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Context Plant bioactive compounds such as condensed tannins (CT) are seen as an alternative to rumen chemical modulators to mitigate rumen methanogenesis in livestock; however, the presence of CT in ruminant faeces also produces a series of changes in soil microbiomes. Little is known about these effects on soil nutrient dynamics. Therefore, whether CT affect the decomposition process of faecal organic matter, delaying it and consequently increasing soil carbon and nitrogen (N) sequestration, merits study. Aims Our study investigated the effects of a diet rich in CT on bovine faecal composition and on subsequent dynamics of a soil microbial population. Methods Faeces were analysed from cattle fed the following diets: control (no CT), 1.25% CT, 2.5% CT. In a greenhouse pot experiment over a period of 60 days, faeces from the three dietary treatments were applied to soil and the soil microbial populations were measured against a control with no faeces applied. Key results The presence of CT increased the excretion of faecal N and of neutral and acid detergent fibres and lignin, and the higher rate of CT reduced the rate of soil organic matter decomposition. Treatments with dietary CT resulted in greater total numbers of bacteria in the soil than in the no-faeces control and stimulated numbers of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria (α-Proteobacteria) and Firmicutes. Conclusions The study showed that CT alter N recycling and other nutrient inputs in a soil–animal ecosystem by increasing faecal N inputs, delaying organic matter breakdown, and changing soil microbial dynamics. Implications The presence of CT in ruminant diets can be beneficial to the soil environment. Sustainable management practices should be encouraged by providing ruminants with feed including high-CT legumes in silvopastoral systems.

Objective The main objective of the present study was to compare the subjective perception of pain and symptoms of anterior knee pain with the different body mass index (BMI) classifications. The secondary objective was to verify the association between biological and anthropometric variables with the results of subjective questionnaires. Methods A total of 126 recreational runners from both genders, aged between 20 and 59 years old, were recruited. Data regarding the biological variable (age), anthropometric variables (weight, height), visual analog scale (VAS), and Lysholm and Kujala questionnaires scores were collected. Information was obtained with a digital platform, available through a single link, allowing volunteers to answer these questions using electronic devices. Normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. T-tests and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare mean values. The association between variables was determined by the Pearson linear correlation. Results There were significant differences in height between overweight and grade 1 obesity subjects (p = 0.029), in weight and BMI comparing normal weight subjects and both overweight and grade 1 obesity subjects (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). An unclear significant correlation was observed between BMI values and specific questionnaires and subjective scale scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion Recreational runners who present high BMI values are more likely to experience knee pain than those with normal BMI values. Resumo Objetivo O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a percepção subjetiva de dor e sintomas de dor anterior no joelho com as diferentes classificações de índice de massa corporal (IMC). O objetivo secundário foi verificar a associação entre as variáveis biológica e antropométrica com os resultados apresentados pelos sujeitos nos questionários subjetivos. Métodos Foram recrutados 126 corredores recreacionais de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 20 e 59 anos. Foram coletados dados referentes à variável biológica idade, e as variáveis antropométricas peso e altura, além da escala visual analógica (EVA) e os questionários Lysholm e Kujala. As informações foram obtidas por meio de plataforma digital, disponibilizado em um único link, para que fossem respondidos através de dispositivos eletrônicos pelos próprios voluntários. A normalidade foi verificada por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk. Foi utilizado o teste-T e o teste de Wilcoxon para comparação das médias. A associação entre as variáveis foi determinada pela correlação linear de Pearson. Resultados Houve diferença significativa entre a estatura do grupo sobrepeso e o grupo obesidade grau 1 (p = 0,029), e o peso do grupo peso normal para os grupos sobrepeso e obesidade grau 1 (p < 0,001), e entre as médias do IMC (p < 0,05). Foi observada correlação significativa não clara entre o IMC e os questionários específicos e a escala subjetiva (p < 0.05). Conclusão Os corredores recreacionais que possuem IMC acima dos valores de normalidade estão mais predispostos a apresentar dor no joelho do que aqueles com IMC normal.

Objetivo: analisar a relação entre funcionalidade familiar e sobrecarga de cuidadores informais de idosos hospitalizados. Método: estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado com 98 cuidadores informais de idosos hospitalizados em São Carlos, São Paulo. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados questionários para caracterização sociodemográfica e do contexto de cuidado, para avaliação da sobrecarga e da funcionalidade familiar. Foram usadas análises descritivas e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados: predominaram cuidadores do sexo feminino, que cuidavam de seus progenitores e não possuíam capacitação. Aproximadamente 59,8% deles apresentaram boa funcionalidade familiar, e 49,5%, sobrecarga leve a moderada. Houve correlação negativa, de moderada magnitude, entre funcionalidade familiar e sobrecarga (p

This study evaluated the effect of different sources of nitrogen [soybean meal (SM); cottonseed meal (CM); cottonseed + urea (CU); and urea (U)] associated with spineless cactus on intake, digestibility, performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of confined lambs. Forty male Santa Inês sheep, uncastrated, with initial body weight of 23.00 ± 1.66 kg were distributed in random blocks design and slaughtered after 58 days of confinement. Dry matter (DM) intake (1.16 ± 0.19 kg/day) did not differ (P > 0.05) between nitrogen sources, but the intake of crude protein (CP) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) was lower (P

Conhecer a expectativa do acadêmico em relação a sua instituição de ensino é fundamental para a edificar uma educação superior sólida. O presente artigo avaliou o nível de satisfação dos acadêmicos do curso de Tecnologia em Logística da Universidade Federal do Tocantins; e também, busca analisar elementos ligados a satisfação dos discentes quanto à organização institucional, o corpo docente e a infraestrutura física. Quanto à natureza da pesquisa, este trabalho recorreu à pesquisa de campo e bibliográfica, em forma quali-quantitativa. Quanto aos resultados desse estudo foi comprovado que os acadêmicos demonstraram satisfação. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acadêmicos; Satisfação; Ensino. ABSTRACT Knowing the expectation of logic in relation to your institution of education is fundamental for a continuous higher education. The present article evaluated the level of academic satisfaction of the Logistics Technology course at the Federal University of Tocantins; and also the search for elements aimed at students' satisfaction regarding the institutional organization, the faculty and the physical infrastructure. About the research, this work is a field research and bibliographical, in qualitative-quantitative form. As for the results of the study it was proved that the students showed satisfaction. KEYWORDS: Academics; Satisfaction; Teaching RESUMEN Conocer la expectativa del b lógico en relación a su institución de enseñanza es fundamental para una educación superior continua. El presente artículo evaluó el nivel de satisfacción de los académicos del curso de Tecnología en Logística de la Universidad Federal de Tocantins; y, también, la búsqueda de elementos orientados hacia la satisfacción de los discentes en cuanto a la organización institucional, el cuerpo docente y la infraestructura física. Sobre la investigación, este trabajo es una investigación de campo y bibliográfica, en forma cual-cuantitativa. En cuanto a los resultados del estudio se comprobó que los académicos demostraron satisfacción. PALABRAS CLAVE: académicos; la satisfacción; Educación.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of cactus pear and common bean residue in sheep rations on intake, apparent nutrient digestibility and rumen parameters. Eight castrated male sh...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake of nutrients and water, digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, performance and blood parameters of lambs fed increasing levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 g/kg of DM basis) of fresh spineless cactus cv. Miuda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck) included in the diet. Forty male (noncastrated) crossbred Santa Ines lambs, averaging 18.6 ± 2.8 kg body weight (BW) at the beginning of the study, were used in this trial. A completely randomized design was used, with ten replicates per treatment and initial BW as a covariate. Quadratic behaviour was observed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake, with maximum values estimated with 242.9, 236.4, 229.2, 218.2, 238.2 and 284.5 g/kg of spineless cactus inclusion, respectively. Non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes presented higher and lower values respectively in lambs fed 450 g/kg of spineless cactus. Voluntary water intake decreased with increasing quantities of spineless cactus, however, water intake from feed and total water intake increased. The digestibility of DM, OM, NFC and TC presented higher values with 450 g/kg of spineless cactus. Total weight gain and daily weight gain showed an increasing linear effect, while feed conversion decreased. Urine volume and microbial protein were higher for lambs fed 450 g/kg of spineless cactus, while urea excretion was lower. There was a quadratic effect on serum glucose and calcium levels with maximum values for inclusion of spineless cactus of 368.9 and 150 g/kg respectively, whereas s-hydroxybutyrate and blood urea decreased linearly; phosphorus and magnesium concentrations increased, with lower and higher values in animals fed the highest levels of spineless cactus, respectively. The inclusion of spineless cactus by up to 450 g/kg of DM improves the microbial efficiency, nutrient utilization and the performance of the animals, without causing adverse effects on blood parameters.

Aim to analyze the relationship between family functionality and burden of informal caregivers of hospitalized older people. Methods this is a cross-sectional study conducted with 98 informal caregivers of hospitalized older people in an inpatient unit of a large hospital in São Carlos, São Paulo. For data collection were used questionnaires to sociodemographic and care context characterization, to evaluate burden and family functionality. Descriptive analyzes and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used. Results female caregivers predominated, who took care of their parents and had no training. Approximately 59.8% of caregivers had good family functionality and 49.5% scored for mild to moderate burden. There was a negative correlation, moderate magnitude, between family functionality and burden (p

Condensed tannins (CTs) are plant anti-herbivore compounds with antimicrobial activity that can be used in ruminant diets as ruminal microbiome manipulators. However, not all CTs from fodder legumes are bioactive due to their wide structural diversity. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of 10 CT-containing plants (Flemingia macrophylla, Leucaena leucocephala, Stylosanthes guianensis, Gliricidia sepium, Cratylia argentea, Cajanus cajan, Desmodium ovalifolium, Macrotiloma axilare, D. paniculatum, and Lespedeza procumbens) on in vitro fermentation kinetics of Nelore beef cattle. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), a specific CT-binding agent, was added to neutralize condensed tannin. Tifton and alfalfa hay were used as controls lacking CT. The experimental layout included a randomized complete block with factorial design and four blocks. The data were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s test to determine differences (p &lt, 0.05) among treatment means. The addition of PEG in browse incubations resulted in increased gas production, fermentation rate, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and N-NH3 release. Within our study, Lespedeza procumbens, Desmodium paniculatum, Leucaena leucocephala, Desmodium ovalifolium, and Flemingia macrophylla showed superior bioactivity compared to other species evaluated, suggesting a natural alternative for replacing ionophores to modify ruminal fermentation. Condensed tannins from L. pocumbens, D. paniculatum, L. leucocephala, D. ovalifolium, and F. macrophylla have the potential to modify rumen fermentation in beef cattle.

A realização de pesquisa de satisfação é de grande importância para o enriquecimento e posterior desenvolvimento de um ensino de qualidade nas universidades, sejam elas privadas ou públicas. O conhecimento da expectativa do acadêmico em relação a sua instituição de ensino é fundamental para a edificação de uma educação superior sólida e também para direcionar os esforços do colegiado do curso em um só foco. Dessa forma, o presente artigo tratou de medir o nível de satisfação dos acadêmicos do curso de Tecnologia em Logística da Universidade Federal do Tocantins no que diz respeito ao julgamento dos acadêmicos em relação à qualidade do ensino, avaliação da composição do currículo do curso, conhecimento técnico, assiduidade e valores éticos dos professores, identificando a adequação do conteúdo curricular, práticas e recursos didáticos dos professores tendo equivalência entre as disciplinas e as demandas do mercado de trabalho. E tanbém, busca analisar elementos ligados a satisfação dos discentes quanto à organização institucional, o corpo docente e a infraestrutura física. Quanto à natureza da pesquisa, este trabalho recorreu à pesquisa de campo e bibliográfica. No que se refere à forma, pode-se considerar quali-quantitativa. Quanto aos resultados desse estudo foi comprovado que os acadêmicos avaliam de maneira positiva a IES e estão satisfeitos com a maneira como são abordados e repassados os conteúdos nas aulas, e demonstrara satisfação em relação à infraestrutura. Achieving satisfaction survey is of great importance for the enrichment and further development of quality education in universities, whether private or public. Knowledge of the academic expectations for their educational institution is essential to building a solid higher education and also to direct the course of collegiate efforts in one focus. Thus, this paper tried to measure the level of satisfaction of the academic course of Technology in Logistics Federal University of Tocantins with regard to the judgment of scholars without regard to the quality of teaching, assessment course curriculum composition, knowledge technical attendance and ethical values of teachers, identifying the appropriateness of curriculum content, practices and teaching resources of teachers having equivalence between disciplines and the demands of the labor market. In other words, seeks to analyze elements linked to satisfaction of the students as: institutional organization, faculty and infrastructure physical. How much the nature of the research, this work resorted to field research and literature. With regard to the shape, you may consider quality and quantity. As for the results of this study demonstrated that academics evaluate positively the IES and are satisfied with the way it is approached and passed the contents in class, and demonstrate satisfaction also in relation to infrastructure.

A lógica medicalizante, presente em diferentes dimensões da vida, refere-se à redução de questões de ordem social, econômica, política, cultural à lógica biomédica, marcada pela busca por diagnósticos e intervenções do campo da saúde. Esse modelo de compreensão está presente na constituição de nosso tecido social e, portanto, é perceptível também nas políticas educacionais do país e em suas normativas. O presente trabalho propôs-se a compreender a movimentação da lógica medicalizante nos documentos que servem como diretriz da Educação, em geral, e da Educação Especial, especificamente, a partir dos preceitos da análise documental e do paradigma indiciário de Ginzburg (1989). Foram investigados os seguintes documentos: Lei de Diretrizes de Bases da Educação Nacional (LDB), Documento final da Conferência Nacional de Educação (CONAE), Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE) e Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva. É possível perceber que os documentos analisados buscam afirmar enfaticamente o princípio da inclusão, ao garantirem o acesso à Educação a um público que historicamente foi alijado do espaço escolar comum. É possível ainda depreender dos documentos analisados tensões relativas à Educação Especial que dizem respeito, não apenas ao espaço em que o atendimento deve ser ofertado (instituições exclusivas, instituições inclusivas), mas às próprias concepções que orientam a definição do público-alvo da Educação. Ou seja, percebem-se contradições em relação a conceitos como deficiência e inclusão, assim como a processos relativos à oferta de atendimento educacional especializado. Tais tensões e contradições são intensificadas por aspectos constitutivos da política educacional, tais como o financiamento da educação, a parceria público-privada e as avaliações de larga escala, posto que fortalecem concepções individualizantes sobre desempenho, em detrimento de leituras sociais, culturais, econômicas sobre os fenômenos educacionais. Medicalization is a perspective, which resides in different dimensions of life, and refers to restricting explanations given to matters of social, economic, political, and cultural nature to a biomedical perspective, characterized by the search for diagnosis and health interventions. This model of understanding pervades our social fabric and, therefore, is also perceptible in our countrys educational policies its regulations. This thesis aims to understand the propagation of this medicalized logic in documents that serve as Educational guidelines, for general and special Education, under Ginzburgs documentary analysis and evidentiary paradigm (1989). The following documents were analyzed: The National Education Guidelines (LDB), Final Document of the National Education Conference (CONAE), The National Education Plan (PNE) and The National Policy on Special Education in the Perspective of Inclusive Education. It is noticeable that the analyzed documents seek to emphatically affirm the principle of inclusion by granting access to education to a population that has been historically removed from mainstream schools. It is also possible to deduce from the documents that there are tensions on discussions related to Special Education, that concern not only the space where the service must be offered (inclusive or exclusive institutions), but also the very conceptions that guide the definition of who the target population of Special Education is. In other words, contradictions are perceived in relation to concepts such as disability and inclusion, as well as to processes related to the provision of specialized educational services. Such tensions and contradictions are intensified when taken in relation to constitutive aspects of educational policy, such as the financing for education, the public-private partnership, and large-scale assessments, as they strengthen individualizing conceptions about performance, to the detriment of social, cultural, economic interpretations about the educational phenomena.

Objetivou-se a avaliar a estimativa da digestibilidade aparente (DA) em dietas para ovinos por meio dos indicadores internos MSi (matéria seca indigestível), FDNi (fibra em detergente neutro indigestível) e FDAi (fibra em detergente ácido indigestível) e o indicador externo LIPE®. Utilizou-se oito ovinos machos Santa Inês, castrados, fistulados no rúmen, com peso médio corporal de 50 kg. Os animais receberam dietas a base de raspa de mandioca e do capim elefante maduro (120 dias). Os indicadores internos (MSi, FDNi e FDAi) foram estimados após 288 horas de incubação in situ das amostras de alimentos e fezes. O indicador externo LIPE® foi fornecido na forma de cápsulas na dosagem de 250 mg/animal/dia. Os resultados de DA estimados pelo indicador externo LIPE® diferiram estatisticamente (P0,05) entre o método da coleta total de fezes e os indicadores internos FDNi e FDAi. Os indicadores internos FDNi e FDAi podem ser utilizados em estudos de digestibilidade em ovinos, pois, permitem estimar de forma semelhante ao método da coleta total de fezes.

Brazilian Semiarid region is the natural environment of many herbaceous and shrubby plants that can be consumed by ruminants. Our objective was to estimate nutritional potential and CH4 production of forages from Brazilian Semiarid region for ruminant diets. We evaluated Manihot pseudoglazziovii, Mimosa caesapiniifolia, Bauhinia cheilantha, Leucaena leucocephala, Clitorea ternatea and Gliricidia sepium by chemical composition, digestibility and degradation parameters and ruminal fermentation. The fractionation of carbohydrates and proteins was performed based on the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. The evaluation of the degradation of organic matter and ruminal fermentation products was performed by the semi-automatic in vitro gas production technique. The ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of protein were estimated using the in vitro three stage simulation technique. Clitorea, followed by Leucaena, had the highest concentration of the fraction B2 (potentially digestible fiber) while the concentration did not differ (P>0.05) between the other species. The fractions C were found in greater quantities (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reducing water supply for watering of Santa Ines ewes on carcass characteristics, non-carcass components and the volume of digestive compartments. Thirty-two crossbred Santa Ines ewes, with an average body weight of 32.2 ± 7.4 kg, were distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments (different supply levels - 100% (ad libitum), 80%, 60% and 40% ad libitum water intake treatment) and eight repetitions. The animals were confined for 63 days until slaughter. The decrease in water availability promoted a linear decreasing effect for the internal carcass length (P = 0.032). A quadratic effect was found for the volume of the omasum (P = 0.018) and abomasum (P = 0.039), with maximum volumes of 0.305 and 1.636 liters, respectively, for 40% supply. The reticulum yield showed a quadratic effect (P = 0.044) with a maximum point in the supply of 100%, with 0.527%. The reduction in water supply promoted a quadratic effect for the weight (P = 0.016) and yield (P = 0.030) of the bladder, with maximum yields found in the supply of 60%, with 0.067 kg and 0.233%, respectively. There was a quadratic effect for weight (P = 0.042) and yield (P = 0.029) of the diaphragm with higher values found in the supply of 60%m with 0.272 kg and 0.927%, respectively. There was a quadratic effect for kidney yield (P = 0.022) with higher yield for 100% supply. Therefore, the reduction in water supply levels by up to 40% in relation to voluntary intake can be a strategy to be used in cases of water scarcity, as it does not cause negative effects on the Santa Ines ewe carcass.

RESUMO Avaliou-se os efeitos da manipulação cervical alta sobre a atividade eletromiográfica de superfície (sEMG) dos músculos mastigatórios e amplitude do movimento de abertura da boca em mulheres com disfunção temporomandibular (DTM). Foram avaliadas 10 mulheres com diagnóstico de DTM miogênica, segundo o Research Diagnostic Criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD), divididas, aleatoriamente, em grupo experimental (GE) n=5, que recebeu manipulação cervical alta e grupo placebo (GP) n=5, que recebeu manobra sem efeito terapêutico. Cinco intervenções foram aplicadas para ambos os grupos uma vez por semana, e avaliações de pré-intervenção, pós-imediato (após a 1ª intervenção) e pós-tardio (48 horas após a 5ª intervenção) foram realizadas. A atividade sEMG foi processada via raiz quadrada da média e normalizada pelo valor de pico (RMS EMGn). Utilizou-se para comparação os testes t de Student e ANOVA two-way (medidas repetidas), adotando-se como significância o valor de 5%, e o Cohen's d para tamanho de efeito de tratamento. Constatou-se a interação significativa grupo × tempo (p

This study aimed to evaluate the intake and digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen use, performance and blood metabolic profile of lambs in finishing fed with urea supplemented alternative feeds. Forty Santa Ines lambs, uncastrated males, with an average body weight of 22.8 ± 2.1 kg, were used in a completely randomized design. Four diets were tested, with Tifton-85 hay as forage (580 g/kg of dry matter) and corn + soybean meal (CSM), corn + urea (CU), cassava scraping + urea (CSU), and spineless cactus + urea (SCU). The lambs fed with SCU diet had lower (P

Context Alternative feed sources have been investigated as replacements for green forages and cereal grains traditionally used in ruminant feed. We hypothesised that, when replacing sources of true protein with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in the ruminant diet, the efficiency of utilisation of the NPN may be affected by the source of energy and that different energy resources used as alternatives to maize may improve efficiency and maximise ruminal fermentation characteristics. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets containing different carbohydrate sources associated with urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial profile. Methods Four diets based on Tifton 85 Bermuda grass hay (584 g/kg dry matter) were tested as substrates: cornmeal + soybean meal (C + SM, typical diet), cornmeal + urea (C + U), cassava scraping + urea (CS + U), and spineless cactus + urea (SC + U). The experimental design consisted of randomised blocks with four treatments and five blocks. Five adult Nellore cattle with permanent fistula in the rumen were used as inoculum donors. The semi-automatic in vitro gas production technique was used in two experiments. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to monitor the changes in the rumen microbial community. Key results The diets containing C + U and CS + U decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate after 24 h of incubation, and all diets containing urea decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate after 96 h and increased (P < 0.05) acetate:propionate ratio. After 96 h of incubation, the diets containing CS + U and SC + U resulted in a lower (P < 0.05) population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens than the C + U diet, and a lower (P < 0.05) population of Streptococcus bovis than the C + SM diet. Conclusions From our results, a diet containing cassava scraping produces more methane per unit of degraded organic matter, which reduces fermentation efficiency. Diets that contain corn with either soybean meal or urea result in greater degradability with lower gas production rates than diets that contain either cassava scrapings or spineless cactus with urea. Diets containing urea as a total substitution for soybean meal alter the production of short-chain fatty acids and reduce the populations of S. bovis and R. flavefaciens. Implications Use of urea to replace soybean meal in the ruminant diet alters ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial population.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo abordar a posição de Carnap e de Popper a respeito do que ambos entendem como sendo o método mais adequado para avaliar as teorias científicas, bem como para demarcar a ciência da metafísica. Tais questões perpassam a análise dos critérios de significado de Carnap, o verificacionismo e, posteriormente, o confirmacionismo. Tais critérios foram elaborados com o intuito de proporcionar, por meio da análise lógica da linguagem, o rigor necessário ao conhecimento científico, fundamentado no método indutivo. Em seguida, abordaremos o critério metodológico defendido por Popper, o falseacionismo. Tal critério de falseabilidade ou refutabilidade do sistema teórico é um critério metodológico, que afirma como sendo científico um sistema teórico, que faz afirmativas que podem se chocar com observações, isto é, capaz de estar sempre exposto às refutações derivadas da experiência. Através disso, objetiva-se aprofundar tais questões a partir da análise das críticas de Popper aos critérios de significado de Carnap, em que é possível evidenciar com maior clareza as contribuições lógicas e metodológicas dos argumentos de ambos os filósofos à epistemologia. The present work aims to address the position of Carnap and Popper regarding what both understand as the most appropriate method to evaluate scientific theories, as well as to demarcate science and metaphysics. These questions pervade the analysis of Carnap's criteria of meaning, verificationism and, later, confirmationism. These criteria were elaborated with the intention of providing, through logical analysis of the language, the necessary rigor to scientific knowledge, based on the inductive method. Next, we will approach the methodological criterion defended by Popper, falsificationism. Such a criterion of falsifiability of a theoretical system is methodological and it considers to be scientific a theoretic system that makes claims that might clash with observations. That is, scientific theoretic systems are those which are Always capable of being exposes to refutation by experience. From this, we aim to deepen these questions from the analysis of Popper's criticisms of Carnap's criteria of meaning, in which it is possible to evidence more clearly the logical and methodological contributions of the arguments of both philosophers to epistemology.

SUMMARY This study aimed to verify the influence of months on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of pasture and forage selected by goats in the semiarid region of Brazil’s Pernambuco state. Six male goats fistulated in the rumen were used in a completely randomized design. Forage collection was conducted in herbaceous and shrub/tree layers, in order to simulate goat grazing, and materials were separated into leaves and branches. Extrusa and pasture collections were held in November, January and February/March. There was collection month (P

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: There is a close interaction between the mandibular and cervical systems due to the existing neurological and biomechanical communications. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between neck disability and mandibular range of motion (ROM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two women aged between 18 and 40 years were recruited and allocated to four groups using two outcome measures: the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD): Group I (n = 13), healthy volunteers; Group II (n = 13), volunteers with TMD and neck disability; Group III (n = 13), volunteers with TMD and without neck disability; and Group IV (n = 13), volunteers with neck disability and without TMD. Mandibular ROM was evaluated as part of the RDC/TMD clinical examination. Statistical analysis involved one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test for comparisons between groups. Spearman’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determined correlations among the variables. RESULTS:Significant differences were found in the mandibular ROM of functional opening in the comparisons between Groups I and III (p = 0.009) and between Groups III and IV (p = 0.024). No significant association was found between mandibular ROM and the NDI score ( p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on the methodology employed, there is no association between mandibular ROM and neck disability in university women. In this sense, clinical interventions focusing on the flexibility of the temporomandibular joint does not have repercussions on the neck disability and vice versa.

Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciencias, Bauru, SP, Brasil

RESUMO Avaliou-se os efeitos da manipulação cervical alta sobre a atividade eletromiográfica de superfície (sEMG) dos músculos mastigatórios e amplitude do movimento de abertura da boca em mulheres com disfunção temporomandibular (DTM). Foram avaliadas 10 mulheres com diagnóstico de DTM miogênica, segundo o Research Diagnostic Criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD), divididas, aleatoriamente, em grupo experimental (GE) n=5, que recebeu manipulação cervical alta e grupo placebo (GP) n=5, que recebeu manobra sem efeito terapêutico. Cinco intervenções foram aplicadas para ambos os grupos uma vez por semana, e avaliações de pré-intervenção, pós-imediato (após a 1ª intervenção) e pós-tardio (48 horas após a 5ª intervenção) foram realizadas. A atividade sEMG foi processada via raiz quadrada da média e normalizada pelo valor de pico (RMS EMGn). Utilizou-se para comparação os testes t de Student e ANOVA two-way (medidas repetidas), adotando-se como significância o valor de 5%, e o Cohen's d para tamanho de efeito de tratamento. Constatou-se a interação significativa grupo × tempo (p

São inúmeros os avanços das políticas educacionais brasileiras, entretanto, é possível observar a permanência da lógica medicalizante no ideário educacional e no espaço escolar, ao serem reduzidas questões de ordem social, econômica, política e educacional para o campo biomédico. O presente trabalho buscou compreender indícios dessa lógica medicalizante na política brasileira de Educação Especial a partir da Política Nacional de Educação Especial na perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva (2008), do Plano Nacional de Educação (2010) e do documento final da Conferência Nacional da Educação (2014), utilizando, para tanto, o paradigma indiciário de Ginzburg (1989). Os resultados revelam a existência de importantes discussões e a criação de estratégias de superação do preconceito contra grupos historicamente marginalizados, inclusive no concernente ao público-alvo da Educação Especial. Contudo, observa-se que a permanência da lógica medicalizante nos documentos analisados, dá-se, sobretudo, em relação às terminologias emprestadas do campo da Saúde, sendo inadequadas para definir aspetos relativos ao processo de escolarização. Assim, perpetua-se o deslocamento de questões de ordem política e institucional para aspectos individuais, medicalizando alunas/alunos, inclusive as/os que frequentam a Educação Especial. Entende-se como necessária a reconfiguração das relações entre os campos da Saúde e da Educação, permitindo a construção de práticas coletivas que possam discutir as problemáticas escolares a partir do diálogo e não da sobredeterminação da Saúde pela Educação. Isso implica, também, esforço da Educação para produzir formas de compreender as/os estudantes e seus processos ensino-aprendizagem fora do eixo patologia/normalidade, afirmando radicalmente a diversidade humana como princípio, meio e fim do trabalho educativo.

Brazil has low availability of productive commercial cultivars with appropriate size and resistance to yellow Sigatoka. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of different banana genotypes against yellow Sigatoka at conditions of Coastal Tablelands of Sergipe. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Field of Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, municipality of Nossa Senhora das Dores. The experimental design was randomized blocks design with 22 genotypes and three replications, six plants per plot. The genotypes tested were: Enxerto-33, Japira-106, FHIA-23, YB42-17, YB42-47, FHIA-18, PA42-44, PA94-01, PV79-34, Pacovan Ken, Pacovan, Prata-Anã, Maravilha, Garantida, Princesa, Tropical, Maçã, Grande Naine, FHIA-02, Caipira, Bucaneiro and Thap Maeo. The severity of yellow Sigatoka was evaluated at 60, 270 and 420 days after planting (DAP) (from July/2009 to July/2010), using a descriptive scale of Stover. Then, the infection rate was calculated at 60, 270 and 420 DAP, and was compared by Scott-Knott test at 5%. It was observed that genotypes have the same behavior at 270 DAP. At 60 DAP, genotypes with lower infection rate were Bucaneiro, Enxerto-33, Japira-106, YB42-17, FHIA-02, FHIA-18, FHIA-23, PA42-44, PA94-01, Caipira, Maçã, Prata-Anã and Thap Maeo. At 420 DAP, the lowest rates were obtained for genotypes YB42-17, FHIA-23, Princesa, YB42-47, Tropical, Grand Naine, Caipira, Maçã, Garantida, Bucaneiro, Pacovan Ken and Thap Maeo. O Brasil tem baixa disponibilidade de cultivares comerciais produtivas com porte adequado e resistência à Sigatoka amarela. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de diferentes genótipos de bananeira em relação à Sigatoka amarela em condições de tabuleiros costeiros de Sergipe. O experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, no município de Nossa Senhora das Dores. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com 22 genótipos e três repetições, seis plantas por parcela. Os genótipos testados foram: Enxerto-33, Japira-106, FHIA-23, YB42-17, YB42-47, FHIA-18, PA42-44, PA94-01, PV79-34, Pacovan Ken, Pacovan, Prata-Anã, Maravilha, Garantida, Princesa, Tropical, Maçã, Grande Naine, FHIA-02, Caipira, Bucaneiro e Thap Maeo. A severidade da Sigatoka amarela foi avaliada em 60, 270 e 420 dias após o plantio (DAP) (a partir de Julho/2009 até Julho/2010), utilizando uma escala descritiva de Stover. Em seguida, o índice de infecção foi calculado, aos 60, 270 e 420 DAP e comparados pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5%. Observou-se que os genótipos têm o mesmo comportamento a 270 DAP. Aos 60 DAP, genótipos com menor índice de infecção foram Bucaneiro, Enxerto-33, Japira-106, YB42-17, FHIA-02, FHIA-18, FHIA-23, PA42-44, PA94-01, Caipira, Maçã, Prata-Anã e Thap Maeo. Aos 420 DAP, as taxas mais baixas foram obtidas para os genótipos YB42-17, FHIA-23, Princesa, YB42-47, Tropical, Grand Naine, Caipira, Macã, Garantida, Bucaneiro, Pacovan Ken e Thap Maeo.

Atrazina e Roundup® se enquadram entre os herbicidas mais consumidos no Brasil e no mundo, sendo potencialmente tóxicos aos organismos aquáticos. Assim, o presente trabalho analisou o efeito agudo (6, 24 e 96 h) dos herbicidas atrazina (ATZ) e Roundup® (RD) isolados ou como mistura no bivalve dulcícola Corbicula fluminea. Para ATZ, as concentrações foram de 2 (ATZ 2) e 10 (ATZ 10) ppb; para RD, foram de 2 (RD 2) e 10 (RD 10) ppm; e para a mistura, foram de 2 ppb de ATZ + 2 ppm de RD (AR 2) e 10 ppb de ATZ + 10 ppm de RD (AR 10). Foram analisadas, em brânquia (BRQ) e glândula digestiva (GL), as defesas antioxidantes: catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa redutase (GR) e glutationa reduzida (GSH); enzimas de biotransformação: etoxiresorufina-O-desetilase (EROD), glutationa-S-transferase (GST) e mecanismo de resistência a multixenobióticos (MXR); a ocorrência de lipoperoxidação (LPO). O teste do cometa foi realizado com os hemócitos para análise de danos ao DNA. As enzimas de biotransformação e as defesas antioxidantes se mostraram mais alteradas nos tempos de exposição mais curtos (6 e 24 h), nos quais, para ambos os herbicidas, foi observado inibição da CAT e MXR e aumento da SOD e GPx. Já a ATZ, promoveu inibição da EROD na BRQ e aumento da EROD e GSH na GL, e a GR se apresentou inibida em ambos os tecidos apenas por RD. A maioria das alterações em 6 e 24 h foram observadas em ATZ 2, possivelmente pela atuação de mecanismos de barreira em ATZ 10, como produção de muco. Os principais danos oxidativos foram observados em 96 h, quando o RD aumentou em mais de três vezes a ocorrência de LPO em BRQ e GL, além da inibição da EROD branquial em quase 80% pela ATZ. Com exceção da GSH e LPO, os demais biomarcadores se apresentaram significativamente diferentes entre os dois órgãos analisados, e a BRQ mostrou-se a principal fonte da EROD, MXR, SOD e GPx e a GL da GST, CAT e GR; estas diferenças podem estar relacionadas com a localização e função dos órgãos no animal. A exposição à mistura dos herbicidas não promoveu alteração nas defesas antioxidantes analisadas, com exceção da GR. Efeito antagônico foi observado na EROD branquial, a qual apresentou inibição menos intensa que a observada para ATZ isolada, e em LPO, onde além da neutralização do efeito de LPO do RD isolado, houve uma diminuição da ocorrência deste tipo de dano em AR 10. Já para MXR e danos ao DNA, foi observado efeito de potencialização, uma vez que os herbicidas promoveram alterações significativas nestes biomarcadores apenas quando misturados. Assim, a mistura de herbicidas apresentou mecanismos de toxicidade bastante complexos, não apresentando um padrão aparente de alteração nos biomarcadores analisados. A EROD e LPO se apresentaram como bons biomarcadores de efeito da ATZ e RD, respectivamente, e MXR e teste do cometa, para a mistura dos herbicidas, a qual se apresentou potencialmente tóxica para o bivalve. Atrazine and Roundup® are among the most commonly consumed herbicides in Brazil and worldwide, being potentially toxic to aquatic organisms. Thus, the present study examined the acute effect (6, 24 and 96 h) of atrazine (ATZ) and Roundup® (RD), alone or as a mixture, to the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea. The concentrations used for ATZ were 2 (ATZ 2) and 10 (ATZ 10) ppb; for RD, were 2 (2 RD) and 10 (DR 10) ppm; and for the mixture were 2 ppb of ATZ + 2 ppm RD (AR 2) and 10 ppb and 10 ppm of ATZ + RD (AR 10). It were analyzed in the gills (BRQ) and digestive gland (GL) the antioxidant defenses: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and reduced glutathione (GSH); the biotransformation enzymes: ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST); the multixenobiotic resistance mechanism (MXR) and the occurrence of lipid peroxidation (LPO). The comet assay was performed on hemocytes for the analysis of DNA damage. The biotransformation enzymes and antioxidant defenses were more affected in shorter exposure times (6, 24 h) when, for both herbicides alone, it was observed inhibition of CAT and SOD and increased MXR and GPx. On the other hand, ATZ promoted inhibition of EROD in BRQ and increase of EROD and GSH in GL, and GR was inhibited in both tissues only by RD. Most of the changes at 6 and 24 h were observed in ATZ 2, possibly by the action of barrier mechanisms, such as mucus production, in ATZ 10. The major oxidative damages were observed at 96 h, when RD increased more than three times the occurrence of LPO in BRQ and GL, besides the inhibition of EROD in the gills by almost 80% by ATZ. With the exception of GSH and LPO, all the other biomarkers were significantly different between the two organs analyzed, and the BRQ was the main source of EROD, MXR, SOD and GPx while GL was the main source of GST, CAT and GR; these differences may be related to the location and function of each organ. The exposure to herbicides mixture did not promote changes in antioxidant defenses, with exception of GR. An antagonic effect was observed in gill EROD, which showed a lower inhibition in comparison to that observed for ATZ isolated and in LPO, where besides neutralizing the effect of RD isolated, a reduction of the occurrence of such damage was observed in AR 10. Moreover, for DNA damage and MXR, potentiation effect was observed, since the herbicides provided significant changes in these biomarkers only when mixed together. Thus, the herbicide mixture showed very complex mechanisms of toxicity, showing no apparent pattern of effect on the biomarkers studied. The EROD and LPO were shown as good biomarkers of effect for ATZ and RD, respectively, and MXR and comet assay for the herbicides mixture, which appeared potentially toxic for the bivalve.

Due to the multifactor etiology of temporomandibular disorder (TMD), the precise diagnosis remains a matter of debate and validated diagnostic tools are needed. The aim was to determine the accuracy of surface electromyography (sEMG) activity, assessed in the amplitude domain by the root mean square (RMS), in the diagnosis of TMD. One hundred twenty-three volunteers were evaluated using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders and distributed into two groups: women with myogenous TMD (n = 80) and women without TMD (n = 43). The volunteers were then submitted to sEMG evaluation of the anterior temporalis, masseter and suprahyoid muscles at rest and during maximum voluntary teeth clenching (MVC) on parafilm. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the muscle activity were analyzed. Differences between groups were found in all muscles analyzed at rest as well as in the masseter and suprahyoid muscles during MVC on parafilm. Moderate accuracy (AUC: 0.74–0.84) of the RMS sEMG was found in all muscles regarding the diagnosis of TMD at rest and in the suprahyoid muscles during MVC on parafilm. Moreover, sensitivity ranging from 71.3% to 80% and specificity from 60.5% to 76.6%. In contrast, RMS sEMG did not exhibit acceptable degrees of accuracy in the other masticatory muscles during MVC on parafilm. It was concluded that the RMS sEMG is a complementary tool for clinical diagnosis of the myogenous TMD.

Orientador: Delaine Rodrigues Bigaton Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba Resumo: A disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é uma alteração de etiologia multifatorial e de difícil diagnóstico, entretanto sua avaliação bem fundamentada é importante para o adequado e eficiente planejamento terapêutico. Contudo, não existe consenso entre os pesquisadores em relação ao diagnóstico da DTM. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a acurácia e a correlação entre diferentes instrumentos de avaliação da DTM. Foram avaliadas 224 mulheres com (grupo DTM) e sem DTM (grupo controle) por meio do Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD), para o diagnóstico de disfunção miofascial e em seguida passaram por avaliação, do índice anamnésico de Fonseca (IAF) e eletromiografia (EMG) dos músculos masseter, temporal e supra-hiódeos, nas situações de repouso e isometria dos músculos elevadores da mandíbula. A comparação dos dados entre o grupo DTM e controle foi realizada por meio do teste de Mann-Withney. Para a correlação utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Sperman e para a avaliação da acurácia utilizou-se a curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC), para obtenção dos valores de acurácia, sensibilidade, espeficidade e ponto de corte. Os resultados mostram que o IAF é um instrumento acurado (0.94) para o diagnóstico da DTM e apresenta sensibilidade de 86.3%, especificidade de 91.19% e ponto de corte de 47.5. A EMG apresenta correlação (coeficiente de correlação entre 0.61 - 0.83) com o diagnóstico de disfunção muscular e apresenta acurácia (0.65 - 0.84) para o diagnóstico da DTM para a coleta realizada em repouso de todos os músculos avaliados, e para os músculos supra-hiódeos na isometria. Entretanto os dados dos músculos masseter e temporais coletados durante a isometria apresentaram acurácia não aceitável. Conclui-se que o IAF é um instrumento acurado para o diagnóstico da DTM muscular, a EMG apresenta correlação com o diagnóstico de disfunção muscular e acurácia moderada, quando coletada em repouso. Sugere-se que o IAF possa ser utilizado como ferramenta complementar e prévia ao RDC/TMD e a EMG possa ser utilizada na avaliação da DTM Abstract: The temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a change multifactorial and difficult to diagnose, their well-founded assessment is important for the proper and efficient treatment planning. However, there is no consensus among researchers regarding the diagnosis of TMD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between accuracy and assessment tools TMD. We evaluated 224 women with (TMD group) and without TMD (control group) through the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC / TMD), for the diagnosis of myofascial dysfunction and then underwent evaluation of anamnestic index of Fonseca (AIF) and electromyography (EMG) of the masseter, temporal and supra-hiódeos, both at rest and isometry of the jaw elevator muscles. The data between the DTM and control group was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. For the correlation we used the Spearman correlation coefficient and to evaluate the accuracy, we used the receiver operating characteristic curve, to obtain the values of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The results show that the AIF is an accurate instrument (0.94) for the diagnosis of TMD and a sensitivity of 86.3%, specificity of 91.19% and a cutoff of 47.5. The EMG correlated (correlation coefficient between 0.61 - 0.83) with a diagnosis of muscle disorders and presents accuracy (0.65 - 0.84) for the diagnosis of TMD held for pickup at rest all the muscles tested, and the supra-hyods muscles in isometrics, however the data of the masseter and temporal collected during isometric showed no acceptable accuracy. It is concluded that the AIF is an instrument for accurate diagnosis of TMD muscular, EMG correlates with a diagnosis of muscle dysfunction and moderate accuracy when collected at rest. It is suggested that the AIF can be used as a complementary tool and prior to the RDC / TMD and EMG can be used in assessing the DTM Doutorado Anatomia Doutora em Biologia Buco-Dental

OBJETIVO: Analisar a postura e a função da região crânio-cervical em sujeitos disfônicos. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 28 mulheres (31,25±8,14 anos), divididas em dois grupos: experimental (N=16 portadoras de disfonia) e controle (N=12 clinicamente normais). As voluntárias foram submetidas à avaliação do Índice de Disfunção Crânio-Cervical (IDCC) e fotogrametria, sendo determinado o ângulo anterior formado entre a sétima vértebra cervical e o tragus, o qual corresponde à posição da cabeça no plano sagital. A análise das fotos foi realizada por três examinadores, duas vezes cada um, com intervalo de uma semana entre elas. A análise dos dados constou do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, seguido do teste t de Student, (p