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Objective: With the proliferation of vaping in recent years, vaping-related mass media campaigns have been implemented to discourage vaping among youth and young adults. Research on salient vaping-related themes for vaping cessation is lacking. This study aimed to identify promising belief themes for use in young adult-targeted vaping cessation media campaigns. Design, Setting and Method: In 2020, we conducted an online survey of 620 New York residents aged 18 to 35 years who were currently using vape products. We asked respondents about vaping-related beliefs across multiple domains and about their intentions to quit vaping. We assessed endorsement with various belief themes and strength of association between belief themes and intention to quit vaping to identify promising themes for vaping cessation messaging. Results: Most belief themes had moderate endorsement and thus ample room to move. Among dual users and vapers only, themes of harmful ingredients and the health consequences of vaping demonstrated strong promise as themes for message targeting. Among dual users, all but two themes (smoking cessation and harm to others) demonstrated positive, statistically significant associations with intentions to quit vaping and potential percentage to gain scores with confidence intervals that did not overlap with zero. Among vapers only, themes of harmful ingredients and health consequences of vaping had the strongest association with intentions to quit vaping and the highest potential percentage to gain. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that most belief themes have substantial room to move, and that themes of harmful ingredients and health consequences of vaping are particularly promising for vaping cessation campaigns aimed towards dual users and vapers only. Study findings can be used by planners to inform the development and implementation of high-impact media campaigns to promote vaping cessation among young adults.

In this study, graduate students and postdoctoral scholars participated in a hybrid, multi-institutional workshop series about course design. Trainees developed college courses based on their research expertise, posting works-in-progress to a shared, online drive for peer review and collaboration. Learners also met weekly with local facilitators at their institution. The program led to similar learning outcomes as when the program was previously run in a face-to-face only format at one institution. However, the multi-institutional design led to additional benefits, especially for leaders at each institution, who described a rich learning community in their collaborative work.

During spawning migrations, adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) must undergo a suite of morphological and physiological changes to prepare for spawning. Modern genomics approaches can be used to conduct nonlethal assessments of physiology and infectious agent presence in migrating salmon. We investigated gene expression changes and shifts in the prevalence and load of 18 infectious agents in the gill tissue of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during the final 50 km of their freshwater migration. We found 77% of fish successfully migrated to spawning grounds. Fish exhibited a decrease in thermal stress gene expression following lake migration, consistent with the hypothesized benefits of thermal refugia during spawning migrations. We also found evidence of cooler water selection (~1.5[degrees]C) during lake migration for fish with higher infection burden, suggesting behavioural changes for fish suffering higher infection burdens and potential benefits of thermal refuges for reducing the negative impacts of infection for migrating salmon. Collectively, our findings provide further evidence that fish behaviourally regulate exposure to stressful conditions such as high temperature that may undermine survival. Key words: salmon, freshwater, infectious agents, thermoregulation, gene expression, Introduction During spawning migrations, adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) return to natal spawning grounds with incredible fidelity and precise timing (Keefer et al. 2004; Hinch et al. 2006). Hormonal shifts [...]

Research has noted that teachers of Color are disproportionately called upon to address racialized issues in schools serving students of Color. And although many teachers of Color enter the profession wanting to advocate for and with students and their families and are strongly positioned to do so, these responsibilities should not rest entirely on their shoulders. Navigating institutional change as collective work is not something taught within teacher preparation or traditional professional development (PD). But what would happen if critical teachers of Color--those with a structural analysis of oppression and who are committed to social and racial justice--were actually supported and provided leadership development work towards racial justice at their school sites? How might this type of development affect their sustainability in and impact on the field? Using a framework of critical professional development (CPD)--emergent and often grassroots teacher development spaces that frame teachers as politically-aware individuals who have a stake transforming society--this paper will explore the impacts of a racial affinity CPD space, the Institute for Teachers of Color Committed to Racial Justice, designed specifically to promote the retention, growth, and activist leadership of teachers of Color in K-12 schools.

Background: Irish school children have demonstrated poor proficiency in fundamental movement skills (FMS) and consistent with international literature, females and overweight children tend to be less skilled than males and non-overweight children. Interventions that are suitable for children of all abilities and which provide long-term improvements in FMS proficiency are warranted. Purpose: This study examined the immediate and long-term effects of an 8-week FMS intervention programme on 255 Year 3 and 4 Irish school children's (50% male, 7.4 ± 0.6 yr) FMS proficiency levels. It was hypothesised that using a mastery motivational climate to deliver the intervention sessions would provide immediate and long-term improvements for all children, including females and overweight children. Methods: Participants were conveniently recruited from 4 schools and randomly assigned to the intervention-control (Group I-C: 2 schools, n = 134, 48% male) or control-intervention (Group C-I: 2 schools, n = 121, 52% male) sequence. Group I-C completed the intervention (i.e. two 45-minute FMS classes per week in place of usual PE for 8 weeks) in phase 1, and after a 4-week washout, completed the control condition (i.e. routine PE lessons for 8 weeks) in phase 2, and vice-versa for Group C-I. FMS proficiency, assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third edition, and weight status based on body mass index (BMI) were recorded at 5 time points: pre and post phase 1, pre and post phase 2 and at 13-months post-intervention (i.e. follow-up). Results: Linear mixed models revealed significant group × time interaction effects for locomotor, ball skills and total FMS scores (all p < 0.001) following engagement in the FMS intervention. No significant changes were observed following engagement in the control condition (i.e. Group C-I: pre to post phase 1 and Group I-C: pre to post phase 2; all p > 0.05). Significant improvements for locomotor, ball skills and total FMS scores were reported for both groups at follow-up compared to baseline (all p < 0.001). No significant group × time × gender or group × time × weight status interaction effects were reported (all p > 0.05). The proportion of participants who improved from poor-mastery to mastery/near-mastery was significant for eight skills, immediately following the intervention and from baseline to follow-up. Conclusion: Significant improvements in FMS proficiency were observed following a short-duration intervention that was delivered by an instructor with specialist FMS knowledge and an ability to create a mastery-oriented climate during lessons. Although the long-term effectiveness remains unclear, it is likely that mastery-oriented PE lessons could facilitate greater improvements in FMS development for children of all abilities compared to traditional PE lessons. Future studies should explore if primary teachers feel they have sufficient confidence and pedagogical skills to support children's FMS development during PE.

Captive breeding programs are widely applied by conservation practitioners as a means of conserving, reintroducing, and supplementing populations of imperilled freshwater fishes and mussels. We conducted a systematic map to provide an overview of the existing literature on the effectiveness of captive breeding and release programs. A key finding is that there is limited evaluation of the effectiveness of such programs at all three stages (i.e., broodstock collection, rearing/ release methods, and post-release monitoring). We identified clusters of evidence for evaluating supplementation associated with rearing/release methods for fish growth and survival metrics, and the monitoring stage for fish genetic diversity, growth, and survival metrics, primarily focused on salmonids. However, many studies had inadequate experimental designs (i.e., lacked a comparator). Overall, there was a paucity of studies on the effectiveness of captive breeding programs for imperilled freshwater mussels, highlighting the need to make such information broadly available when studies are undertaken. Outputs from this systematic map (i.e., the map database and heatmaps) suggest that the effectiveness of captive breeding and release programs requires further systematic evaluation. Des programmes de reproduction en captivite sont largement utilises par les specialistes de la conservation comme moyen de conservation, de reintroduction et de supplementation de populations menacees de poissons d'eau douce et de mulettes. Nous avons realise une cartographie systematique pour dresser un portrait du corpus documentaire existant sur l'efficacite des programmes de reproduction en captivite et de lacher. Une des constatations cles est le fait que revaluation de l'efficacite des trois etapes de tels programmes (c.-a-d., prelevement de geniteurs, methodes d'elevage/de lacher et surveillance apres le lacher) est limitee. Nous avons cerne des groupements de donnees probantes pour les evaluations de la supplementation associees aux methodes d'elevage/de lacher pour des parametres relies a la croissance et la survie des poissons, et l'etape de surveillance pour des parametres relies a la diversite genetique, la croissance et la survie des poissons, axes principalement sur les salmonides. Le schema experimental de nombreuses etudes est toutefois inadequat (c.-a-d., absence de comparateur). Globalement, les etudes sur l'efficacite des programmes de reproduction en captivite pour les mulettes menacees sont rares, soulignant la necessite d'assurer une large disponibilite de ce type d'information quand de telles etudes sont realisees. Les extrants de cette cartographie systematique (c.-a-d., la base de donnees en decoulant et les cartes de densite) font ressortir la necessite d'une evaluation systematique plus poussee de l'efficacite de programmes de reproduction en captivite et de lacher. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Global freshwater biodiversity has declined by over 80% since the 1970s, to the point where it is clearly in crisis (Harrison et al. 2018). Freshwater fishes have some of [...]

Surmounting evidence supports that infectious agents play a critical role in shaping fish physiology, behaviour, and survival. The exclusion of disease-causing agents from fisheries research has resulted in major knowledge gaps that may limit the predictive capacity of ecological models. A major barrier in wild fisheries epidemiology is the logistical constraints associated with observing disease and obtaining samples from free-ranging fish, restricting the vast majority of research to laboratory studies or aquaculture facilities. For fisheries ecologists, including infectious agents can provide greater insight into observed phenomena, particularly with respect to fish physiology (e.g., metabolism), movement (e.g., migration rates), behaviour (e.g., habitat selection), personality (e.g., bold versus shy), and survival. Here we provide a brief introduction to the current understanding of disease ecology in wild fish and describe technological advances in both epidemiology and fisheries and aquatic sciences that can be used in tandem to create comprehensive studies of disease ecology in wild fishes. Combining nonlethal sampling and molecular genetic-based identification methods with field studies creates vast opportunities for innovative study designs that have the potential to address the true complexity of aquatic ecosystems. Des preuves de plus en plus nombreuses montrent que les agents infectieux jouent un role dans la modulation de la physiologie, du comportement et de la survie des poissons. L'exclusion des agents pathogenes de la recherche sur les peches s'est traduite en d'importantes lacunes sur le plan des connaissances qui pourraient limiter la capacite predictive des modeles ecologiques. Les contraintes logistiques associees a l'observation de maladies et a l'obtention d'echantillons de poissons en liberte constituent un important obstacle en epidemiologie des ressources halieutiques sauvages, qui limite la vaste majorite des travaux de recherche a des etudes en laboratoire ou en pisciculture. Pour les ecologistes des peches, l'inclusion d'agents infectieux peut faciliter grandement la comprehension de phenomenes observes, particulierement en ce qui concerne la physiologie (p. ex. metabolisme), les deplacements (p. ex. vitesses de migration), le comportement (p. ex. selection de l'habitat), la personnalite (p.ex. temeraire ou timide) et la survie des poissons. Nous presentons une breve introduction a la comprehension actuelle de l'ecologie des maladies chez les poissons sauvages et decrivons des avancees technologiques dans les domaines de l'epidemiologie et des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques qui peuvent etre combinees pour concevoir des etudes integrees de l'ecologie des maladies chez les poissons sauvages. La combinaison de methodes d'echantillonnage non letal et d'identification basee sur la genetique moleculaire a des etudes de terrain offre la possibilite de concevoir des schemas d'etude novateurs pouvant permettre d'aborder efficacement la complexite reelle des ecosystemes aquatiques. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Ectotherms such as fishes are vulnerable to infectious agents; environmental factors such as suboptimal temperatures can reduce host resistance (Jeffries et al. 2012) and increase infectious agent abundance (Paull [...]

Aquaculture has been one of the fastest-growing food production systems over the last decade and increased intensification of production has created conditions that favour disease outbreaks. Antibiotics are commonly applied in the food animal sector to fight against bacterial infections; however, their inappropriate use contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Investment in research and capacity-strengthening, in parallel with enforcing existing regulations around antimicrobial use, are potentially powerful tools in tackling the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emanating from animal producing systems such as aquaculture. However, directing investment effectively is challenging due to the limited data available that hinder the identification of risk areas for current and future AMR emergence. Here, we aim to partially fill this gap by analyzing the current peer-reviewed literature reporting antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquaculture food production systems and combining the data in a systematic map. Systematic searches of three bibliographic databases, a search engine, and 120 reviews returned 10 699 articles that were screened at title and abstract and then by full text (n = 1100). Two hundred and eighteen articles, spanning 39 countries and six continents, met all inclusion criteria and were coded to retrieve bibliographic, methodology, and study outcome data. ARG detections were associated with 44 families offish and crustaceans and 75 genera of bacteria, with most studies employing primer-based methods to detect ARGs. A narrative synthesis explores implications for future research and policy as well as limitations of the systematic mapping methodology. Key words: aquaculture, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), genes, fish, crustacean, One Health. L'aquaculture a ete l'un des systemes de production alimentaire qui a connu la croissance la plus rapide au cours de la derniere decennie et 1'intensification accrue de la production a cree des conditions qui favorisent l'eclosion de maladies. Les antibiotiques sont couramment utilises dans le secteur de l'alimentation animale pour hitter contre les infections bacteriennes, mais leur utilisation inappropriee contribue a l'emergence de bacteries resistantes aux antibiotiques. L'investissement dans la recherche et le renforcement des capacites, parallelement a l'application des reglementations existantes concernant l'utilisation des antimicrobiens, sont des outils potentiellement puissants pour lutter contre la menace de la resistance aux antimicrobiens (RAM) emanant des systemes de production animale tels que l'aquaculture. Toutefois, il est difficile d'orienter efficacement les investissements en raison du peu de donnees disponibles qui empechent d'identifier les zones a risque pour l'emergence actuelle et future de RAM. Ici, les auteurs visent a combler partiellement cette lacune en analysant la litterature actuelle revue par les pairs, qui fait etat de genes de RAM dans les systemes de production alimentaire en aquaculture et en combinant les donnees dans une carte systematique. Des recherches systematiques dans trois bases de donnees bibliographiques, un moteur de recherche et 120 syntheses ont permis de trouver 10 699 articles qui ont ete passes au crible quant au titre et au resume, puis au texte integral (n = 1100). Deux cent dix-huit articles, couvrant 39 pays et six continents, ont repondu a tous les criteres d'inclusion et ont ete codes pour recuperer les donnees bibliographiques, la methodologie et les resultats des etudes. Les detections de genes de la RAM ont ete associees a 44 families de poissons et de crustaces et a 75 genres de bacteries, la plupart des etudes utilisant des methodes basees sur des amorces pour detecter les genes de resistance aux antibiotiques (GRA). Une synthese narrative explore les implications pour la recherche et les politiques futures ainsi que les limites de la methodologie de cartographie systematique. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: aquaculture, resistance aux antimicrobiens (RAM), genes, poissons, crustaces, Un monde, une sante., Introduction Aquaculture is currently responsible for producing close to half of all aquatic animals consumed globally (FAO 2019). Driven by dwindling stocks in wild capture fisheries and increased demand for [...]

Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe diffusa, is an emerging pathogen in Australian soybean crops. Since its initial detection in 2012, the disease has been observed every season in soybean paddocks throughout Australia. It is not known how E. diffusa survives between soybean cropping seasons in the Australian environment. This study identified the native Glycine species, G. tabacina, as an alternate host for E. diffusa in Australia. G. tabacina specimens naturally infected with powdery mildew were collected and the pathogen was identified based on morphological characters and nrDNA ITS and MCM7 sequences. Cross‐inoculation experiments demonstrated that the E. diffusa isolates infecting G. tabacina in the field were pathogenic to soybean. This study is the first to report E. diffusa on G. tabacina in Australia. As a perennial native often found in the vicinity of the annual soybean crops, G. tabacina can easily serve as an alternate host for E. diffusa and could be an example of a host range expansion in this powdery mildew species. Weed control in soybean crops, with special attention to the removal of the native Glycine species, may be an option for powdery mildew management for Australian soybean growers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction I. The Politics of Safety II. Pandemic Schooling Conclusion Introduction In this time of pandemic, few institutions have proven as essential or precarious as public schools. After the World [...], In this paper, the authors consider how pandemic schooling is increasing educational inequalities that may have generational effects. Reviewing emerging evidence on rates of return to in-person schooling and disparities in remote learning in Ontario, the authors argue that the pandemic is accelerating existing trends of privatization and choice. Emerging data suggests that students from more affluent and whiter households have returned to in-person learning at higher rates than their lower-income and racialized peers. When families with more resources have opted for remote learning, they have been better able to supplement online lessons. For numerous reasons, including higher rates of local COVID-19 spread, fears of infection in multi-generational households, and mistrust in public schools, racialized and less affluent families are opting for remote learning at higher rates without the necessary supports. This paper situates these constrained family "choices" in a longer trajectory of school safety laws and policies that have borne down unevenly on racialized students, poorer students, and students with disabilities. School safety mandates in Ontario and elsewhere have transformed modern student life through zero-tolerance discipline policies, enhanced school surveillance, and the rapid expansion of school resource officer (SRO) programs. In so doing these laws and policies have of en worked to under-protect and over-punish the most vulnerable students. The authors argue that in a time of pandemic and racial reckoning families are making decisions about schooling in the shadow of this history.

There is an increased need for accessible psychosocial interventions that support both people with dementia and their spouses. Recent research demonstrates the benefits of music therapy and caregiver-delivered music therapy for this population. This paper contributes to the emerging evidence base on telehealth music therapy for people with dementia outside of a COVID-19 era when in-person services were available. This exploratory phenomenological study explores the experiences of two couples who attended a six-week telehealth music therapy programme via two detailed case examples. Online semi-structured interviews with each couple were conducted pre and post intervention and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Three shared themes emerged from the data analysis including (1) social isolation and lack of confidence linked to dementia diagnosis is worsened in rural locations, (2) song singing and song writing enables us to revisit happy memories, and (3) telehealth delivery increases access due to geographical location. The findings are presented in a narrative case study format to provide rich detailed descriptions of the music therapy programme and to illuminate the experiences of the participants. In both examples, telehealth delivery expanded access to music therapy (which was otherwise unavailable) and stimulated reminiscence which in turn encouraged meaningful engagement between the couple. The delivery of music therapy via telehealth, alongside in-person delivery, has the potential to expand access to music therapy to those who may not have access to or are no longer able to attend community support services due to geographical location, increased cognitive decline or reduced mobility. The successful delivery of telehealth music therapy is dependent on several factors including digital literacy, access to appropriate technological devices, caregiver support and level of cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hospital patients with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are vulnerable to a range of adverse outcomes. Hospital-based Special Care Units (SCUs) are secure dementia-enabling environments providing specialised gerontological care. Due to a scarcity of research, their value remains unconfirmed. Objective To compare hospital based SCU management of BPSD with standard care. Design Single-case multiple baseline design. Setting and participants One-hundred admissions to an 8-bed SCU over 2 years in a large Australian public hospital. Methods Repeated measures of BPSD severity were undertaken prospectively by specialist dementia nurses for patients admitted to a general ward (standard care) and transferred to the SCU. Demographic and other clinical data, including diagnoses, medication use, and care-related outcomes were obtained from medical records retrospectively. Analysis used multilevel models to regress BPSD scores onto care-setting outcomes, adjusting for time and other factors. Results When receiving standard care, patients' BPSD severity was 6.8 (95% CI 6.04–7.64) points higher for aggression, 15.6 (95% CI 13.90–17.42) points higher for the neuropsychiatric inventory, and 5.8 (95% CI 5.14–6.50) points higher for non-aggressive agitation compared to SCU. Patients receiving standard care also experienced increased odds for patient-to-nurse violence (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.67–4.09), security callouts (OR 5.39 95% CI 3.40–8.52), physical restraint (OR 17.20, 95% CI 7.94–37.25) and antipsychotic administration (OR 3.41, 95% CI 1.60–7.24). Conclusion Clinically significant reductions in BPSD and psychotropic administration were associated with SCU care relative to standard ward care. These results suggest more robust investigation of hospital SCUs, and dementia-enabling design are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]