423 results on '"Keith Thompson"'
Search Results
2. Impact of Perioperative Dexamethasone Administration on Infection and Implant Osseointegration in a Preclinical Model of Orthopedic Device-Related Infection
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Marc-Antoine Burch, Aron Keshishian, Charlotte Wittmann, Dirk Nehrbass, Keith Thompson, Daniel Arens, R. Geoff Richards, Vuysa Mdingi, Marco Chitto, Mario Morgenstern, T. Fintan Moriarty, and Henk Eijer
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Staphylococcus epidermidis ,periprosthetic joint infection ,PJI ,fracture-related infection ,FRI ,orthopedic-device-related infection ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Glucocorticoids may be given prior to major orthopedic surgery to decrease postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain. Additionally, many orthopedic patients may be on chronic glucocorticoid therapy. The aim of our study was to investigate whether glucocorticoid administration influences Orthopedic-Device-Related Infection (ODRI) in a rat model. Screws colonized with Staphylococcus epidermidis were implanted in the tibia of skeletally mature female Wistar rats. The treated groups received either a single shot of dexamethasone in a short-term risk study, or a daily dose of dexamethasone in a longer-term interference study. In both phases, bone changes in the vicinity of the implant were monitored with microCT. There were no statistically significant differences in bacteriological outcome with or without dexamethasone. In the interference study, new bone formation was statistically higher in the dexamethasone-treated group (p = 0.0005) as revealed by CT and histopathological analysis, although with relatively low direct osseointegration of the implant. In conclusion, dexamethasone does not increase the risk of developing periprosthetic osteolysis or infection in a pre-clinical model of ODRI. Long-term administration of dexamethasone seemed to offer a benefit in terms of new bone formation around the implant, but with low osseointegration.
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- 2024
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3. The Origins of the Christian Idea of Trinity: Answering Jewish Charges of Heresy; Exhorting Pagans against Polytheism; Countering False Gnostics
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Keith Thompson
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Patristics ,Trinity ,Heresy ,Judaism ,Paganism ,Christianity ,Religions. Mythology. Rationalism ,BL1-2790 - Abstract
In this essay I explain that the Christian doctrine of the Trinity was first developed as a response to Jewish claims of Christian apostasy and polytheism. At the beginning of Christianity, most of its converts were observant Jews. The Jewish authorities took steps to reclaim their lost sheep and to stem the flow of departures. Their primary intellectual ammunition in that effort was the claim that the Christians were polytheists, because they claimed to believe in two Gods–the Father and His Son, Jesus Christ. The Christians’ apostasy was manifest by simple referring to the Mosaic commandment that righteous Israel should have only one God. This Jewish accusation of polytheism also neatly answered the inflammatory Christian charge that the Jews had crucified God and raised significant doubt about their claims of a special resurrection. The doctrine of the Trinity answered all those criticisms. God and Jesus Christ together were the one true God. But the nature of that oneness took some time to work out, and it is within a process of contending with pagan philosophical arguments and intra-Christian heretical positions, that a Christian doctrine of the Trinity begins to congeal. The work of Ante-Nicene Fathers—Justin Martyr, Theophilus of Antioch, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen, Novatian, and others—whose voices we allow to be heard below—contain a trajectory of ideas that explain how the tri-unity is expressed in the momentous Creeds of Nicaea (AD 325) and Constantinople (381).
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- 2024
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4. Virtual family physician care during COVID-19: a mixed methods study using health administrative data and qualitative interviews
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Bridget L. Ryan, Judith Belle Brown, Thomas R. Freeman, Lucie Richard, Moira Stewart, Leslie Meredith, Yun-Hee Choi, Jennifer Wei He, Sonny Cejic, Keith Thompson, Sonja Reichert, Salimah Z. Shariff, Richard Booth, Amanda L. Terry, and Maria Mathews
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Family physicians ,Virtual care ,COVID-19 ,Pandemic ,Primary health care ,eHealth ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a rapid shift in primary health care from predominantly in-person to high volumes of virtual care. The pandemic afforded the opportunity to conduct a deep regional examination of virtual care by family physicians in London and Middlesex County, Ontario, Canada that would inform the foundation for virtual care in our region post-pandemic. Objectives: (1) to determine volumes of in-person and virtual family physicians visits and characteristics of the family physicians and patients using them during the early COVID-19 pandemic; (2) to determine how virtual visit volumes changed over the pandemic, compared to in-person; and (3) to explore family physicians’ experience in virtual visit adoption and implementation. Methods We conducted a concurrent mixed-methods study of family physicians from March to October 2020. The quantitative component examined mean weekly number of total, in-person and virtual visits using health administrative data. Differences in outcomes according to physician and practice characteristics for pandemic periods were compared to pre-pandemic. The qualitative study employed Constructivist Grounded Theory, conducting semi-structured family physicians interviews; analyzing data iteratively using constant comparative analysis. We mapped themes from the qualitative analysis to quantitative findings. Results Initial volumes of patients decreased, driven by fewer in-person visits. Virtual visit volumes increased dramatically; family physicians described using telephone almost entirely. Rural family physicians reported video connectivity issues. By early second wave, total family physician visit volume returned to pre-pandemic volumes. In-person visits increased substantially; family physicians reported this happened because previously scarce personal protective equipment became available. Patients seen during the pandemic were older, sicker, and more materially deprived. Conclusion These results can inform the future of virtual family physician care including the importance of continued virtual care compensation, the need for equitable family physician payment models, and the need to attend to equity for vulnerable patients. Given the move to virtual care was primarily a move to telephone care, the modality of care delivery that is acceptable to both family physicians and their patients must be considered.
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- 2022
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5. People-Powered Research and Experiential Learning: Unravelling Hidden Biodiversity
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Melanie Pivarski, Matt von Konrat, Thomas Campbell, Ayesha Qazi-Lampert, Laura Trouille, Heaven Wade, Aimee Davis, Selma Aburahmeh, Joseph Aguilar, Cosmin Alb, Ken Alferes, Ella Barker, Karl Bitikofer, Kelli Boulware, Carla Bruton, Sicong Cao, Arturo Corona Jr., Christine Christian, Kaltra Demiri, Daniel Evans, Nkosi Evans, Connor Flavin, Jasmine Gillis, Victoria Gogol, Elizabeth Heublein, Edward Huang, Jake Hutchinson, Cyrus Jackson, Odaliz Jackson, Lauren Johnson, Michi Kirihara, Henry Kivarkis, Annette Kowalczyk, Alex Labontu, Briajia Levi, Ian Lyu, Sylvie Martin-Eberhardt, Gaby Mata, Joann Martinec, Beth McDonald, Mariola Mira, Minh Nguyen, Pansy Nguyen, Sarah Nolimal, Victoria Reese, Will Ritchie, Joannie Rodriguez, Yarency Rodriguez, Jacob Shuler, Jasmine Silvestre, Glenn Simpson, Gabriel Somarriba, Rogers Ssozi, Tomomi Suwa, Cheyenne Syring, Nidhi Thirthamattur, Keith Thompson, Caitlin Vaughn, Mario Viramontes, Chak Shing Wong, and Lauren Wszolek
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analysis ,biodiversity ,bryophytes ,citizen scienc ,Science - Abstract
Globally, thousands of institutions house nearly three billion scientific collections offering unparallelled resources that contribute to both science and society. For herbaria alone - facilities housing dried plant collections - there are over 3,000 herbaria worldwide with an estimated 350 million specimens that have been collected over the past four centuries. Digitisation has greatly enhanced the use of herbarium data in scientific research, impacting diverse research areas, including biodiversity informatics, global climate change, analyses using next-generation sequencing technologies and many others. Despite the entrance of herbaria into a new era with enhanced scientific, educational and societal relevance, museum specimens remain underused. Natural history museums can enhance learning and engagement in science, particularly for school-age and undergraduate students. Here, we outline a novel approach of a natural history museum using touchscreen technology that formed part of an interactive kiosk in a temporary museum exhibit on biological specimens. We provide some preliminary analysis investigating the efficacy of the tool, based on the Zooniverse platform, in an exhibit environment to engage patrons in the collection of biological data. We conclude there is great potential in using crowd‐sourced science, coupled with online technology to unlock data and information from digital images of natural history specimens themselves. Sixty percent of the records generated by community scientists (citizen scientists) were of high enough quality to be utilised by researchers. All age groups produced valid, high quality data that could be used by researchers, including children (10 and under), teens and adults. Significantly, the paper outlines the implementation of experiential learning through an undergraduate mathematics course that focuses on projects with actual data to gain a deep, practical knowledge of the subject, including observations, the collection of data, analysis and problem solving. We here promote an intergenerational model including children, high school students, undergraduate students, early career scientists and senior scientists, combining experiential learning, museum patrons, researchers and data derived from natural history collections. Natural history museums with their dual remit of education and collections-based research can play a significant role in the field of community engagement and people-powered research. There also remains much to investigate on the use of interactive displays to help learners interpret and appreciate authentic research. We conclude with a brief insight into the next phase of our ongoing people-powered research activities developed and designed by high school students using the Zooniverse platform.
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- 2022
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6. Clinically relevant preclinical animal models for testing novel cranio‐maxillofacial bone 3D‐printed biomaterials
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Luan P. Hatt, Keith Thompson, Jill A. Helms, Martin J. Stoddart, and Angela R. Armiento
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animal models ,bone ,calvaria ,CMF ,mandibular defect ,orbital floor ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Bone tissue engineering is a rapidly developing field with potential for the regeneration of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) bones, with 3D printing being a suitable fabrication tool for patient‐specific implants. The CMF region includes a variety of different bones with distinct functions. The clinical implementation of tissue engineering concepts is currently poor, likely due to multiple reasons including the complexity of the CMF anatomy and biology, and the limited relevance of the currently used preclinical models. The ‘recapitulation of a human disease’ is a core requisite of preclinical animal models, but this aspect is often neglected, with a vast majority of studies failing to identify the specific clinical indication they are targeting and/or the rationale for choosing one animal model over another. Currently, there are no suitable guidelines that propose the most appropriate animal model to address a specific CMF pathology and no standards are established to test the efficacy of biomaterials or tissue engineered constructs in the CMF field. This review reports the current clinical scenario of CMF reconstruction, then discusses the numerous limitations of currently used preclinical animal models employed for validating 3D‐printed tissue engineered constructs and the need to reduce animal work that does not address a specific clinical question. We will highlight critical research aspects to consider, to pave a clinically driven path for the development of new tissue engineered materials for CMF reconstruction.
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- 2022
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7. Development of bone seeker–functionalised microspheres as a targeted local antibiotic delivery system for bone infections
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Stijn G. Rotman, Keith Thompson, Dirk W. Grijpma, Robert G. Richards, Thomas F. Moriarty, David Eglin, and Olivier Guillaume
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Diseases of the musculoskeletal system ,RC925-935 - Abstract
Objective: Bone infections are challenging to treat because of limited capability of systemic antibiotics to accumulate at the bone site. To enhance therapeutic action, systemic treatments are commonly combined with local antibiotic-loaded materials. Nevertheless, available drug carriers have undesirable properties, including inappropriate antibiotic release profiles and nonbiodegradability. To alleviate such limitations, we aim to develop a drug delivery system (DDS) for local administration that can interact strongly with bone mineral, releasing antibiotics at the infected bone site. Methods: Biodegradable polyesters (poly (ε-caprolactone) or poly (D,l-lactic acid)) were selected to fabricate antibiotic-loaded microspheres by oil in water emulsion. Antibiotic release and antimicrobial effects on Staphylococcus aureus were assessed by zone of inhibition measurements. Microsphere bone affinity was increased by functionalising the bisphosphonate drug alendronate to the microsphere surface using carbodiimide chemistry. Effect of bone targeting microspheres on bone homeostasis was tested by looking at the resorption potential of osteoclasts exposed to the developed microspheres. Results: In vitro, the antibiotic release profile from the microspheres was shown to be dependent on the polymer used and the microsphere preparation method. Mineral binding assays revealed that microsphere surface modification with alendronate significantly enhanced interaction with bone-like materials. Additionally, alendronate functionalised microspheres did not differentially affect osteoclast mineral resorption in vitro, compared with nonfunctionalised microspheres. Conclusion: We report the development and characterisation of a DDS which can release antibiotics in a sustained manner. Surface-grafted alendronate groups enhanced bone affinity of the microsphere construct, resulting in a bone targeting DDS. The Translational Potential of this Article: The DDS presented can be loaded with hydrophobic antibiotics, representing a potential, versatile and biodegradable candidate to locally treat bone infection. Keywords: Alendronate, Bone infection, Bone targeting, Drug delivery, Microparticle, Osteomyelitis
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- 2020
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8. Snus: a compelling harm reduction alternative to cigarettes
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Elizabeth Clarke, Keith Thompson, Sarah Weaver, Joseph Thompson, and Grant O’Connell
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Snus ,Harm reduction ,Public health ,Epidemiology ,Cigarette smoking ,Tobacco ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Snus is an oral smokeless tobacco product which is usually placed behind the upper lip, either in a loose form or in portioned sachets, and is primarily used in Sweden and Norway. The purpose of this review is to examine the reported effects of snus use in relation to specified health effects, namely lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, pancreatic cancer, diabetes, oral cancer and non-neoplastic oral disease. The review also examines the harm reduction potential of snus as an alternative to cigarettes by comparing the prevalence of snus use and cigarette smoking, and the reported incidence of tobacco-related diseases across European Union countries. The scientific literature generally indicates that the use of snus is not a significant risk factor for developing lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, pancreatic cancer or oral cancer. Studies investigating snus use and diabetes have reported that high consumption of snus (estimated as being four or more cans per week) may be associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes or components of metabolic syndrome; however, overall results are not conclusive. Snus use is associated with the presence of non-neoplastic oral mucosal lesions which are reported to heal rapidly once use has stopped. The most recent Eurobarometer data from 2017 reported that Sweden had the lowest prevalence of daily cigarette use in the European Union at 5% whilst daily “oral tobacco” use was reported to be 20%. European data published by the World Health Organisation in 2018 indicated that Sweden had the lowest rate of tobacco-related mortality and the lowest incidence of male lung cancer. Overall, prevalence statistics and epidemiological data indicate that the use of snus confers a significant harm reduction benefit which is reflected in the comparatively low levels of tobacco-related disease in Sweden when compared with the rest of Europe. The available scientific data, including long-term population studies conducted by independent bodies, demonstrates that the health risks associated with snus are considerably lower than those associated with cigarette smoking.
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- 2019
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9. Fracture biomechanics influence local and systemic immune responses in a murine fracture-related infection model
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Marina Sabaté-Brescó, Corina M. Berset, Stephan Zeiter, Barbara Stanic, Keith Thompson, Mario Ziegler, R. Geoff Richards, Liam O'Mahony, and T. Fintan Moriarty
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bone infection ,fracture-related infection ,s. epidermidis ,s. aureus ,implant stability ,interleukin-17a ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Biomechanical stability plays an important role in fracture healing, with unstable fixation being associated with healing disturbances. A lack of stability is also considered a risk factor for fracture-related infection (FRI), although confirmatory studies and an understanding of the underlying mechanisms are lacking. In the present study, we investigate whether biomechanical (in)stability can lead to altered immune responses in mice under sterile or experimentally inoculated conditions. In non-inoculated C57BL/6 mice, instability resulted in an early increase of inflammatory markers such as granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and interleukin (IL)-6 within the bone. When inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis, instability resulted in a further significant increase in G-CSF, IL-6 and KC in bone tissue. Staphylococcus aureus infection led to rapid osteolysis and instability in all animals and was not further studied. Gene expression measurements also showed significant upregulation in CCL2 and G-CSF in these mice. IL-17A was found to be upregulated in all S. epidermidis infected mice, with higher systemic IL-17A cell responses in mice that cleared the infection, which was found to be produced by CD4+ and γδ+ T cells in the bone marrow. IL-17A knock-out (KO) mice displayed a trend of delayed clearance of infection (P=0.22, Fisher’s exact test) and an increase in interferon (IFN)-γ production. Biomechanical instability leads to a more pronounced local inflammatory response, which is exaggerated by bacterial infection. This study provides insights into long-held beliefs that biomechanics are crucial not only for fracture healing, but also for control of infection.
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- 2021
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10. Butyrate Inhibits Osteoclast Activity In Vitro and Regulates Systemic Inflammation and Bone Healing in a Murine Osteotomy Model Compared to Antibiotic-Treated Mice
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Alexandra Wallimann, Walker Magrath, Brenna Pugliese, Nino Stocker, Patrick Westermann, Anja Heider, Dominic Gehweiler, Stephan Zeiter, Marcus J. Claesson, R. Geoff Richards, Cezmi A. Akdis, Christopher J. Hernandez, Liam O’Mahony, Keith Thompson, and T. Fintan Moriarty
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Pathology ,RB1-214 - Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the gut microbiota have previously been demonstrated to play a role in numerous chronic inflammatory diseases and to be key mediators in the gut-bone signaling axis. However, the role of SCFAs in bone fracture healing and its impact on systemic inflammation during the regeneration process has not been extensively investigated yet. The aim of this study was to first determine the effects of the SCFA butyrate on key cells involved in fracture healing in vitro, namely, osteoclasts and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and second, to assess if butyrate supplementation or antibiotic therapy impacts bone healing, systemic immune status, and inflammation levels in a murine osteotomy model. Butyrate significantly reduced osteoclast formation and resorption activity in a dose-dependent manner and displayed a trend for increased calcium deposits in MSC cultures. Numerous genes associated with osteoclast differentiation were differentially expressed in osteoclast precursor cells upon butyrate exposure. In vivo, antibiotic-treated mice showed reduced SCFA levels in the cecum, as well as a distinct gut microbiome composition. Furthermore, circulating proinflammatory TNFα, IL-17a, and IL-17f levels, and bone preserving osteoprotegerin (OPG), were increased in antibiotic-treated mice compared to controls. Antibiotic-treated mice also displayed a trend towards delayed bone healing as revealed by reduced mineral apposition at the defect site and higher circulating levels of the bone turnover marker PINP. Butyrate supplementation resulted in a lower abundance of monocyte/macrophages in the bone marrow, as well as reduced circulating proinflammatory IL-6 levels compared to antibiotic- and control-treated mice. In conclusion, this study supports our hypothesis that SCFAs, in particular butyrate, are important contributors to successful bone healing by modulating key cells involved in fracture healing as well as systemic inflammation and immune responses.
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- 2021
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11. Non-viral Gene Delivery of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Using Collagen-Hydroxyapatite Scaffold Protects Rat BM-MSCs From IL-1β-Mediated Inhibition of Osteogenesis
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William A. Lackington, Maria Antonia Gomez-Sierra, Arlyng González-Vázquez, Fergal J. O’Brien, Martin J. Stoddart, and Keith Thompson
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non-viral gene delivery ,scaffold ,osteogenesis ,immunomodulation ,IL-1Ra ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 - Abstract
Although most bone fractures typically heal without complications, a small proportion of patients (≤10%) experience delayed healing or potential progression to non-union. Interleukin-1 (IL-1β) plays a crucial role in fracture healing as an early driver of inflammation. However, the effects of IL-1β can impede the healing process if they persist long after the establishment of a fracture hematoma, making it a promising target for novel therapies. Accordingly, the overall objective of this study was to develop a novel gene-based therapy that mitigates the negative effects of IL-1β-driven inflammation while providing a structural template for new bone formation. A collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold (CHA) was used as a platform for the delivery of nanoparticles composed of pDNA, encoding for IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), complexed to the robust non-viral gene delivery vector, polyethyleneimine (PEI). Utilizing pDNA encoding for Gaussia luciferase and GFP as reporter genes, we found that PEI-pDNA nanoparticles induced a transient gene expression profile in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs), with a transfection efficiency of 14.8 ± 1.8% in 2D. BM-MSC viability was significantly affected by PEI-pDNA nanoparticles as evaluated using CellTiter Blue; however, after 10 days in culture this effect was negligible. Transfection with PEI-pIL-1Ra nanoparticles led to functional IL-1Ra production, capable of antagonizing IL-1β-induced expression of secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase from HEK-Blue-IL-1β reporter cells. Sustained treatment with IL-1β (0.1, 1, and 10 ng/ml) had a dose-dependent negative effect on BM-MSC osteogenesis, both in terms of gene expression (Alpl and Ibsp) and calcium deposition. BM-MSCs transfected with PEI-IL-1Ra nanoparticles were found to be capable of overcoming the inhibitory effects of sustained IL-1β (1 ng/ml) treatments on in vitro osteogenesis. Ultimately, IL-1Ra gene-activated CHA scaffolds supported mineralization of BM-MSCs under chronic inflammatory conditions in vitro, demonstrating potential for future therapeutic applications in vivo.
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- 2020
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12. Titanium Wear Particles Exacerbate S. epidermidis-Induced Implant-Related Osteolysis and Decrease Efficacy of Antibiotic Therapy
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Claudia Siverino, Linda Freitag, Daniel Arens, Ursula Styger, R. Geoff Richards, T. Fintan Moriarty, Vincent A. Stadelmann, and Keith Thompson
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Staphylococcus epidermidis ,osteomyelitis ,microCT ,wear particles ,antibiotics ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) surgeries are common orthopedic procedures, but bacterial infection remains a concern. The aim of this study was to assess interactions between wear particles (WPs) and immune cells in vitro and to investigate if WPs affect the severity, or response to antibiotic therapy, of a Staphylococcus epidermidis orthopedic device-related infection (ODRI) in a rodent model. Biofilms grown on WPs were challenged with rifampin and cefazolin (100 µg/mL) to determine antibiotic efficacy. Neutrophils or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were incubated with or without S. epidermidis and WPs, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cytokine release were analyzed, respectively. In the ODRI rodent model, rats (n = 36) had a sterile or S. epidermidis-inoculated screw implanted in the presence or absence of WPs, and a subgroup was treated with antibiotics. Bone changes were monitored using microCT scanning. The presence of WPs decreased antibiotic efficacy against biofilm-resident bacteria and promoted MPO and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in vitro. WPs exacerbated osteolytic responses to S. epidermidis infection and markedly reduced antibiotic efficacy in vivo. Overall, this work shows that the presence of titanium WPs reduces antibiotic efficacy in vitro and in vivo, induces proinflammatory cytokine release, and exacerbates S. epidermidis-induced osteolysis.
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- 2021
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13. Towards Comprehensive Observing and Modeling Systems for Monitoring and Predicting Regional to Coastal Sea Level
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Rui M. Ponte, Mark Carson, Mauro Cirano, Catia M. Domingues, Svetlana Jevrejeva, Marta Marcos, Gary Mitchum, R. S. W. van de Wal, Philip L. Woodworth, Michaël Ablain, Fabrice Ardhuin, Valérie Ballu, Mélanie Becker, Jérôme Benveniste, Florence Birol, Elizabeth Bradshaw, Anny Cazenave, P. De Mey-Frémaux, Fabien Durand, Tal Ezer, Lee-Lueng Fu, Ichiro Fukumori, Kathy Gordon, Médéric Gravelle, Stephen M. Griffies, Weiqing Han, Angela Hibbert, Chris W. Hughes, Déborah Idier, Villy H. Kourafalou, Christopher M. Little, Andrew Matthews, Angélique Melet, Mark Merrifield, Benoit Meyssignac, Shoshiro Minobe, Thierry Penduff, Nicolas Picot, Christopher Piecuch, Richard D. Ray, Lesley Rickards, Alvaro Santamaría-Gómez, Detlef Stammer, Joanna Staneva, Laurent Testut, Keith Thompson, Philip Thompson, Stefano Vignudelli, Joanne Williams, Simon D. P. Williams, Guy Wöppelmann, Laure Zanna, and Xuebin Zhang
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coastal sea level ,sea-level trends ,coastal ocean modeling ,coastal impacts ,coastal adaptation ,observational gaps ,Science ,General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution ,QH1-199.5 - Abstract
A major challenge for managing impacts and implementing effective mitigation measures and adaptation strategies for coastal zones affected by future sea level (SL) rise is our limited capacity to predict SL change at the coast on relevant spatial and temporal scales. Predicting coastal SL requires the ability to monitor and simulate a multitude of physical processes affecting SL, from local effects of wind waves and river runoff to remote influences of the large-scale ocean circulation on the coast. Here we assess our current understanding of the causes of coastal SL variability on monthly to multi-decadal timescales, including geodetic, oceanographic and atmospheric aspects of the problem, and review available observing systems informing on coastal SL. We also review the ability of existing models and data assimilation systems to estimate coastal SL variations and of atmosphere-ocean global coupled models and related regional downscaling efforts to project future SL changes. We discuss (1) observational gaps and uncertainties, and priorities for the development of an optimal and integrated coastal SL observing system, (2) strategies for advancing model capabilities in forecasting short-term processes and projecting long-term changes affecting coastal SL, and (3) possible future developments of sea level services enabling better connection of scientists and user communities and facilitating assessment and decision making for adaptation to future coastal SL change.
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- 2019
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14. Intraoperative loading of calcium phosphate-coated implants with gentamicin prevents experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection in vivo.
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Keith Thompson, Stoyan Petkov, Stephan Zeiter, Christoph M Sprecher, R Geoff Richards, T Fintan Moriarty, and Henk Eijer
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Orthopedic device-related infection (ODRI) is a potentially devastating complication arising from the colonization of the device with bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to determine if intraoperative loading of a clinically approved calcium phosphate (CaP) coating with gentamicin can protect from ODRI in vivo. First, CaP-coated titanium aluminium niobium (TAN) discs were used to investigate the adsorption and release kinetics of gentamicin in vitro. Gentamicin loading and subsequent release from the coating were both rapid, with maximum loading occurring following one second of immersion, and >95% gentamicin released within 15 min in aqueous solution, respectively. Second, efficacy of the gentamicin-loaded CaP coating for preventing ODRI in vivo was investigated using a CaP-coated unicortical TAN screw implanted into the proximal tibia of skeletally mature female Wistar rats, following inoculation of the implant site with S. aureus. Gentamicin-loading prevented ODRI in 7/8 animals, whereas 9/9 of the non-gentamicin treated animals were infected after 7 days. In conclusion, gentamicin can be rapidly and simply loaded onto, and released from, CaP-based implant coatings, and this is an effective strategy for preventing peri-operative S. aureus-induced ODRI in vivo.
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- 2019
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15. Calcium Polyphosphate Nanoparticles Act as an Effective Inorganic Phosphate Source during Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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Luan Phelipe Hatt, Keith Thompson, Werner E. G. Müller, Martin James Stoddart, and Angela Rita Armiento
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osteogenic differentiation ,mesenchymal stem cells ,β-glycerolphosphate ,inorganic polyphosphate ,ca-polyphosphate nanoparticles ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The ability of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) to differentiate into osteoblasts makes them the ideal candidate for cell-based therapies targeting bone-diseases. Polyphosphate (polyP) is increasingly being studied as a potential inorganic source of phosphate for extracellular matrix mineralisation. The aim of this study is to investigate whether polyP can effectively be used as a phosphate source during the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human BM-MSCs. Human BM-MSCs are cultivated under osteogenic conditions for 28 days with phosphate provided in the form of organic β-glycerolphosphate (BGP) or calcium-polyP nanoparticles (polyP-NP). Mineralisation is demonstrated using Alizarin red staining, cellular ATP content, and free phosphate levels are measured in both the cells and the medium. The effects of BGP or polyP-NP on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and gene expression of a range of osteogenic-related markers are also assessed. PolyP-NP supplementation displays comparable effects to the classical BGP-containing osteogenic media in terms of mineralisation, ALP activity and expression of osteogenesis-associated genes. This study shows that polyP-NP act as an effective source of phosphate during mineralisation of BM-MSC. These results open new possibilities with BM-MSC-based approaches for bone repair to be achieved through doping of conventional biomaterials with polyP-NP.
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- 2019
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16. Pathogenic Mechanisms and Host Interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis Device-Related Infection
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Marina Sabaté Brescó, Llinos G. Harris, Keith Thompson, Barbara Stanic, Mario Morgenstern, Liam O'Mahony, R. Geoff Richards, and T. Fintan Moriarty
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Staphylococcus epidermidis ,coagulase-negative staphylococci ,commensal bacteria ,device-related infection ,bone infection ,biofilm ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a permanent member of the normal human microbiota, commonly found on skin and mucous membranes. By adhering to tissue surface moieties of the host via specific adhesins, S. epidermidis is capable of establishing a lifelong commensal relationship with humans that begins early in life. In its role as a commensal organism, S. epidermidis is thought to provide benefits to human host, including out-competing more virulent pathogens. However, largely due to its capacity to form biofilm on implanted foreign bodies, S. epidermidis has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen in patients receiving medical devices. S. epidermidis causes approximately 20% of all orthopedic device-related infections (ODRIs), increasing up to 50% in late-developing infections. Despite this prevalence, it remains underrepresented in the scientific literature, in particular lagging behind the study of the S. aureus. This review aims to provide an overview of the interactions of S. epidermidis with the human host, both as a commensal and as a pathogen. The mechanisms retained by S. epidermidis that enable colonization of human skin as well as invasive infection, will be described, with a particular focus upon biofilm formation. The host immune responses to these infections are also described, including how S. epidermidis seems to trigger low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and high levels of interleukin-10, which may contribute to the sub-acute and persistent nature often associated with these infections. The adaptive immune response to S. epidermidis remains poorly described, and represents an area which may provide significant new discoveries in the coming years.
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- 2017
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17. The Effect of Krill Oil Supplementation on Exercise Performance and Markers of Immune Function.
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Mariasole Da Boit, Ina Mastalurova, Goda Brazaite, Niall McGovern, Keith Thompson, and Stuart Robert Gray
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Krill oil is a rich source of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which may alter immune function after exercise. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of krill oil supplementation on post exercise immune function and performance.Nineteen males and 18 females (age: 25.8 ± 5.3 years; mean ± S.D.) were randomly assigned to 2 g/day of krill oil (n = 18) or placebo (n = 19) supplementation for 6 weeks. A maximal incremental exercise test and cycling time trial (time to complete set amount of work) were performed pre-supplementation with the time trial repeated post-supplementation. Blood samples collected pre- and post- supplementation at rest, and immediately, 1 and 3h post-exercise. Plasma IL-6 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations and, erythrocyte fatty acid composition were measured. Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and IFNγ production were also measured.No effects of gender were noted for any variable. PBMC IL-2 and NK cell cytotoxic activity were greater (P < 0.05) 3h post exercise in the krill oil compared to the control group. Plasma IL-6 and TBARS, PBMC IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and IFNγ production, along with performance and physiological measures during exercise, were not different between groups.Six weeks of krill oil supplementation can increase PBMC IL-2 production and NK cell cytotoxic activity 3h post-exercise in both healthy young males and females. Krill oil does not modify exercise performance.
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- 2015
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18. The product science of electrically heated tobacco products: a narrative review of the scientific literature [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]
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Layla Malt, Keith Thompson, Elizabeth Mason, Tanvir Walele, Thomas Nahde, and Grant O'Connell
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Review ,Articles ,Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco ,Heated Tobacco Products ,Next Generation Products ,Public Health ,Risk Reduction ,Smoking ,Tobacco Harm Reduction ,Tobacco Heating Products - Abstract
Heated tobacco products represent a novel category of tobacco products in which a tobacco consumable is heated to a temperature that releases nicotine from the tobacco leaf but not to a temperature sufficient to cause combustion. Heated tobacco products may therefore have the potential to be a less harmful alternative for adult smokers that would otherwise continue to smoke conventional cigarettes. Given the rapid development of this product category, the aim of this review was to examine the available peer-reviewed scientific evidence related to heated tobacco products and highlight any research gaps. In recent years, manufacturers of heated tobacco products have published a number of studies on their respective heated tobacco products. Whilst there is limited research that is independent of commercial interests, the available scientific evidence indicates that heated tobacco products produce a much simpler aerosol than conventional cigarette smoke, with fewer and substantially lower levels of harmful toxicants. Toxicology assessments indicate these reductions in aerosol toxicants translate to reduced biological effects. Biomarker and clinical data from studies in which product use is controlled within a clinical setting, indicate changes in biomarker levels and clinical end-points similar to observations in cessation studies, indicating the potential for reduced harm. The scientific evidence also indicates that exposure of non-users to emissions from heated tobacco products in indoor environments is significantly reduced compared to exposure resulting from smoking conventional cigarettes. Overall, the available scientific evidence indicates that heated tobacco products hold promise as a less harmful alternative to conventional cigarettes, but more independent data is required to validate industry findings. As a growing product category, epidemiological studies and independent population modelling studies are outstanding, and empirical data on how dual tobacco product category use by consumers affects their risk profile is lacking.
- Published
- 2022
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19. Yams: Botany, Production and Uses
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Anthony Keith Thompson, Ibok Oduro and Anthony Keith Thompson, Ibok Oduro
- Published
- 2021
20. Enforcing Eigenvector Smoothness for a Compact DFT-Based Polynomial Eigenvalue Decomposition.
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Fraser K. Coutts, Keith Thompson, Jennifer Pestana, Ian K. Proudler, and Stephan Weiss 0001
- Published
- 2018
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21. An Iterative DFT-based Approach to the Polynomial Matrix Eigenvalue Decomposition.
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Fraser K. Coutts, Keith Thompson, Ian K. Proudler, and Stephan Weiss 0001
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- 2018
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- View/download PDF
22. How could managed aquifer recharge be feasible in the Coleambally Irrigation Area?
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Natasha Harvey, Joseph H.A. Guillaume, Wendy Merritt, Jenifer Ticehurst, and Keith Thompson
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Water Science and Technology - Published
- 2023
23. Analysing the performance of divide-and-conquer sequential matrix diagonalisation for large broadband sensor arrays.
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Fraser K. Coutts, Keith Thompson, Stephan Weiss 0001, and Ian K. Proudler
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- 2017
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24. Restricted update sequential matrix diagonalisation for parahermitian matrices.
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Fraser K. Coutts, Keith Thompson, Ian K. Proudler, and Stephan Weiss 0001
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- 2017
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25. A comparison of iterative and DFT-Based polynomial matrix eigenvalue decompositions.
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Fraser K. Coutts, Keith Thompson, Ian K. Proudler, and Stephan Weiss 0001
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- 2017
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26. Memory and complexity reduction in parahermitian matrix manipulations of PEVD algorithms.
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Fraser K. Coutts, Jamie Corr, Keith Thompson, Stephan Weiss 0001, Ian K. Proudler, and John G. McWhirter
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- 2016
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27. Complexity and search space reduction in cyclic-by-row PEVD algorithms.
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Fraser K. Coutts, Jamie Corr, Keith Thompson, Stephan Weiss 0001, Ian K. Proudler, and John G. McWhirter
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- 2016
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28. Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Fruit and Vegetables
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Anthony Keith Thompson, Robert K. Prange, Roger D Bancroft, Tongchai Puttongsiri and Anthony Keith Thompson, Robert K. Prange, Roger D Bancroft, Tongchai Puttongsiri
- Published
- 2018
29. Non-Destructive Classification of Organic and Conventional Hens’ Eggs Using Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging
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Teerachaichayut, Woranitta Sahachairungrueng, Anthony Keith Thompson, Anupun Terdwongworakul, and Sontisuk
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discrimination ,authentication ,absorbance spectra ,physiochemical properties - Abstract
Eggs that are produced using organic methods retail at higher prices than those produced using conventional methods, but they cannot be differentiated reliably using visual methods. Eggs can therefore be fraudulently mislabeled in order to increase their wholesale and retail prices. The objective of this research was therefore to test near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) to identify whether an egg has been produced using organic or conventional methods. A total of 210 organic and 210 conventional fresh eggs were individually scanned using NIR-HSI to obtain absorbance spectra for discrimination analysis. The physical properties of each egg were also measured non-destructively in order to analyze the performance of discrimination compared with those of the NIR-HSI spectral data. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed variation for PC1 and PC2 of 57% and 23% and 94% and 4% based on physical properties and the spectral data, respectively. The best results of the classification using NIR-HSI spectral data obtained an accuracy of 96.03% and an error rate of 3.97% via partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), indicating the possibility that NIR-HSI could be successfully used to rapidly, reliably, and non-destructively differentiate between eggs that had been produced using organic methods from eggs that had been produced using conventional methods.
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- 2023
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30. Transient heat modeling for non-destructive assessment of boiled eggs
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Woranitta Sahachairungrueng, Pasika Tonpho, Mungkarej Veeradechakul, Thitirat Rosnim, Anthony Keith Thompson, Anupun Terdwongworakul, and Sontisuk Teerachaichayut
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Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Condensed Matter Physics - Published
- 2023
31. Row-shift corrected truncation of paraunitary matrices for PEVD algorithms.
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Jamie Corr, Keith Thompson, Stephan Weiss 0001, Ian K. Proudler, and John G. McWhirter
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- 2015
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32. Performance trade-offs in sequential matrix diagonalisation search strategies.
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Jamie Corr, Keith Thompson, Stephan Weiss 0001, John G. McWhirter, and Ian K. Proudler
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- 2015
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33. Contemporising best practice water management: lessons from the Murray-Darling Basin on participatory water management in a mosaiced landscape
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Christine Freak, Jennifer McLeod, Keith Thompson, Linda Christesen, and Claire Miller
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Water Science and Technology - Published
- 2022
34. Wideband TV White Space Transceiver Design and Implementation.
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Ross A. Elliot, Martin A. Enderwitz, Keith Thompson, Louise H. Crockett, Stephan Weiss 0001, and Robert W. Stewart
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- 2016
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35. Reuse of fractional waveform libraries for MIMO radar and electronic countermeasures.
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Carmine Clemente, Christos V. Ilioudis, Domenico Gaglione, Keith Thompson, Stephan Weiss 0001, Ian K. Proudler, and John J. Soraghan
- Published
- 2014
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36. Multiple shift maximum element sequential matrix diagonalisation for parahermitian matrices.
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Jamie Corr, Keith Thompson, Stephan Weiss 0001, John G. McWhirter, Soydan Redif, and Ian K. Proudler
- Published
- 2014
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37. Causality-constrained multiple shift sequential matrix diagonalisation for parahermitian matrices.
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Jamie Corr, Keith Thompson, Stephan Weiss 0001, John G. McWhirter, and Ian K. Proudler
- Published
- 2014
38. Maximum energy sequential matrix diagonalisation for parahermitian matrices.
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Jamie Corr, Keith Thompson, Stephan Weiss 0001, John G. McWhirter, and Ian K. Proudler
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Benchmarking Cryo-EM Single Particle Analysis Workflows at CEMRC
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Anil Kumar, Kai Cai, Matt R Larson, Bryan S Sibert, Keith Thompson, Jae E Yang, and Elizabeth R Wright
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Instrumentation - Published
- 2022
40. Nicotine and Inflammatory Disease in Humans: A Systematic Review
- Author
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Leonie Price, Keith Thompson, and Javier Martinez
- Abstract
Summary Introduction Previous studies have shown that nicotine interacts in inflammatory pathways and may have both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of publications investigating the inflammatory effects of nicotine in models of human disease. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklists were followed during the design and implementation of this study. Searches were carried out across PubMed, Science Direct, and the Cochrane Library. Articles were included if they were published in English, in peer-reviewed journals, reported an effect of nicotine in the treatment of a clinical condition, experimental studies or clinical trials which investigated an effect of nicotine administration in patients with a clinical condition or epidemiological studies which investigated an effect of nicotine administration in patients with a clinical condition. Results Thirty-eight studies were identified and categorized into disease areas before systematic review. Nineteen studies were related to digestive diseases (primarily Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), six to atherosclerosis, five to skin and healing, four to pain and infection, three to pulmonary sarcoidosis, and three to multiple sclerosis (one study reported data on three disease areas). Risk of bias assessment was not carried out, but the general quality of the studies was low, mostly offering preliminary data in small numbers of participants. No consistent effects of nicotine treatment (primarily through use of transdermal nicotine patches or nicotine chewing gums) were reported across any of the disease models. Conclusion No reliable evidence of a pro- or anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine was observed in patients with any of the diseases included in this study.
- Published
- 2022
41. Properties for the Fréchet mean in Billera-Holmes-Vogtmann treespace.
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Maria Anaya, Olga Anipchenko-Ulaj, Aisha Ashfaq, Joyce Chiu, Mahedi Kaiser, Max Shoji Ohsawa, Megan Owen, Ella Pavlechko, Katherine St. John, Shivam Suleria, Keith Thompson, and Corrine Yap
- Published
- 2020
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42. Rotifers in relation to littoral ecotone structure in Lake Rotomanuka, North Island, New Zealand
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Keith Thompson, Ian C. Duggan, John D. Green, and Russell J. Shiel
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Ecology ,Abundance (ecology) ,Canonical correspondence analysis ,Species distribution ,Littoral zone ,Species diversity ,Ecotone ,Biology ,Limnetic zone ,Macrophyte - Abstract
Murray-Darling Freshwater Research CentreMDFRC item.The spatial and temporal dynamics of rotifers in the littoral ecotone of Lake Rotomanuka (37° 55 S, 175° 19 E) were studied from February to November 1994. Rotifers were sampled with artificial substrates at two or three weekly intervals from eight sites chosen with respect to macrophyte species distribution from near shore to deeper water. 58 rotifer species were found, a high diversity in comparison to that of New Zealand limnetic communities, which usually have less than ten species. Rotifers had peak abundances in summer within emergent and submerged vegetation, when shallow regions were dry. Lecane bulla (Gosse) and Testudinella parva (Ternetz) generally had the highest numerical densities. Three major temporal groupings of species were distinguished by cluster analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA): summer–autumn (e.g. Lecane hornemanni (Ehrenberg), L. bulla), winter-spring (e.g. Mytilina mucronata (Müller), Trichocerca porcellus (Gosse)), and late autumn to mid spring (e.g. T. parva, Polyarthra vulgaris (Carlin)). Rotifer species composition appeared to depend on seasonal change of water level and the associated shift from heterogeneous to homogenous physical and chemical conditions across the ecotone. Temporal variability in the abundance of zindividual rotifer species was far greater than their spatial variability. CCA indicated that temperature and pH were the factors most strongly associated with temporal variation in abundances of rotifer species. Macrophytes appeared to play the major role in determining spatial distribution, both because of differences in physical structure between species (affecting microhabitat diversity) and by causing variations in physical and chemical conditions (e.g. oxygen and pH) by inhibiting mixing.
- Published
- 2023
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43. Standard in vitro evaluations of engineered bone substitutes are not sufficient to predict in vivo preclinical model outcomes
- Author
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Luan P. Hatt, Angela R. Armiento, Karen Mys, Keith Thompson, Maria Hildebrand, Dirk Nehrbass, Werner E.G. Müller, Stephan Zeiter, David Eglin, and Martin J. Stoddart
- Subjects
Biomaterials ,Translational science ,Osteogenesis ,Bone ,Preclinical models ,Biomedical Engineering ,General Medicine ,Molecular Biology ,Biochemistry ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Understanding the optimal conditions required for bone healing can have a substantial impact to target the problem of non–unions and large bone defects. The combination of bioactive factors, regenerative progenitor cells and biomaterials to form a tissue engineered (TE) complex is a promising solution but translation to the clinic has been slow. We hypothesized the typical material testing algorithm used is insufficient and leads to materials being mischaracterized as promising. In the first part of this study, human bone marrow – derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) were embedded in three commonly used biomaterials (hyaluronic acid methacrylate, gelatin methacrylate and fibrin) and combined with relevant bioactive osteogenesis factors (dexamethasone microparticles and polyphosphate nanoparticles) to form a TE construct that underwent in vitro osteogenic differentiation for 28 days. Gene expression of relevant transcription factors and osteogenic markers, and von Kossa staining were performed. In the second and third part of this study, the same combination of TE constructs were implanted subcutaneously (cell containing) in T cell-deficient athymic Crl:NIH-Foxn1rnu rats for 8 weeks or cell free in an immunocompetent New Zealand white rabbit calvarial model for 6 weeks, respectively. Osteogenic performance was investigated via MicroCT imaging and histology staining. The in vitro study showed enhanced upregulation of relevant genes and significant mineral deposition within the three biomaterials, generally considered as a positive result. Subcutaneous implantation indicates none to minor ectopic bone formation. No enhanced calvarial bone healing was detected in implanted biomaterials compared to the empty defect. The reasons for the poor correlation of in vitro and in vivo outcomes are unclear and needs further investigation. This study highlights the discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo outcomes, demonstrating that in vitro data should be interpreted with extreme caution. In vitro models with higher complexity are necessary to increase value for translational studies. Statement of significance: Preclinical testing of newly developed biomaterials is a crucial element of the development cycle. Despite this, there is still significant discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo test results. Within this study we investigate multiple combinations of materials and osteogenic stimulants and demonstrate a poor correlation between the in vitro and in vivo data. We propose rationale for why this may be the case and suggest a modified testing algorithm., Acta Biomaterialia, 156, ISSN:1742-7061, ISSN:1878-7568
- Published
- 2023
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44. Christianity, Ethics and the Law
- Author
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Zachary R. Calo, Joshua Neoh, and A. Keith Thompson
- Published
- 2022
45. From Coercion to Covenant
- Author
-
A Keith Thompson
- Published
- 2022
46. Introduction
- Author
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Zachary R. Calo, Joshua Neoh, and A. Keith Thompson
- Published
- 2022
47. Towards situational pattern mining from microblogging activity.
- Author
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Nathan Gnanasambandam, Keith Thompson, Ion Florie Ho, Sarah S. Lam, and Sang Won Yoon
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Assessing the Levels of Robusta and Arabica in Roasted Ground Coffee Using NIR Hyperspectral Imaging and FTIR Spectroscopy
- Author
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Woranitta Sahachairungrueng, Chanyanuch Meechan, Nutchaya Veerachat, Anthony Keith Thompson, and Sontisuk Teerachaichayut
- Subjects
qualitative ,quantitative ,classification ,detection ,spectra ,Health (social science) ,Plant Science ,Health Professions (miscellaneous) ,Microbiology ,Food Science - Abstract
It has been reported that some brands of roasted ground coffee, whose ingredients are labeled as 100% Arabica coffee, may also contain the cheaper Robusta coffee. Thus, the objective of this research was to test whether near-infrared spectroscopy hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRs) could be used to test whether samples of coffee were pure Arabica or whether they contained Robusta, and if so, what were the levels of Robusta they contained. Qualitative models of both the NIR-HSI and FTIRs techniques were established with support vector machine classification (SVMC). Results showed that the highest levels of accuracy in the prediction set were 98.04 and 97.06%, respectively. Quantitative models of both techniques for predicting the concentration of Robusta in the samples of Arabica with Robusta were established using support vector machine regression (SVMR), which gave the highest levels of accuracy in the prediction set with a coefficient of determination for prediction (Rp2) of 0.964 and 0.956 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 5.47 and 6.07%, respectively. It was therefore concluded that the results showed that both techniques (NIR-HSI and FTIRs) have the potential for use in the inspection of roasted ground coffee to classify and determine the respective levels of Arabica and Robusta within the mixture.
- Published
- 2022
49. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug carprofen negatively impacts new bone formation and antibiotic efficacy in a rat model of orthopaedic-device-related infection
- Author
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Keshishian A, Keith Thompson, Dirk Nehrbass, Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan, Wittmann C, Styger U, M A Burch, R.G. Richards, Vincent A. Stadelmann, Daniel Arens, and Thomas Fintan Moriarty
- Subjects
Osteolysis ,RD1-811 ,medicine.drug_class ,in vivo µct ,Antibiotics ,Carbazoles ,Cefazolin ,Diseases of the musculoskeletal system ,Bone healing ,Pharmacology ,antibiotics ,Bone Infection ,Osteogenesis ,Staphylococcus epidermidis ,medicine ,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ,Animals ,Carprofen ,Rats, Wistar ,Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ,Tibia ,biology ,business.industry ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ,osteomyelitis ,Staphylococcal Infections ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Rats ,carprofen ,Orthopedics ,RC925-935 ,Catheter-Related Infections ,Surgery ,Female ,business ,Rifampicin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for pain management during recovery from orthopaedic surgery. NSAID use is associated with increased risk of bone healing complications but it is currently unknown whether NSAIDs increase the risk of developing an orthopaedic-device-related infection (ODRI) and/or affects its response to antibiotic therapy. The present study aimed to determine if administration of the NSAID carprofen [a preferential cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor] negatively affected Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) bone infection, or its subsequent treatment with antibiotics, in a rodent ODRI model. Sterile or S. epidermidis-contaminated screws (~ 1.5 x 106 CFU) were implanted into the proximal tibia of skeletally mature female Wistar rats, in the absence or presence of daily carprofen administration. A subset of infected animals received antibiotics (rifampicin plus cefazolin) from day 7 to 21, to determine if carprofen affected antibiotic efficacy. Bone changes were monitored using in vivo µCT scanning and histological analysis. The risk of developing an infection with carprofen administration was assessed in separate animals at day 9 using a screw contaminated with 102 CFU S. epidermidis. Quantitative bacteriological analysis assessed bacterial load at euthanasia. In the 28-day antibiotic treatment study, carprofen reduced osteolysis but markedly diminished reparative bone formation, although total bacterial load was not affected at euthanasia. Antibiotic efficacy was negatively affected by carprofen (carprofen: 8/8 infected; control: 2/9 infected). Finally, carprofen increased bacterial load and diminished bone formation following reduced S. epidermidis inoculum (102 CFU) at day 9. This study suggests that NSAIDs with COX-2 selectivity reduce antibiotic efficacy and diminish reparative responses to S. epidermidis ODRI.
- Published
- 2021
50. Gut microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids and bone: a potential role in fracture healing
- Author
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Alexandra Wallimann, Cezmi A. Akdis, R.G. Richards, Thomas Fintan Moriarty, Keith Thompson, Christopher J. Hernandez, W Magrath, Liam O'Mahony, University of Zurich, and Hernandez, C J
- Subjects
1303 Biochemistry ,RD1-811 ,0206 medical engineering ,2204 Biomedical Engineering ,610 Medicine & health ,Inflammation ,Diseases of the musculoskeletal system ,02 engineering and technology ,Bone healing ,Gut flora ,Bone tissue ,Bone and Bones ,1307 Cell Biology ,short-chain fatty acids (scfas) ,Immune system ,Tissue engineering ,10183 Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research ,Osteoclast ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Fracture Healing ,1502 Bioengineering ,gut microbiota ,biology ,business.industry ,2502 Biomaterials ,osteoblasts ,osseointegration ,Osteoblast ,tissue engineering constructs ,Fatty Acids, Volatile ,biology.organism_classification ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Cell biology ,bone fracture ,osteoclasts ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,RC925-935 ,Surgery ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Bone healing complications such as delayed healing or non-union affect 5-10 % of patients with a long-bone fracture and lead to reduced quality of life and increased health-care costs. The gut microbiota and the metabolites they produce, mainly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have been shown to impact nearly all organs of the human body including bone. SCFAs show broad activity in positively influencing bone healing outcomes either by acting directly on cell types involved in fracture healing, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes and fibroblasts, or indirectly, by shaping an appropriate anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory response. Due to the ability of SCFAs to influence osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, SCFAs may also affect the integration of orthopaedic implants in bone. In addition, SCFA-derivatives have already been used in a variety of tissue engineering constructs to reduce inflammation and induce bone tissue production. The present review summarises the current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiota, in particular through the action of SCFAs, in the individual stages of bone healing and provides insights into how SCFAs may be utilised in a manner beneficial for fracture healing and surgical reconstruction.
- Published
- 2021
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