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Magnolia yoroconte Dandy, J. Bot. 68: 147. 1930 (Figs. 21–23) Type:— HONDURAS. Depto. Copán [Santa Bárbara]: Tarros [San José de Tarros], 4000 ft [1225 m], 19 May 1919 (fl bud, fr), Whitford & Stadtmiller 51 (holotype: US!, photo BM!). Trees to 37.0–40.0 m, to 90.0–150.0 cm dbh, first branches at 20–25 m high, bark rough, yellowish grey, terminal twigs glabrous to partially yellowish pubescent at nodes when young, stipules free from the petiole. Leaves petiolate, 1–2 cm long, without a stipular scar, slender, glabrous, lateral veins 14–17, laminas (8.0–)10.0–13.0(–14.0) × 3.7– 5.0(–6.0) cm, narrowly elliptic to oblong-elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to round at the base, subacuminate or subacute apically, abaxially and adaxially glabrous, and densely reticulate. Peduncle ca. 1–2 cm. long, terminal internodes appressed yellowish pubescent. Hypsophylls 2, the margin and outer apex yellowish pubescent, flower peduncle clearly separate. Flower bud ellipsoid, white. Flowers solitary, white, fragrant, 6–10 cm long, trimerous, sepals 3, obovate-oblong, ca. 3 cm. long, abaxially yellowish pubescent basally, petals 6, similar in size and shape, the inner ones narrower, stamens 100–145 ca. 1.2 cm. long, anthers introrse, connective in a short appendix, acute to subacute, gynoecium sessile, ellipsoid. Fruit 4–6 × 2–4 cm, carpels ca. 40–50, reddish to grey, yellowish pubescent basally, seeds 45–70 per polyfollicle, 1–2 per follicle, 0.7–1.0 cm long, triangular, scarlet. Distribution, habitat and phenology:—Eastern Guatemala (Negro Norte, Izabal) and north-western to northern Honduras, Departments Atlántida, Comayagua, Cortés, Santa Bárbara and Yoro, at 650–1600 m (Fig. 1; Table 2). Flowering May, fruiting July–September. Etymology and ethnobotany:— Referring to the Honduran local name of this species, yoroconte. It is used for posts of houses. Notes:— Magnolia yoroconte is a member of M. to sect. Magnolia and is distinguished from M. poasana in having larger fruits with more numerous carpels. Conservation status:— Endangered (EN) according to IUCN Red List criterion B2ab(iii). The known area of occupancy of this species is Additional specimens examined:— GUATEMALA. Depto. Izabal: Finca La Montaña Negro Norte, Municipio Morales, 976 m, UTM 16P 0318809 m E, 1697391 m N, 22 Sep 2021 (fr), Morales et al. 5 (IBUG, HEH); Finca La Montaña Negro Norte, Municipio Morales, 976 m, UTM 16P 0318809 m E, 1697391 m N, 23 Jul 2022 (fr), AlvaradoPadilla et al. 1 (IBUG, HEH). HONDURAS. Depto. Atlántida: Sitio, Los Encuentros, Aldea Toncontín, La Ceiba, 650 m, Reyes s.n. (HJBL); same place, 22 Apr 1999 (sterile), Calix-Marín s.n. (HJBL); Piedras Amarillas, 900 m, 13 Sep1995 (fr), Álvares s.n. (HJBL); Depto. Comayagua: Montaña La Choca, cerca de Coyocutena, 1200 m, 22 May 1956 (fl bud), Molina-R. 7114 (EAP, F); Montaña de Cusuco, Cordillera Idalfonso [San Ildefonso], 1500-2000[1600] m, 26 May 1956 (fl), Molina-R. 7245 (EAP, F!); Montaña La Choca, Cordillera de Comayagua, cerca de Quebrada El Zope, 1500 m, 15 Apr 1957 (fl bud), Molina-R. 8174 (EAP, F!). Depto. Cortés: Plot GU /1/MS, 700 m along trail to Cantiles, N from Guanales camp, Parque Nacional Cusuco, W of San Pedro Sula, 1415 m, 16 Jun 2011 (sterile), Kelly & Dietzsch GU 1/MS/5932 (TCD); Site CO 4/MS, S of El Cortecito camp-site (75 m from where trail CO4 branches from trail CO3), Parque Nacional Cusuco, Sierra de Merendón, W of San Pedro Sula, 1599 m, 15°30’43.91” N, 88°17’17.65” O, 16 Jul 2006 (sterile), Kelly, CO 4/MS/961 (TEFH); BC/1/MS, near Las Ines [La Inez] trail, ca. 1500 m N of “Base camp”, Parque Nacional Cusuco, W of San Pedro Sula, Sierra de Merendón, UTM 16 P 03698 m E, 17144 m N, 1600 m, 24 Jun 2008 (sterile), Kelly BC /1/MS1008 (EAP); Plot CO3/SS4, 1600 m, by trail S of El Cortecito camp-site, Parque Nacional Cusuco, Sierra de Merendón, W of San Pedro Sula, 1689 m, 15°30’44” N, 88°17’19.6” O, Kelly, 7/ 8 Jul 2011 (sterile), Kelly & Dietzsch CO 3/SS4/63 (HEH). Depto. Santa Bárbara: Aldea El Suspiro, Municipio de Nueva Frontera, 886 m, UTM 16 P 0319906 m E, 1688066 m N, 14 Sep 2021 (fr) Morales 1 (IBUG, HEH); same place, 719 m, UTM 16P 0317895 m E, 1693407 m N, 21 Sep 2021 (fr), Morales & Mejía 2 (IBUG); same area, 705 m, UTM 16P 0317278 m E, 1693515 m N, 21 Sep 2021 (fr), Morales & Mejía 3 (IBUG, HEH); same place, 886 m, UTM 16P 0319906 m E, 1688066 m N, 22 Sep 2021 (fr), Morales & Mejía 4 ( IBUG, HEH); Cerro del Grito del Gallo, vecindad del cerro Piladero, 1000 m, Sep 1952 (sterile), Shank s.n. (EAP); Nueva Frontera, El Gualleño, Henriquez s.n. (HJBL). Depto. Yoro: Olanchito, bosque comunal Urraco, 19 Oct 1997 (fr), Vindel s.n. (HJBL); Olanchito, Cerro Los Violines, Aldea El Urraco, 1000 m, 15°22’35” N, 87°05’08” W, 18 May 1997 (fl bud), Vindel 311 (MO), Vindel 30-U1 (TEFH); Olanchito, 24 Sep 1996 (fr), Álvares s.n. (HJBL)., Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on pages 140-144, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508

Magnolia picopijolensis A.Vázquez, sp. nov. (Figs. 16–17) Type:— HONDURAS. Yoro: Valley of Río Pijol, NW slope above a small stream, ca. 100 m NE of its confluence with Río Pijol, ca. 3 km SE of Cerro Pajarillos, ca. 7 km S of Nueva Esperanza; Parque Nacional Pico Pijol, primary forest, 1600 m, 5°12’ N, 87°35’ W, 28 May 1993, Evans 1748 (holotype: MO! [two sheets: fl & fr]; isotypes: BM!, EAP!, ENCB!, INB!, MEXU!, TEFH!). Magnolia picopijolensis differs from M. poasana in its narrower petals 1.0–1.1 vs. 2.5–3.6 cm, less numerous stamens, 38–42 vs. 50–54, and carpels 13–14 vs. 24–26, more numerous lateral leaf veins per side and shorter peduncles, 2.0–2.5 vs. 3.0–4.0 cm long (Table 4). Trees 25 m tall, terminal twig internodes 7.4–11.1 × 2.8–4.2 cm, blackish when dried, with lenticels, petioles 1.6–2.1 × 0.2–0.3 cm, laminas elliptic to oblanceolate 11.0–13.5 × 3.3–5.0 cm, acute at the base, apex acute with a drip tip 4.0–5.0 mm long, lateral veins per side 16–17, peduncle 1–2 internodes, 2.0– 2.5 cm long. Flower colour unknown,10.0– 11.1 cm in diam., sepals 3.9 × 0.6 cm, petals 4.0–4.6 × 1.0– 1.1 cm, stamens 38–42, 8.0–9.0 × 1.2–1.5 mm, gynoecium 13.0 × 8.0 mm, stigmas curved outward, fruit 3.4–3.5 × 1.8–1.9 cm, ellipsoid, carpels 13–14, basally 1.7–1.8 × 0.6–0.7 cm, apical carpels 1.2–1.3 × 0.4–0.5 cm, dorsally gibbous, beaked apically, seeds unknown. Etymology:— Refers to Pico Pijol in Yoro department, currently protected in a national park. Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Endemic to Honduras, rare, 1600 m in cloud forest, known only from the valley of Río Pijol, Pico Pijol National Park (Fig. 1; Table 2). Flowering April–May, fruiting May–June. Ethnobotany:— No ethnobotanical information has been recorded for the species. Conservation status:— Critically endangered (CR), according to the IUCN criterion B1ab(iii). This species is only known from the original collection nearly three decades ago. In recent explorations by some of the authors, no evidence has been found of the presence of this species in other nearby locations. It is estimated that this species has an extent of occurrence (EOO), Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on pages 133-136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508

Magnolia darioi A.Vázquez & D.L.Kelly, sp. nov. (Figs. 9–10) Type:— HONDURAS. Depto. Cortés: 1150 m from the start of Cantiles transect 2 (trail to Cerro Jilinco), Parque Nacional Cusuco, Sierra del Merendón, W of San Pedro Sula, montane rainforest, 15°30’54.69” N, 88°13’49.61” W, 2150 m, 07 Jul 2019 (fl), Ward, Rodwell, Haelewaters & Cole CUCA2019 (holotype: IBUG!; isotypes: BIGU!, CR!, EAP!, HEH!, HEM!, MO!, NY, P!, TEFH!, TCD!). Magnolia darioi i s similar to M. hondurensis but differs in its adaxially pubescent leaves and pubescent to puberulous fruits, pustular bark and scabrous vs. smooth, leaves narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, strongly discolorous and flat vs. elliptic, oblanceolate or lanceolate, non-discolorous and abaxially convex, peduncles longer 2.6–4.3 vs. 0.8–2.3 cm peduncles sparsely pubescent with amber hairs, hairy around stipular ring-scars with a narrow zone of dense hairs just below the flower vs. densely tawny pubescent, carpels felty pubescent vs. glabrous or slightly pilose. Trees ca. 15.0–28.0 m tall, (19.0–)36.0–46.0 cm dbh (one individual forked at the base); bark pustular, slash yellow, sweetish odour, no exudate; vegetative twig internodes 0.25–0.9(–1.5) × 0.25–0.55 cm, twigs varying from glabrous to having patchy or scattered hairs to being +/- densely hairy (hairs +/- ascendant, amber (i.e. pale orange-brown), twigs proximally blackish in dried material, raised whitish oval vertically-elongated lenticels prominent, stipules free from the petiole to 1.75 cm long in (apparently) resting buds, to 3.7 cm long in actively growing shoot, surface finely rugose and with scattered amber hairs. Stipular ring-scars prominent. Petioles 0.9–2.4 × 0.15–0.2 cm, glabrescent to glabrous, expanded at base, material blackish when dried, irregularly ridged, furrowed. Laminas 4.0–12.4. × 1.1– 4.5 cm, narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, margins plane or slightly wavy, apex usually obtuse to rounded, rarely subacute, usually acute at the base, glabrescent, abaxially pubescent when young, pubescence of ascending amber hairs, completely concealing the lamina, strongly discolorous when dried, adaxially dark brown, abaxially pale, whitish, midrib abaxially forming a prominent ridge, adaxially marked as a shallow groove. Secondary leaf veins 17–18 per side, adaxially with a sparse indumentum of spreading, translucent hairs, not concealing the lamina, abaxially pilose in the distal shoots of the fully expanded leaves with dense spreading amber hairs on and alongside the midrib, inconspicuous sparsely scattered hairs on the rest of the lamina, adaxial sides with inconspicuous whitish hairs mainly confined to the channel that overlies the midrib. Proximal parts of the shoot with leaves are nearly glabrous on both surfaces with a strong spicy odour. Peduncle 2.6–4.3 × 0.4–0.45 cm, longitudinally ridged, pubescent with amber hairs around stipular ring-scars, with a narrow zone of dense hairs just below the flower, peduncular internodes 2–3. Hypsophylls 2, broadly ovoid, densely goldish pubescent, shed before anthesis. Flower bud 5.3 cm long (hypsophylls shed). Open flower ca. 10–12.5 cm in diam., trimerous, creamy white, with a strong sweet scent (“the aroma was really wonderful”: Alan Ward), sepals 3, 5.45–6.00 × 2.10–3.20 cm, slightly obovate, outer petals 3, 5.60–5.95 × 2.40–3.20 cm, broadly obovate, rounded at apex, inner petals 3, 4.6–6.1 × 1.6–2.3 cm, obovate, stamens 70, 0.95–1.4 cm long, acuminate at apex. Gynoecium ellipsoid, 2.6 cm long, carpels 30, lowermost carpel 1.4 cm long. Ovaries initially fused to the axis of the receptacle and one another before dehiscence, pubescent, locules smooth-walled, each containing 2 ovules, style glabrous, stigma curved, the abaxial surface concave and smooth, adaxial surface convex and strongly papillose. Developing fruit woody, ellipsoid, with thickly scattered hairs and scars of broken-off stigmas visible, locules smooth, each containing two developing seeds, thread-like suspensory fibrils visible. Fruit 3.5 × 2.8 cm, ellipsoid to ovoid; carpels felty pubescent, seeds 8.5 × 6.0 mm, round, orange. Distribution, ecology and phenology:— Endemic to the Sierra del Merendón, Parque Nacional Cusuco, confined to high elevations between Cerro Cantiles and Cerro Jilinco (Cortés Province) in montane rainforest with trunks covered with a lush growth of bryophytes, 1850–2150 m (Fig. 1; Table 2). Companion species include Podocarpus oleifolius Don (1824: 20) (Podocarpaceae), Gentlea micranthera (Donnell Smith 1893: 205) Lundell (1968: 69) (Primulaceae), Ilex guianensis (Aublet 1775: 88) Kuntze (1891: 113) (Aquifoliaceae). Vaccinium poasanum Donnell Smith (1897: 395) and Bejaria aestuans Mutis in Linnaeus (1771: 242) (both Ericaceae), the last two have been recorded as components of the canopy in ridge-top bosque enano (elfin forest). Flowering July, fruiting March. Conservation status:— Critically endangered (CR), IUCN criterion B1ab(iii). This species is known from a small number of individuals, apparently sparsely scattered across a restricted geographical area, an extension of occurrence (EOO) of 0.621 km 2, and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 8 km 2 (Table 1). It is recorded within a narrow elevational range, close to the highest levels of the Sierra del Merendón. Its location and elevation make it relatively safe from illegal logging but vulnerable to the impacts of climatic warming. Upslope shifts in the bird communities of Cusuco National Park have already been reported over the ten-year period 2007–2016 (Neate-Clegg et al. 2018). Etymology:— Honouring Darío Mejía (Darío Alberto Mejía Valdivieso), university professor, forester,independent researcher Celaque Asesores S. De R.L de C.V., general manager, explorer, enthusiastic field guide and collector of valuable specimens of Honduran Magnolia (1992, 1993, 1994, 2021), including the discovery of this species in fruit (Mejía 345) in March 1993 and the type specimen of Magnolia cochranei (Mejía 356). Additional specimens examined:— HONDURAS. Depto. Cortés: Sendero a Cerro Jilinco, filo entre Cerro Cantiles y Cerro Jilinco, 20 km W of San Pedro Sula, Parque Nacional Cusuco, 15°30’N, 88°14’W, 2120 m, 20 Mar 1993 (fr), Mejía 345 (EAP, HEH, MO, TEFH); SW-facing slope, angle ca. 24°, plot 26, by trail S of Quebrada de Cantiles, Parque Nacional Cusuco, Cordillera Merendón, W. of San Pedro Sula, 1850 m, 15.51090280° N, 88.238113890° W, 30 July 2004 (sterile), Kelly et al. 26/384 (TCD, TEFH); same tree as type collection, SW-facing slope, angle 28°, plot CA2/SS4, 1150 m along Cantiles transect 2 (trail to Cerro Jilinco), Parque Nacional Cusuco, Sierra del Merendón, 2150 m, 15.515191666° N, 88.230447220° W, 3 Jul 2011 (sterile), Kelly & Dietzsch CA 2/SS4/81 (TEFH), Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on pages 123-125, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508, {"references":["Don, D. (1824) A description of the genus Pinus, ed. 2: 20. White, London, 58 pp.","Donnell Smith, J. (1893) Undescribed plants from Guatemala XI. Botanical Gazette 18: 205. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 326937","Lundell, C. L. (1968) New genera and species of American Myrsinaceae I. Wrightia 4: 53 - 73.","Aublet, J. B. (1775) Histoire des plantes de la Guiane Francoise 1. London, Didot, 621 pp.","Kuntze, O. (1891) Revisio generum plantarum 1: 113.","Donnell Smith, J. (1897) Undescribed plants from Guatemala and other Central American Republics XIX. Botanical Gazette 24: 395. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 327610","Linnaeus, C. (1771) Mantissa plantarum altera, generum editionis VI & specierum editionis II. Salvius, Stockholm, pp. 242 - 243.","Neate-Clegg, M. H. C., Jones, S. E. I., Burdekin, O., Jocque, M. & Sekercioglu, CH. (2018) Elevational changes in the avian community of a Mesoamerican cloud forest park. Biotropica 50: 805 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / btp. 12596"]}

Magnolia celaquensis A.Vázquez & H.Vega, sp. nov. (Figs. 4–6) Type:— HONDURAS. Depto. COPÁN: Cuchilla del Águila, Corquín, Zona de amortiguamiento [buffer zone] del Parque Nacional Montaña de Celaque, 1544 m, 14°32’32.92” N, 88°48’20.91” O, 25 Jul 2022 (fl), Vega, Morales & Ventura 2255 (holotype: EAP!: isotypes: MO!, IBUG!, MAPANCE!, TCD!, TEFH!). Magnolia celaquensis is similar to M. montebelloensis in terms of flower shape and size of leaves and flowers, but it differs in having adaxially concave glabrous leaves with straight margins vs. adaxially convex and abaxially pubescent along the midvein with undulate margins; longer peduncles, 3.3–3.9 vs. 1.5–2.0 cm; peduncles fully hidden by dense felty pubescence vs. visible despite pubescence; spathaceous bract fully covered with longer and pale yellowish hairs vs. still visible through dense reddish hairs; gynoecium narrowly ellipsoid vs. ovoid; basal follicles of developing fruit longer than half the gynoecium length vs. shorter than half the gynoecium length; stigmas longer and mostly curled vs. shorter and mostly curved; follicles with longer, curled beaks vs. shorter curved; seeds mostly disk-like vs. ovoid to prismatic. Trees 15–23 m tall; 77 cm dbh. Perular scale 17.0–19.0 × 4.0– 4.3 mm, green, pubescent apically. Stipules 10.0– 11.0 × 0.7–0.9 cm, brownish to reddish at maturity, free from petiole, pubescent. Leaves petiolate, 2.0–2.8 × 0.2–0.3 cm, without a stipular scar, stout, pubescent, laminas 12.0–16.9 × 4.9–6.6 cm, oblanceolate, the midvein adaxially sunken and abaxially prominent, densely golden hairy, secondary veins adaxially inconspicuous, peduncles 3.3–3.9 × 0.7–0.8 cm, glabrous. Flower bud broadly ellipsoid 5.9–6.1 × 4.1–4.2 cm, acute apically, truncate basally, spathaceous bracts 2, 2.6–3.9 × 2.0– 2.5 cm, broadly ellipsoid, densely covered with reddish brown hairs, sepals 3, creamy white, (5.0–)6.0–6.1 × 2.9–3.0 cm, cochleate, obtuse apically, base truncate, 7.9–8.6 mm wide, outer petals 3, creamy white, 5.7–5.9 × 2.8–3.5 cm, broadly and deeply cochleate, revolute, wider in the upper third, gradually narrowing toward the claw, slightly apiculate apically, base truncate, 5.3–5.6 mm wide, inner petals 3, creamy white, 3.8–4.2 × 1.8–2.5 cm, broadly and deeply cochleate and revolute, wider in the upper third, gradually narrowing toward the claw, slightly apiculate apically, base truncate, 2.5–3.8 mm wide, gynoecium narrowly ellipsoid, yellowish green at first, the stigmas curled, brownish orange, carpels 20–25, glabrous, green, stamens 80–88 on a wine-red staminal axis. Fruit 6.0–6.3 × 3.8–3.9 cm, oblongoid, follicles 2.4–3.0 × 9.0–10.0 cm, broadly open, beaks curled, twisted, dorsally rugose, turning from green to blackish, seeds flattened, disk-like, red-pinkish. Habitat and phenology:— Known from the type locality in mixed tropical montane cloud forests, 1544 m, including Liquidambar sp., Pinus sp., Saurauia sp., Cupania sp., Trichospermum sp., Piper sp., Inga sp., Persea schiedeana, Persea americana, Clethra sp. and Vismia sp. (Fig. 1; Table 2). Flowering July, fruiting September– October. Etymology and ethnobotany:— Dedicated to Parque Nacional Montaña de Celaque. The local name is yaroconte. Conservation status:—Known only from two trees at the type locality. Given its narrow distribution, the species should be considered critically endangered (IUCN criterion B1ab(iii)) (Table 1)., Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on pages 115-119, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508

Key to species of Magnolia of Honduras 1. Fruit dehiscence circumscissile, stipular scar along the entire abaxial surface of the petiole, M. sect. Talauma subsect. Talauma .. 2 – Fruit dehiscence dorsal, stipular scar free from the petiole, M. sect. Magnolia................................................................................. 3 2. Carpels 90–96, stamens 305–310..................................................................................................................................... M. atlantida – Carpels 7–11, stamens 72–82......................................................................................................................................... M. cochranei 3. Leaves abaxially pubescent................................................................................................................................................................4 – Leaves abaxially glabrous..................................................................................................................................................................5 4. Leaves broadly elliptic to obovate ........................................................................................................... M. sororum subsp. sororum – Leaves elliptic or narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate..................................................................................6 6. Carpels glabrous........................................................................................................................................................... M. celaquensis – Carpels pubescent, puberulous to glabrescent...................................................................................................................................7. 7. Carpels 16–20, densely yellowish pilose............................................................................................. M. sororum subsp. oligocarpa – Carpels 23–38, brownish adpressed-pubescent to glabrescent...........................................................................................................8 8. Leaves elliptic, oblanceolate or lanceolate, peduncles 0.8–2.3 cm long with tawny pubescence............................... M. hondurensis – Leaves narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, peduncles 2.6–4.3 cm long with amber hairs....................................... M. darioi 5. Carpels 12–14.....................................................................................................................................................................................9 – Carpels 20–50...................................................................................................................................................................................10 9. Lateral veins per side 6–8, stamens 32–36.................................................................................................................. M. cusucoensis – Lateral veins per side 16–17, stamens 38–42........................................................................................................... M. picopijolensis 10. Leaves broadly obovate, carpels 20–22.................................................................................................................... M. pastorcortesii – Leaves oblong-elliptic or oblanceolate, carpels 25–50.................................................................................................. M. yoroconte, Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on pages 144-145, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508

Magnolia sororum Seibert subsp. sororum (Fig. 19) Trees 25–30 m; 0.3–0.4 m dbh, twig internodes and young branches densely pubescent, with pale yellow or rusty brownish hairs. Leaves petiolate, revolute, stipules free from the petiole, 1–3 cm long, smooth, channelled, densely pubescent, with pale yellow or rusty brownish hairs, laminas 6–20 × 3–10 cm, broadly elliptic to obovate, ovateelliptic to elliptic or ovate-oblong, blunt or rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex, abaxially densely pubescent, with pale yellow- or rusty-brownish hairs, 10–14 secondary veins per side. Flowers trimerous, fragrant, creamy white, peduncular internodes 1.5–4.0 cm long, densely pubescent, with pale yellow or rusty brownish hairs, hypsophylls 2–4, abaxially densely pubescent, with pale yellow or rusty brownish hairs, sepals 3, obovate-oblong, (4.0–)5.5–7.0 × 2.5–3.0 cm, glabrous, petals 6, 5.5–8.0 × 2.0– 4.5 cm, narrowly obovate, glabrous, staminophore 6–8 mm long, stamens 87–102, 1.3–1.5 cm. long, anthers sessile, gynoecium ovoid, with 32–45 carpels. Fruit 4.5–6.0 × 2.4–3.2 cm, oblongoid, densely pubescent, with pale yellow or rusty brownish hairs, carpels beaked, 0.4–0.6 cm long, seeds 0.5–0.6 cm in diam, prismatic to suborbicular, dark red, nigrescent. Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Eastern Honduras (Colón, Gracias a Dios and Olancho Departments), western Nicaragua (Jinotega and Atlántico Norte), Costa Rica (Cártago, San José, Punta Arenas) and Panamá (Chiriquí, Coclé). Records from Chiapas (México), Toledo (Belize) and Alta Verapaz (Guatemala; http://www.tropicos.org/Name/ 19300039?tab=specimens, August 2017) do not correspond with this subspecies. This subspecies grows 850–2120 m but is more abundant at higher elevations, beginning at 1650 m. Flowering February–August, fruiting July–September (Fig. 1; Table 2). Etymology and ethnobotany:— Named in honour of the two sisters, Gene and Peggy White, who made a special effort to recollect the plant after the Seibert’s original specimens were lost to fire. No ethnobotanical information has been recorded. Conservation status:— The typical subspecies occurs in four countries, but its habitat and area of occupancy are highly disturbed, reduced and fragmented, so it is vulnerable (VU), according to the B2ab(ii, iii) criterion of the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2012, Rivers et al. 2016), whereas M. sororum subsp. lutea Vázquez (1994: 18) is vulnerable (VU) according to the B1ab(iii) criterion. Additional specimens examined:— HONDURAS. Depto. Colón: Camino Real El Carbón-Guayabo, El Carbon, 1135–1500 m, 15°26’30.62” N, 85°28’45.03” W, 31 May 2016, Romero 463 (EAP). Depto. Gracias a Dios: Cuenca del Río Plátano, Crique Sulawala, 12-30 May 1977 (fr), Erazo s.n. (TEFH). Depto. Olancho: Catacamas, Sierra de Agalta, 1800 m, 14°59’ N, 085°56’ W, 3 Jun 1992, Hawkins et al. 477 (EAP, MO, TEFH); Talgua, Santa Fé, Bosque ralo con café, 1432 m, 14°57’56” N, 85°50’56” W, 21 Mar 2006, House et al. 3801 (EAP, MEXU, TEFH); Gualaco, Agalta, 1900–2200 m, 28 Mar 2006, House et al. 4139 (EAP); San Esteban, N de Culmí, 26 Apr 1979, Nelson & Agudelo 5360 (TEFH)., Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on page 140, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508, {"references":["IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria, version 3.1, second edition. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, iv + 32 pp.","Rivers, M., Beech, E., Murphy, L. & Oldfield, S. (2016) The red list of Magnoliaceae-revised and extended. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, 60 pp."]}

Magnolia sororum Seibert, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: 828–829. 1938 (Figs. 18–20) Type:— PANAMA. Chiriqui: Valley of the upper Rio Chiriqui Viejo, 1800 m., Jul 1937 (fl, fr), G. & P. White 21 (holotype: MO!; isotypes: GH!, MO!). Magnolia sororum belongs to M. sect. Magnolia and differs from the other Central American species by being densely and generally fulvous-pubescent. Magnolia sororum is perhaps closely related to M. iltisiana and M. grandiflora in southeastern North America but differs from M. iltisiana in its fewer stamens, narrower perianth parts, smaller fruits and seeds and from M. grandiflora in its much smaller flowers and fruits and fewer carpels. It is immediately distinguishable from M. poasana (Pittier 1910: 93) Dandy (1927: 263) by its pubescence, broader and longer inner perianth segments and a greater number of carpels, and from M. guatemalensis, which is nearly glabrous with cuspidate leaves and fewer carpels. It is most similar to M. yoroconte based on carpel numbers and the two spathaceous bracts that enclose the flower bud, but it may be easily distinguished by its dense pubescence and larger leaves and flowers. Two specimens from the Yoro Department, Perry 2664 (HJBL) and Perry et al. 101 (TEFH) from Cordillera Nombre De Dios and Locomapa, respectively, do not match any of the two subspecies of M. sororum and, thus, are here proposed as a new subspecies. The fruits and peduncles have similar yellowish pubescence as that of M. sororum subsp. lutea, but they possess smaller fruits with less numerous, non-beaked carpels and shorter peduncles. Based on the conspicuous differences in fruit size, number of carpels, pubescence colour and leaf shape, the species may be divided into three geographically disjunct subspecies as follows, only two of them present in Honduras: Key to the subspecies of Magnolia sororum 1. Fruit 2.7–3.4 × 1.7–2.0, carpels 16–18(–20), mature peduncles 1.0- 1.5 cm....................................... M. sororum subsp. oligocarpa – Fruit 5.0–6.0 × 2.4–3.2 cm, carpels 32–45, mature peduncles 2.8–4.4 cm........................................................................................2 2. Rusty brown pubescence on abaxial leaf surfaces, young branches, peduncles and (usually) polyfollicles, leaves mostly broadly elliptic to obovate (Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá)................................................................................ M. sororum subsp. sororum – Pale yellow pubescence on the abaxial leaf surfaces, young branches, peduncles and (usually) polyfollicles, leaves narrowly elliptic to lanceolate (Costa Rica; rare intermediates on Volcán Chiriquí, Panamá)..................................... M. sororum subsp. lutea, Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on page 136, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508, {"references":["Pittier, H. F. (1910) New or noteworthy plants of Colombia and Central America - 2. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 13: 93 - 94.","Dandy, J. E. (1927) The genera of Magnolieae. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information 7: 257 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4107601"]}

Magnolia hondurensis Ant.Molina, Ceiba 18: 95–97. 1974 (Fig. 11) Type:— HONDURAS. Depto. La Paz: Cut-over cloud forest of Montaña Verde on Cordillera Guajiquiro, 1900 m, 23 Mar 1969 (fl, fr), Molina-R. & Molina 24379 (holotype: F!; isotypes: EAP!, ENCB!). Homotypic synonym: Magnolia guatemalensis subsp. hondurensis (Ant.Molina) Vázquez (1994: 6). Trees straight, 3–30 m tall, 0.5 m dbh, bark smooth, greenish grey to brownish grey, twig internodes 0.3–1.7 × 0.4–0.7 cm, hairy to hairless, rough or slightly fissured, nigrescent, stipules free from the petiole. Leaves petiolate, petioles cylindrical, 1.5–2.5 × 0.20–0.25 cm, ferrugineous-pubescent when young, glabrescent, nigrescent, laminas 7.5–19 × 3.5–7.7 cm, elliptic, oblanceolate or lanceolate, slightly rounded, acute or acuminate at the apex, acute or sometimes obtuse at the base, extremely revolute, sometimes the margins convergent, adaxially green to dark green, glossy, rough, glabrous on midvein, abaxially pale green, rusty pilose simple trichomes, glabrescent, central and lateral veins prominent, densely rusty pubescent or glabrescent, 12–19 veins per side. Flowers terminal or axillary, fragrant, peduncle 0.8–2.3 × 0.3–0.5 cm, densely brownish pubescent, hypsophylls densely yellowish to goldenpubescent, sepals 3, seldom 4, white, narrowly-oblong, spatulate, 4.0–5.4 × 1.2–2.0 cm, obtuse or rounded at the apex, inconspicuously gland-dotted on the outside, smooth inside, occasionally one sepal bilobate up to half of the limbus, petals 6–9, usually 6, white, concave, oblique to spatulate, 4.5–6.0 × 1.5–2.5 cm, gland-dotted on the outside, smooth on the inside, aroma sweetish, occasionally bilobate up to half of the limbus, stamens 61–93, arranged helically, filaments, 1–2 mm long, chestnut to coffee-brownish, glabrous; anthers linear to oblanceolate, 11.0–15.0 × 1.5–2.0 mm, glabrous, coffee/yellowish, acute apically, gynoecium l.5–2.2 × 0.8–1.5 cm, carpels 23–38, arranged helicoidally, rhombiform, pilose or yellowish to golden pubescent, styles curly or circinate, brownish, ovules per carpel 2. Fruits oblongoid, woody, brownish or blackish, 3.0–5.7 × 1.2–3.0 cm, glabrescent to slightly hairy, seeds 1–2, brownish to dark red, rhomboid to orbicular, 0.8–1.2 cm in diameter, smooth, shiny, glabrous. Distribution, habitat and phenology:— El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, 1300–2300 m (Fig. 1; Table 2) in cloud forests (bosque nublado) and moist mixed forests. Flowering late February–late May, fruits dehiscing September. Etymology and ethnobotany:— Honouring Honduras. Local names include: oriconte (Reyna JBL 00654) in El Salvador and cucharo (Molina-R. 13905) and magnolia (Molina-R. 6203) in Honduras. These beautiful trees adorn the misty forests with their brilliant foliage and white fragrant flowers (Antonio Molina-R. preferred the flower of this species as a national symbol for Honduras instead of the orchid Brassavola digbyana because there are several countries in America that have chosen an orchid as a national flower). The flowers of M. hondurensis when boiled release a fragrance of cinnamon. The seeds also have a pleasant scent. The wood is used in carpententry and tillage implements (Molina-Rositto 1974). Notes:— Magnolia hondurensis belongs to M. sect. Magnolia and differs from M. guatemalensis in only a few characters, namely narrower leaves and petals and smaller fruits (Tables 3, 4). Most specimens from the Trifinio region in the confluence of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, have smaller leaves with broadly obovate leaves, and this material may represent an undescribed subspecies. Conservation status:— Least concern (LC), IUCN criterion B1 because it is widely distributed in Honduras and El Salvador. The estimated known extent of occurrence (EOO, minimum convex polygon) is ca. 25,000 km 2 (Table 1) Additional specimens examined:— El SALVADOR. Depto. Santa Ana: Cerro Monte Cristo, 2 Jan 1959 (fl, fr), Allen & van Severn 7128 (F, MICH, NY); Cerro Monte Cristo, 2300 m, 23 May 1963 (fr), Molina-R. & Molina 12605 (F); Cordillera Miramundo, Mountain of Montecristo, 2100 m, 27–31 Jan 1966, Molina-R. et al. 16893 (F); Parque Nacional de Monte Cristo, 14º25’N, 89º22’W, 3 Mar 1988 (fr), Reyna JBL00654 (BM); San José Ingenio, P. N. Montecristo, El Palo Bonito, 14º 25’ N, 89º21’ W, 2300 m, 16 Dec 2001, Martínez 513 (MO); San José Ingenio, P.N. Montecristo, Miramundo, 14°25’ N 089°2’ W, 2300 m, 11 Apr 2002 (fr), Martinez 923 (MO); Parque Nacional Montecristo, El Oriconte, near to entry, in front of parqueadero, 14º24’ N, 89º22’ W, 2171 m, 25 Mar 2003, Monterrosa JMS00523 (MO). GUATEMALA. Depto. Chiquimula: Esquipulas, Trifinio Biosphere Reserve, 1600–2000 m., 14°30’ N, 89°22’ W, 4–10 Aug 2005, Linares 10069 (BIGU). HONDURAS. Depto. Comayagua: Cordillera Montecillos, Barranco El Cedral, Montaña El Cedral, Cordillera Montecillos, 1600 m, 24 May 1956 (fl), Molina-R. 7212 (F). Depto. Intibucá: El Pelón, Pela Naríz, 15 km of La Esperanza, 2000 m, 3 Apr 1956 (fl), Molina-R. 6203 (F); Calaveras, 6 km NW of La Esperanza, 2000 m, 6 Apr 1957 (fl), Molina-R. 7981 (F); Between Calaveras y Pela Naríz, 2000 m, 19 Jul 1962 (fr), Molina-R. 10917 (F); El Duraznillo, 2000 m, 24 May 1964 (fl), Molina-R. & Molina 14101 (F); Pela Nariz to Calaveras, road to La Esperanza, 2000 m, 3 Sep 1968, Molina-R. 22612 (F); Pela Nariz to Calaveras, 12 km from La Esperanza, 2000 m, 7 Mar 1969, Molina-R. 24102 (F, ENCB); La Esperanza, carretera vieja, 1600 m, 30 Jun 1996, Navarro & Reyes 2008 (HJBL); Cerro Pelanariz, 15 km N of La Esperanza, 2000 m, 26 Feb 1980 (fl), Nelson & Vargas 5409 (TEFH); same place and date (fl bud), Nelson & Vargas 5416 (TEFH); On road to Siguatepeque, 15 mi from La Esperanza, 1950 m, 26 Nov 1958, Hawkes et al. 2078 (BM, C); 8 km from La Esperanza, 14 May 1987 (fl), Blackmore & Chorley 3946 (BM); Montaña Tabor, 10 km S of Intibucá, carretera Yamaranguila, 1900, 25 Apr 1991 (fl), Fuentes 147 (TEFH); same place, 6 km NE of Intibucá, carretera a Azacualpa, 1600 m, 15 Apr 1991 (fl), Andino Urbina 213 (TEFH); same place as previous, 25 Apr 1991 (fl bud), Andino-Urbina 216 (TEFH). Depto. La Paz: Cordillera de Opalaca, Calaveras, 1700 m, 10 Apr 1956 (fl), Molina-R. 6452 (F); Cordillera Guajiquiro, 5 km to Sabaneta, 21 May 1964 (fr), Molina-R. & Molina 13905 (F, NY); Around Las Tancas, 4.5 km NW of Guajiquiro, in the Reserva Biológica Guajiquiro, 14°08’23” N, 087°52’12” W, 1900–2100 m, 22 May 1993 (gynoecium), Mejía 409 (EAP, MEXU, MO, TEFH); Las Trancas, 5 km to the north of Guajiquiro, 14°08’ N, 87°52’ W, 2000–2100 m, 23 May, 1993 (fr), Liesner 26473 (MO); Outskirts of Moguare, Near Guajiquiro-San Isidro Road, ca. 10 road km (ca. 4.5 km straight line) NW of Guajiquiro, Reserva Biológica Guajiquiro. 14°09’00”N, 87°51’30” W, 2060 m, 24 May 1993 (fl, fr), Evans 1738 (MO); Marcala-Goascorán, Opatoro-Singore 2050 m, 14°6’50.00” N, 87°52’50.00” W, 13 Sep 1986 [5](fl), Felber 51 (EAP); same place, same date, 13 Sep 1985 (fl & fr), Felber 52 (EAP); Opatoro, 30 km E of Marcala, 1333 m, 30 Apr 1995 (fl), Martínez 186 (TEFH); Monte Verde de Marcala, 18 km S of Marcala, 1900 m, 17 Feb 1986 (fl, fr), Keyser 1175 (TEFH). Depto. Lempira: Celaque National Park, Quebrada Naranja, 10 km SE of Gracias, 14°33’ N 088°40’ W, 1900–1950 m, 29 Jan 1992 (fl buds), Hawkins et al. 138 (MO). Depto. Ocotepeque: Municipio Belén Gualcho, Cordiller de Celaque, 3 mi N of Belen Gualcho along road to Cucucyagua, Podocarpus-Quercus-Liquidambar forest remnant among pastures, 1870 m, 14°30’06” N, 88°48’02” W, 24 Jun 1994 (fl bu, fr), Davidse et. al. 35344 (MO)., Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on page 126, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508, {"references":["Molina-Rositto, A. (1974) Una contribucion de varias plantas nuevas en America Central. Ceiba 18: 95 - 106."]}

Magnolia pastorcortesii A.Vázquez & D.L. Kelly, sp. nov. (Figs 12–15) Type:— HONDURAS. Depto. Cortés: Parque Nacional Cusuco, Sierra del Merendón, W. of San Pedro Sula, in midaltitude broadleaved forest ca. 1350 m, 1 Aug 2008 (fl, fr), Kelly & Cortés 12106 (holotype: TCD!; isotypes: BM!, IBUG!, TEFH!). Magnolia pastorcortesii shares with M. guatemalensis subsp. guatemalensis the broadly obovate leaves, but it differs in having smaller and adaxially non-shiny leaves, (9.4–)12.0–14.1 × (5.6–)6.6–8.3 vs. 12.0–16.0 × 5.5–8.5 (–11.0) cm, less numerous lateral veins per side, 10–11 vs. 12–13, smaller flowers, 5.5–6.5 vs. 14.0–16.0 cm in diam., and fewer stamens, 38–42 vs. (61–)78–80(–97) and carpels, 20–22 vs. 34–38. Trees 14.0–15.0 m tall; bark finely and shallowly fissured, slash yellowish, darkening to orange-brown; twig internodes 0.8–1.5 × 0.3–0.4 cm, glabrous to glabrescent; stipules free from the petiole. Leaves petiolate, petioles 2.0–2.8 × 0.2–0.3 cm, without a stipular scar, glabrous, laminas (9.4–)12.0–14.1 × (5.6–) 6.6–8.3 cm, broadly obovate to broadly elliptic, obtuse at the base, obtuse and apiculate at the apex, revolute, glabrous abaxially and adaxially and densely reticulate, 10–11 lateral veins per side. Flowers solitary, fragrant, white, 5.5–6.5 cm diam, flower bud 3.1–2.0 cm, broadly ellipsoid, obtuse at the base, apiculate at the apex, spathaceous bracts 2, mostly glabrous, the margin and outer apex shiny brownish pubescent, peduncular internodes 0.1–0.5 × 0.4–0.6 cm, shiny brownish pubescent, sepals 3, greenish white, 3.3–3.4 × 0.9–1.1 cm, oblong, slightly obovate, glabrous, outer petals creamy white, 3.1–3.2 × 1.5– 1.6 cm, narrowly obovate, wider in upper third, inner petals 2.3–2.4 × 0.9–1.1 cm, narrowly obovate, wider in upper third, creamy white, stamens 38–42 (determined from scars), gynoecium sessile, ellipsoid, greenish, carpels 20–22, blackish after drying, glabrous, stigmas 2 mm long, turning rusty brownish, recurved. Fruit 4.4–4.5 × 2.4–2.5 cm, oblongoid, follicles 1.0–2.0 × 0.8–0.9 cm, apiculate, seeds 1–2 per follicle, 0.9–1.0 × 0.6–0.8 cm, prismatic-triangular, orange-red. Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Endemic to Sierra del Merendón, Cortés Province, (Honduras), in disturbed, mid-elevation broadleaf forest (Fig. 1; Table 2) with low numbers of vines, lichens and epiphytes (ferns and bromeliads) in a disturbed habitat with medium-light competition. Flowering June (flower buds, too). Etymology and ethnobotany:— In honour of local guide, Pastor Cortés, from Buenos Aires de Bañaderos, Cortés Province (Honduras), who assisted on six field expeditions with the second author from 2004. He is outstanding in his knowledge of local plants, his ability as a plant spotter and collector and his skill, conscientiousness and kindness as a guide. No ethnobotanical information has been recorded for the species. Notes:— Magnolia pastorcortesii belongs to M. sect. Magnolia and is the only species of Magnolia in Honduras with broadly obovate leaves (Table 3). Conservation status:— Critically endangered (CR), IUCN criterion B1ab(iii). Although found within Parque Nacional Cusuco, the known extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 10 km 2 and its habitat is disturbed (Table 1). Only two trees have been recorded (their precise location is not given for conservation purposes), both at the type locality. One tree had an unhealthy appearance: there were three cut-off stumps, and the only stem still standing had severe apex damage; new shoots were observed on stumps and low on the standing tree. There was heavy invertebrate damage to the leaves (leaf-mining, possibly by Agromyzidae fly larvae as indicated by the double frass line; leaf-eating by undetermined agents; and skeletonizing by micro-Lepidoptera); minor damage from woodboring, stem mining and petal eating were also observed. The taller tree was healthy with a straight and symmetrical trunk (forking at eight metres), with low invertebrate damage to the leaves. To our knowledge, M. pastorcortesii is not only extremely rare but also confined to a relatively accessible area. Considering this, we are not publicizing further details of its location. Additional specimens examined:— HONDURAS. Depto. Cortés: Buenos Aires to Base Camp, west of Buenos Aires, Parque Nacional Cusuco, Sierra del Merendón, west of San Pedro Sula, 25 Jul 2011 (fl bud), Cortés 14153-I (IBUG!, MO, TEFH)., Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on pages 129-133, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508

Magnolia sororum subsp. oligocarpa A.Vázquez, subsp. nov. (Fig. 20) Type:— HONDURAS. Depto. Yoro: Locomapa, Feb 1978, Perry, Paulson & Agurcia 101 (holotype: TEFH!). Magnolia sororum subsp. oligocarpa is similar to M. sororum subsp. lutea in its fruits and peduncles with yellowish pubescence, but it differs in its smaller fruits, 2.7–3.4 × 1.7–2.0 cm vs. 5.0–6.0 × 2.4–3.2 cm, less numerous carpels, 16–18(–20) vs. 32–35, and shorter mature peduncles, 1.0–1.5 vs. 2.8–4.4 cm. Distribution and phenology:— Endemic to Yoro Department, possibly flowering September–November, fruiting February–March. Conservation status: —Critically endangered (EN) according to IUCN Red List criterion B1ab(iii). The known extent of occurrence of this subspecies is Additional specimens examined:— HONDURAS. Depto. Yoro: Cordillera Nombre De Dios, 1100 m, 28 Mar 1978, Perry 2664 (HJBL!)., Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on page 140, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508

Magnolia atlantida A.Vázquez, Recursos Forest. Occid. México 1: 92–94, f. 1.5.1. 2012. (Figs. 2–3) Type:— HONDURAS. Depto. Atlántida: Slopes of Mt. Cangrejal, mountain slopes and coastal plains, vicinity of La Ceiba, 600 ft [183 m.], 06 Aug 1938 (immature fr), Yuncker 8845 (holotype: NY!; isotypes: GH!, MO!). Trees (4–)6–17(–20) m high; twig internodes 0.7–2 × 0.3–1.1 cm, glabrous, green to yellowish, with elliptic lenticels; stipules adnate to the entire length of the petiole, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, petioles (2–)3–6.2 × 0.3–0.5 cm, glabrous, laminas 17–39 × 9–15 cm, ovate to oblanceolate, acute at the base and apex, glabrous, abaxially glossy, 8–11 secondary veins per side. Flowers not seen, inferred from scars, trimerous, peduncle 1.8–2 cm × 1.7–1.9 cm, glabrous, hypsophylls (inferred from scars) 1–2, sepals 3, petals 6, stamens (counted from staminal scars at the staminophore) ca. 305–310, gynoecium ovoid, glabrous, carpels 90–96, flattened at the stylar tip, stylar tips 1.2–1.3 cm long. Fruits (inferred from gynoecium) ovoid, expected to be larger than 10 cm long; seeds unknown. Distribution, habitat and phenology:— Endemic to Honduras, a rare tree at 150–650 m in coastal plains and slopes (Fig. 1; Table 2). The habitat of this species includes primary forests in the Department of Atlántida. Flowering February–March, fruiting August–September. Etymology and ethnobotany:— Refering to the Atlántida Department where the type locality of is located. Known locally in Spanish as magnolia. No ethnobotanical information has been recorded. Notes:— Magnolia atlantida belongs to M. section Talauma subsection Talauma; it is unique in having the largest number of stamens (305–310) among species in this subsection. Magnolia cespedesii (Triana & Planchon 1862: 23) Frodin & Govaerts (1996: 70) also has a large number of stamens (250–275), but M. atlantida differs in having a smaller number of carpels (90–96 vs. 122–137). It has been misidentified as Talauma mexicana (Magnolia mexicana) and as M. sambuensis (Pittier 1918: 105) Frodin & Govaerts (1996: 72). Standley used an unpublished name (no date) for this species, and in 1990 Chin Sung Sang noted that it was a nomen nudum. Flowering and fruiting material are still needed to complement its description. Conservation status:— Critically endangered (CR), according to the IUCN criterion B1ab(iii) (IUCN 2012). Extent of occurrence (EOO) Additional specimens examined:— HONDURAS. Depto. Atlántida: Jutiapa, Parque Nacional de Dios, Cordillera Nombre de Dios, en la costa norte de Honduras, 624 m, 15°46’02.7”N, 86°36’24.1”W, 22 Oct 2021 (fr), Vega (digital images examined on the iNaturalist website: 166287443, 166287420, 166287459, 166287377)., Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on pages 112-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508, {"references":["Triana, J. J. & Planchon, J. E. (1862) Prodromus Flora Novo-Granatensis. Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Botanique, serie 4) 17: 23 - 24.","Frodin, D. G. & Govaerts, R. H. A. (1996) World checklist and bibliography of Magnoliaceae. Kew Publishing, Richmond, 79 pp.","Pittier, H. F. (1918) New or noteworthy plants of Colombia and Central America - 7. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 20: 95 - 132.","IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria, version 3.1, second edition. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, iv + 32 pp."]}

Magnolia cochranei A.Vázquez, Recursos Forest. Occid. México 1: 96–97, f. 1.5.3. 2012 [as “ cochranii ”]. (Fig. 7). Type:— HONDURAS. Depto. Cortés: around Visitor Center, 18 km W of San Pedro Sula, Cusuco National Park, 1640 m, 15°30’N, 88°13’W, 21 Mar 1993 (fl bud, fl), Mejía 356 (holotype: MO!; isotypes: EAP!, HEH!, IBUG!, TEFH!, WIS!). Trees 4–6 (–20) m tall; 16.0–34.0 cm dbh; bark slightly rough, whitish, aromatic, slash creamy orange, twig internodes 0.3–1.9 × 0.25–0.35 cm, yellowish green, glabrous, stipules adnate to the petiole, covering the entire length of the adaxial surface. Leaves petiolate, petioles 2.40–8.30 × 0.20–0.35 cm, glabrous; laminas 8–24 × 6–15 cm, ovate to broadly elliptic, occasionally lanceolate, obtuse to acute at the apex, usually obtuse at the base, glabrous, 7–10 secondary veins per side, aroma sweetish. Flowers creamy white, fragrant, 10–12.5 cm in diameter, trimerous, multiwhorled, hypsophylls 4–5, broadly ovoid, glabrous, peduncular internodes 4, peduncle 0.3–1.0 × 0.2–0.4 cm, glabrous, flower buds 1.9–3.2 × 1.8–2.5 cm, pale green, becoming dark, sepals 3, creamy white, 6.0–7.0 × 2.4–2.6 cm, spatulate, reflexed in male phase, concave, outer petals 3, creamy white, 6.8–7.0 × 2.5–3.2 cm, spatulate, concave in the upper third of their length, inner petals 3, creamy white, 4.5–5 × 1.8–2 cm, spatulate, concave in the upper third, alternating in arrangement with the outer petals, stamens 72–82; gynoecium ellipsoid, acute at base and apex, with 7–11(–12) carpels, creamy white at anthesis. Fruit ovoid (from the label, not seen) most likely narrowly ellipsoid and acute at the base and apex (inferred from the flower), carpels glabrous, seeds red (from the label, not seen). Distribution, habitat and phenology: —Endemic to Honduras, frequent at 1300–2000 m (Fig. 1; Table 2), in cloud forest or Pinus-Liquidambar styraciflua forest. Flower buds February–May, flowering March possibly through June, fruiting August, possibly through October. Etymology and ethnobotany: —Honouring Theodore S. Cochrane, a true scholar of botany and long-time, meticulous curator of the University of Wisconsin Herbarium (WIS), who has collaborated with the first author of this paper for many years in many botanical endeavours. Magnolia cochranei is locally known as brotón [meaning shootproducer] (Kelly & Dietzsch BC1/SS7/8482; Dietzsch BA4/SS3/556), orquídea de árbol [orchid tree] (Kelly 11750), aguacatillo amarillo [little yellow avocado tree] (Kelly CO5/MS/945), hoja ancha [broadleaf] (Fritch GU1/MS/886) and amargoso [very bitter] (Lennkh et al. 12/292). Notes: — Magnolia cochranei belongs to M. section Talauma subsect. Talauma. It differs from all other Honduran magnolias in having fewer carpels (7–11). Magnolia cochranei is similar to M. quetzal Vázquez, Véliz & Tribouillier in Vázquez-García et al. (2013b: 1) from Guatemala; however, it differs in having more numerous stamens (72– 82 vs. 40–45), and larger flowers (10–12.5 vs. 8–9 cm in diam.). Magnolia cochranei was first collected in Depto. Comayagua in 1956 by Molina-Rositto, who thought that this was M. yoroconte. Later and independently, MolinaRositto, Burger and Vázquez annotated unpublished names on herbarium specimens of this species. Molina considered this taxon related to Talauma gloriensis Pittier (1910: 94) [M. gloriensis], whereas Burger suggested a relationship to Talauma mexicana [M. mexicana]; however, the two species have more numerous carpels than this taxon (four and five times). Vázquez-García (2012a) formally published this taxon as M. cochranei [as M. cochranii] from scarce material, including a minute flower that opened from a flower bud, and this mislead the author into treating this species as similar to M. morii (Lozano-Contreras 1994: 13) Frodin & Govaerts (1996: 71) (Vázquez-García et al. 2012a). Now, with flower material and pictures available, it is clear that M. cochranei is more similar to M. quetzal than to any other species of M. sect. Talauma subsect. Talauma. This species deserves further study since its mature fruits (either closed or dehiscent) are still unknown. Additionally, differences between populations from Cusuco (broadly ovate to broadly elliptic leaves) and Comayagua and Yoro (lanceolate leaves) may require taxonomic recognition. Conservation status: —Endangered (EN), IUCN criterion B1ab(ii, iii). As this endemic species to Honduras is only known from a few localities in the Departments of Comayagua, Cortés, and Yoro, it must be a target for conservation and research efforts. The estimated known extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,134 km 2 (Rivers et al. 2016), the deforestation rate is high, its habitat is severely fragmented and there is an ongoing decline in area of occupancy (AOO) and quality of habitat (Table 1). Additional specimens examined: — HONDURAS. Depto. Comayagua: El Cedral, Cordillera Montecillos, 1600 m, 24 May 1956 (fl bud, fl), Molina-R. 7196 (EAP, F!); Quebrada El Rincón, 15 km S of Siguatepeque, path to Jesus de Otoro, 1500 m, 6 Apr 1957 (fl bud), Molina-R. 7997 (BIGUA, EAP); Base of south to east slopes of Cerro Cuchilla Alta, Reserva Biológica Cordillera de Montecillos, 11 km straight line SSE of Siguatepeque, 14°30’00”N, 88°52’30”W, 1860 m, 9 Feb 1993 (fl bud), Evans 1121 (MO, WIS!). Depto. Cortés: Cusuco Mountain, Cordillera de Idalfonso [San Ildefonso], 1500–2000 m, 26 May 1956 (fl bud), Molina-R. 7268 (fl bud) (BIGUA, EAP); Cusuco, Cordillera de Idalfonso [San Ildefonso], N of Cofradía, 1600 m, 16–17 Apr 1957 (fl bud), Molina-R. 8194 (BIGUA, EAP); Overhanging trail BC4 (sendero El Jardín), ca. 0.8 km W of Base Camp / Campamento Parque Nacional Cusuco, Sierra del Merendón, W of San Pedro Sula, 1640 m, 2 Jul 2006 (fl), Kelly 11750 (TEFH, IBUG, TCD, BM); Plot BC 1/ SS7, on low ridge, along La Ines [La Inez] Trail, N of Base Camp / Campamento Parque Nacional Cusuco, Sierra del Merendón, W of San Pedro Sula, 1690 m, 11 Jun 2011 (fl), Kelly & Dietzsch. BC 1/SS7/8482 (EAP, MO, TCD); Trail BC 1 River transect near Río de Cusuco, near Base Camp, Campamento Parque Nacional Cusuco, Sierra del Merendón, W of San Pedro Sula, 7 Jul 2019 (fl) Ward & Mullen CUBC2019-02 (IBUG); La Lupe, Jungle training camp near Base Camp / Campamento Parque Nacional Cusuco, Sierra del Merendón, W of San Pedro Sula, 1 Jul 2019 (fl) Ward CUBC2019-01 (IBUG). Depto. Yoro: Around campamento Río Pijol, 6.2 km SE of Nueva Esperanza, Parque Nacional Pico Pijol, 15°12’N, 87°35’W, 1300 m, 28 May 1993 (fl bud), Mejía-Darío 453 (EAP, HEH, MO, TEFH, WIS!)., Published as part of Vázquez-García, J. Antonio, Kelly, Daniel L., Mejía-Valdivieso, Darío A., Morales, Wilson, Dahua-Machoa, Alex, Vega-Rodríguez, Hermes, Peña, Alondra Salomé Ortega, Padilla-Lepe, Jesús & Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Á., 2022, Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Honduras: a synopsis with six new taxa, pp. 109-149 in Phytotaxa 570 (2) on pages 119-121, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7256508, {"references":["Vazquez-Garcia, J. A., Veliz-Perez, M. E., Tribouillier-Navas, E. & Muniz-Castro, M. A. (2013 b) Magnolia quetzal and Magnolia mayae, a new species and a new record, respectively, for the flora of Guatemala. Phytotaxa 76: 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 76.1.1","Pittier, H. F. (1910) New or noteworthy plants of Colombia and Central America - 2. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 13: 93 - 94.","Vazquez-Garcia, J. A., Muniz-Castro, M. A., De Castro-Arce, E., Murguia-Araiza, R., Nuno Rubio, A. T. & Chazaro-Bazanez, M. de J. (2012 a). Twenty new Neotropical tree species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae). In: Salcedo-Perez, E., Hernandez-Alvarez, E., VazquezGarcia, J. A., Escoto-Garcia, T. & Diaz-Echavarria, N. (Eds.) Recursos forestales del occidente de Mexico, diversidad, manejo, aprovechamiento y conservacion. Serie fronteras de biodiversidad, vol. 4, tomo I. Universidad de Guadalajara CUCEI-CUCBA, Guadalajara, pp. 91 - 130.","Lozano-Contreras, G. (1994) Dugandiodendron y Talauma (Magnoliaceae) en el Neotropico. Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Bogota, 147 pp.","Frodin, D. G. & Govaerts, R. H. A. (1996) World checklist and bibliography of Magnoliaceae. Kew Publishing, Richmond, 79 pp.","Rivers, M., Beech, E., Murphy, L. & Oldfield, S. (2016) The red list of Magnoliaceae-revised and extended. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, 60 pp."]}

Cloud forests are amongst the most biologically unique, yet threatened, ecosystems in Mesoamerica. We summarize the ecological value and conservation status of a well-studied cloud forest site: Cusuco National Park(CNP), a 23,440 ha protected area in the Merendón mountains, northwest Honduras. We show cnp to have exceptional biodiversity; of 966 taxa identified to a species-level to date, 362 (37.5%) are Mesoamerican endemics, 67 are red-listed by the IUCN, and at least 49 are micro-endemics known only from the Merendón range. CNP also provides key ecosystem services including provision of drinking water and downstream flood mitigation, as well as carbon sequestration, with an estimated stock of 3.5 million megagrams of carbon in 2000. Despite its ecological importance, CNP faces multiple environmental threats and associated stresses, including deforestation (1,759 ha since 2000 equating to 7% of total forest area), poaching (7% loss of mammal relative abundance per year), amphibian declines due to chytridiomycosis (70% of species threatened or near-threatened), and climate change (a mean 2.6 °C increase in temperature and 112 mm decrease in rainfall by 2100). Despite conservation actions, including community ranger patrols, captive-breeding programmes, and ecotourism initiatives, environmental degradation of CNP continues. Further action is urgently required, including reinforcement and expansion of ranger programmes, greater stakeholder engagement, communityeducation programmes, development of alternative livelihood projects, and legislative enforcement and prosecution. Without a thorough and rapid response to understand and mitigate illegal activities, the extirpation and extinction of species and the loss of vital ecosystem services are inevitable in the coming decades.