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This document provides a comprehensive overview of modern fermentation and fermenter design in the field of white biotechnology. It highlights the increasing popularity of industrial fermentation processes and large-scale fermenters due to their environmental friendliness and energy efficiency. The document explores different design considerations for fermenters, including power-to-food fermentation and power-to-gas fermentation. It also discusses the scale-up process from laboratory to production scale and the design principles for aerated fermenters. The document emphasizes the importance of efficient mixing, homogenization of additives, and maintaining a constant and homogeneous temperature field in fermenters. It also mentions the need for mechanical robustness in fermenter design to avoid vibration or resonance risks. The document concludes by mentioning the economic benefits of economies of scale in industrial fermentation. Overall, this document provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field of fermentation. [Extracted from the article]