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Background:Isolated coarctation of the aorta can be repaired by either lateral thoracotomy or sternotomy approach with end-to-end anastomosis. Most commonly, neonates with coarctation of the aorta also have hypoplasia of the arch, requiring median sternotomy and extended end-to-side anastomosis with arch augmentation. The aim of this study was to describe our experience as the institution adopted the median sternotomy approach for repair, by reviewing complications, mortality, and reintervention.Methods:Retrospective chart review of 66 patients aged 0–1 year who had arch repair performed by a single surgeon over an 8-year period was performed. Median age at surgery was 22 days (4–232) and median weight was 3.08 kg (1.25–8.0). Forty-one (62%) patients underwent median sternotomy.Results:There was 1 death from a noncardiac cause. Eighteen per cent of our patients were ≤2.5 kg. Vocal cord paresis occurred in 16% of patients under 2.5 kg and 9.5% of patients 2.5 kg or above at the time of surgery. Hypertension at 6-month follow-up was greater in patients under 2.5 kg (44%) than patients 2.5 kg or above (15%). Total surgical reintervention rate was 6%. For patients above 2.5 kg, the surgical reintervention rate was 5.4% and for patients below 2.5 kg, the surgical reintervention rate was 8.3%.Conclusion:We concluded that for neonates with coarctation of the aorta and hypoplastic arch, median sternotomy is a safe surgical approach with low morbidity and mortality with the possible advantage of reduced surgical re-intervention and mortality in the population below 2.5 kg.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the proportion and characteristics of women who serve in general surgery program director (PD) and associate program director (APD) positions in the United States. Design General surgery programs (n = 276) and directors were identified using the Association for Program Directors in Surgery website; information was cross-referenced with American Medical Association FREIDA and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education databases, current to July 1, 2017. Each program's website was accessed to determine the gender and academic ranking of faculty. Results Results reveal a preponderance of men in PD and APD positions. Women accounted for 18.4% (n = 51) of the 276 PD positions, with more women in APD positions (29.6%). There was no correlation between gender of PD and the corresponding APD, (χ2 = 0.68, p = 0.41; Phi coefficient = −0.0695). Of those with academic appointments, men who were PDs were more likely to be full professors when compared to women PDs (38.5% vs 24.1%, respectively). The median number of days since appointment to PD was similar in both groups (1461 days for men vs 1377 for women, p = 0.18), although more men have held PD positions longer. Programs with a higher proportion of women faculty were more likely to have a woman PD (p = 0.0397), but not those with more women residents (p = 0.225) or a woman Department Chair (p = 0.56). Conclusions Among general surgery program directorship, men continue to hold more positions of educational leadership, although the trend appears to be shifting toward a more equal balance, particularly in those programs with proportionately more women faculty. This discrepancy may be due to academic rank or length of tenure. As more women hold academic positions in the field of general surgery, an increase in the representation of this group in leadership is anticipated. Although senior leadership (PD) positions remain disproportionately held by men, APD positions are filled by a greater percentage of women than academic surgical faculty, although the absolute percentage remains less than 50%. Educational leadership may be a viable path to academic leadership for both women and men.

Background Non-essential facultative endosymbionts can provide their hosts with protection from parasites, pathogens, and predators. For example, two facultative bacterial symbionts of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), Serratia symbiotica and Hamiltonella defensa, protect their hosts from parasitism by two species of parasitoid wasp. Previous studies have not explored whether facultative symbionts also play a defensive role against predation in this system. We tested whether feeding on aphids harboring different facultative symbionts affected the fitness of an aphid predator, the lady beetle Hippodamia convergens. Results While these aphid faculative symbionts did not deter lady beetle feeding, they did decrease survival of lady beetle larvae. Lady beetle larvae fed a diet of aphids with facultative symbionts had significantly reduced survival from egg hatching to pupation and therefore had reduced survival to adult emergence. Additionally, lady beetle adults fed aphids with facultative symbionts were significantly heavier than those fed facultative symbiont-free aphids, though development time was not significantly different. Conclusions Aphids reproduce clonally and are often found in large groups. Thus, aphid symbionts, by reducing the fitness of the aphid predator H. convergens, may indirectly defend their hosts’ clonal descendants against predation. These findings highlight the often far-reaching effects that symbionts can have in ecological systems.