to cause respiratory irritation and sensitization in animals and humans. To reproduce some of the known in vivo effects elicited by GA, we used a liquid aerosol exposure system and evaluated the tissue responses in a human in vitro airway epithelial tissue model. The cultures were treated at the air interface with various concentrations of GA aerosols on five consecutive days and changes in tissue function and structure were evaluated at select timepoints during the treatment phase and after a 7-day recovery period. Exposure to GA aerosols caused oxidative stress, inhibition of ciliary beating frequency, aberrant mucin production, and disturbance of cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase secretion, as well as morphological transformation. Some effects, such as those on goblet cells and ciliated cells, persisted following the 7-day recovery period. Of note, the functional and structural disturbances observed in GA-treated cultures resemble those found in ortho-phthaldehyde (OPA)-treated cultures. Furthermore, our in vitro findings on GA toxicity partially and qualitatively mimicked those reported in the animal and human survey studies. Taken together, observations from this study demonstrate that the human air-liquid-interface (ALI) airway tissue model, integrated with an in vitro exposure system that simulates human inhalation exposure, could be used for in vitro-based human hazard identification and the risk characterization of aerosolized chemicals.

Investigations evaluating the effectiveness of music-based interventions as a complementary approach to symptom management and health promotion for cognitively-impaired children with life-limiting conditions and their families are needed to minimize the physical and psychological burdens on individuals and their caregivers. Songwriting is one music-based strategy for a remote family-centered complementary approach to improve outcomes for cognitively-impaired children with life-limiting conditions, their parents, and families. The overall purpose of this study is to test the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a songwriting intervention for cognitively-impaired children (ages 5–17 years) who are receiving palliative or complex care and their parents. Specific aims are to: (1) determine the feasibility of songwriting for cognitively-impaired children with life-limiting conditions and their parents, and (2) examine preliminary efficacy of songwriting for child psychological distress and physical symptoms, parent psychological distress, and family environment. The protocol for this 1-group pre-and post-intervention clinical trial (N = 25) is described.

Formaldehyde (FA) is an irritating, highly reactive aldehyde that is widely regarded as an asthmagen. In addition to its use in industrial applications and being a product of combustion reaction and endogenous metabolism, FDA-regulated products may contain FA or release FA fumes that present toxicity risks for both patients and healthcare workers. Exposure to airborne FA is associated with nasal neoplastic lesions in both animals and humans. It is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) based on the increased incidence of cancer in animals and a known human carcinogen in the Report on Carcinogens by National Toxicology Program (NTP). Herein, we systematically evaluated the tissue responses to FA fumes in an in vitro human air-liquid-interface (ALI) airway tissue model. Cultures were exposed at the air interface to 7.5, 15, and 30 ppm of FA fumes 4 h per day for 5 consecutive days. Exposure to 30 ppm of FA induced sustained oxidative stress, along with functional changes in ciliated and goblet cells as well as possible squamous differentiation. Furthermore, secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, GM-CSF, TNF-a and IFN-γ, was induced by repeated exposures to FA fumes. Expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-10, MMP-12, and MMP-13 was downregulated at the end of the 5-day exposure. Although DNA-damage was not detected by the comet assay, FA exposures downregulated the DNA repair enzymes MGMT and FANCD2, suggesting its possible interference in the DNA repair capacity. Overall, a general concordance was observed between our in vitro responses to FA fume exposures and the reported in vivo toxicity of FA. Our findings provide further evidence supporting the application of the ALI airway system as a potential in vitro alternative for screening and evaluating the respiratory toxicity of inhaled substances.

The Networking "Menu" is a customizable learning experience for online students to explore various ways to network virtually and to sharpen their networking skills. The "menu" offers four networking options for students to select from. Some networking options require that students network with their peers via virtual platforms (e.g., an online coffee break/happy hour and a shared activity), while other options (e.g., a network analysis and 5-minute favors) explore key networking concepts. The Networking "Menu" simulates the networking that occurs within the campus setting and challenges student perceptions that networking is "icky" by providing students with online networking opportunities that benefit others. This learning experience is applicable to online synchronous/asynchronous courses in organizational behavior (or other courses that cover networking concepts) at the undergraduate and graduate levels. A description of The Networking "Menu" options, supplemental materials for implementing the options, and questions for debriefing the exercise is provided.

The Arena activity is an in-class, experiential learning exercise that requires student teams to navigate and assist a blindfolded team member through a maze-like setting. The goal of the activity is to seek and find all of the team's assigned objects. However, only the blindfolded team member can collect these objects in The Arena. This activity is applicable to courses focusing on the development of soft skills such as teamwork, cooperation (versus competition) across teams, communication, and leadership/followership. This article provides a description of the activity, options for variations of The Arena, suggestions for debriefing the activity, specific debriefing questions, and sample student answers to the debriefing questions.

Doctoral education is inherently stressful for students. While the implications of stress on employees has been heavily investigated within the management literature, what we know about stress has not yet been applied to doctoral education. We take initial steps toward using the stress literature to examine stress in doctoral education by applying the challenge-hindrance stressor framework to the doctoral education context. We briefly define both challenge and hindrance stressors and list common stressors for both related to prototypical learning experiences in doctoral education. Next, we point out that student responses to stress vary because of individual differences, influencing the extent to which students appraise stressors as more hindrance or challenge focused. We also provide rich examples of learning experiences within doctoral education that demonstrate how these experiences incorporate hindrance and challenge stressors. Through these examples, we illustrate how educators can design major learning experiences in doctoral education to address (or at least minimize) hindrance stressors and integrate more challenge stressors. Last, we provide theory-driven recommendations for doctoral educators to capitalize on the positive effects of challenge stressors, and we discuss ways to establish a future research agenda to empirically test the challenge-hindrance framework in the doctoral education context.

Students in today's college classroom are diverse in age and work, leadership, and life experiences; hence, students transitioning into adulthood may understand and relate core leadership knowledge to their own experiences differently than mature adults. As such, we call upon andragogy, a theory of adult learning, to inform our approach to teaching leadership. We employ andragogy and its six assumptions (the learners' self-concept, the role of experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning, motivation, and the need to know) as a guiding framework for the selection and development of leadership instructional tools, thus creating an individualized learning experience for emerging and full-fledged adults that bridges the leadership theory and practice gap. We offer examples of leadership instructional tools that align with andragogical assumptions and provide suggestions for scaling these assignments and activities to address students' learning needs at different stages of adulthood.