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1. IDAC-Dose 2.1, an internal dosimetry program for diagnostic nuclear medicine based on the ICRP adult reference voxel phantoms

Author

Martin Andersson, Lennart Johansson, Keith Eckerman, and Sören Mattsson

Subjects
Internal dosimetry, ICRP, IDAC, DCAL, Effective dose, Radiopharmaceuticals, Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, R895-920
Abstract

Abstract Background To date, the estimated radiation-absorbed dose to organs and tissues in patients undergoing diagnostic examinations in nuclear medicine is derived via calculations based on models of the human body and the biokinetic behaviour of the radiopharmaceutical. An internal dosimetry computer program, IDAC-Dose2.1, was developed based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)-specific absorbed fractions and computational framework of internal dose assessment given for reference adults in ICRP Publication 133. The program uses the radionuclide decay database of ICRP Publication 107 and considers 83 different source regions irradiating 47 target tissues, defining the effective dose as presented in ICRP Publications 60 and 103. The computer program was validated against another ICRP dosimetry program, Dose and Risk Calculation (DCAL), that employs the same computational framework in evaluation of occupational and environmental intakes of radionuclides. IDAC-Dose2.1 has a sub-module for absorbed dose calculations in spherical structures of different volumes and composition; this sub-module is intended for absorbed dose estimates in radiopharmaceutical therapy. For nine specific alpha emitters, the absorbed dose contribution from their decay products is also included in the committed absorbed dose calculations. Results The absorbed doses and effective dose of 131I-iodide determined by IDAC-Dose2.1 were validated against the dosimetry program DCAL, showing identical results. IDAC-Dose2.1 was used to calculate absorbed doses for intravenously administered 18F-FDG and orally administered 99mTc-pertechnetate and 131I-iodide, three frequently used radiopharmaceuticals. Using the tissue weighting factors from ICRP Publication 103, the effective dose per administered activity was estimated to be 0.016 mSv/MBq for 18F-FDG, 0.014 mSv/MBq for 99mTc-pertechnetate, and 16 mSv/MBq for 131I-iodide. Conclusions The internal dosimetry program IDAC-Dose2.1 was developed and applied to three radiopharmaceuticals for validation against DCAL and to generate improved absorbed dose estimations for diagnostic nuclear medicine using specific absorbed fraction values of the ICRP computational voxel phantoms. The sub-module for absorbed dose calculations in spherical structures 1 mm to 9 cm in diameter and different tissue composition was included to broaden the clinical usefulness of the program. The IDAC-Dose2.1 program is free software for research and available for download at http://www.idac-dose.org .

Published
2017
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3. IDAC-Bio, A Software for Internal Dosimetry Based on the New ICRP Biokinetic Models and Specific Absorbed Fractions

Author

Martin Andersson, Richard W. Leggett, Keith Eckerman, Anja Almén, and Sören Mattsson

Subjects
Radioisotopes, Radiation Protection, Epidemiology, Phantoms, Imaging, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiation Dosage, Radiometry, Software, Aged
Abstract

Radiation dosimetry is central to virtually all radiation safety applications, optimization, and research. It relates to various individuals and population groups and to miscellaneous exposure situations-including planned, existing, and emergency situations. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has developed a new computational framework for internal dose estimations. Important components are more detailed and improved anatomical models and more realistic biokinetic models than before. The ICRP is currently producing new organ dose and effective dose coefficients for occupational intakes of radionuclides (OIR) and environmental intakes of radionuclides (EIR), which supersede the earlier dose coefficients in Publication 68 and the Publication 72 series, respectively. However, the ICRP only publishes dose coefficients for a single acute intake of a radionuclide and for an integration period of 50 years for intake by adults and to age 70 years for intakes by pre-adults. The new software, IDAC-Bio, performs committed absorbed dose and effective dose calculations for a selectable intake scenario, e.g., for a continuous intake or an intake during x hours per day and y days per week, and for any selected integration time. The software uses the primary data and models of the ICRP biokinetic models and numerically solves the biokinetic model and calculates the absorbed doses to organs and tissues in the ICRP reference human phantoms. The software calculates absorbed dose using the nuclear decay data in ICRP publication 107. IDAC-Bio is a further development and an important addition to the internal dosimetry program IDAC-Dose2.1. The results generated by the software were validated against published ICRP dose coefficients. The potential of the software is illustrated by dose calculations for a nuclear power plant worker who had been exposed to varying levels of 60 Co and who had undergone repeated whole-body measurements, and for a hypothetical member of the public subject to future releases of 148 Gd from neutron spallation in tungsten at the European Spallation Source.

Published
2022

4. DOSIMETRY AND CANCER RISK ESTIMATIONS FOR DIFFERENT RADIATION PROTECTION SOLUTIONS AT DECOMMISSIONING A CONTAMINATED NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITE

Author

Martin Andersson, Keith Eckerman, and Ünal Ören

Subjects
Adult, Radiation, Radiation Protection, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Cesium Radioisotopes, Radiation Monitoring, Nuclear Power Plants, Neoplasms, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, General Medicine
Abstract

Contaminated sediments originating from dredging activities in a nuclear power plant site were placed in a pond, which has to be taken into consideration during the future decommissioning process. The sediments have to be handled to free release the site. The radionuclides Co-60 and Cs-137 were identified and the activity concentrations (Bq/kg) were quantified in the range of 10–6000 and 5–50 Bq kg−1, respectively. The absorbed dose rate to individuals of various ages and sex present at the site of the dry pond area was estimated. The radiological impact in terms of lifetime attributable risk (LAR) and effective dose were calculated. For a 30-year-old male exposed during one year without any action regarding the sediments in the dried out pond, the LAR was predicted to be 0.0027, which recalculated to effective dose corresponds to 7.6 mSv year−1. The calculations show that countermeasures will be needed for the contaminated site.

Published
2022

5. Contaminant deposition building shielding factors for US residential structures

Author

Elijah, Dickson, David, Hamby, and Keith, Eckerman

Abstract

This paper presents validated building shielding factors designed for contemporary US housing-stock under an idealized, yet realistic, exposure scenario from contaminant deposition on the roof and surrounding surfaces. The building shielding factors are intended for use in emergency planning and level three probabilistic risk assessments for a variety of postulated radiological events in which a realistic assessment is necessary to better understand the potential risks for accident mitigation and emergency response planning. Factors are calculated from detailed computational housing-units models using the general-purpose Monte Carlo N-Particle computational code, MCNP5, and are benchmarked from a series of narrow- and broad-beam measurements analyzing the shielding effectiveness of ten common general-purpose construction materials and ten shielding models representing the primary weather barriers (walls and roofs) of likely US housing-stock. Each model was designed to scale based on common residential construction practices and include, to the extent practical, all structurally significant components important for shielding against ionizing radiation. Calculations were performed for floor-specific locations from contaminant deposition on the roof and surrounding ground as well as for computing a weighted-average representative building shielding factor for single- and multi-story detached homes, both with and without basement as well for single-wide manufactured housing-unit.

Published
2017

6. ORNL Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program FY 2008 Annual Report

Author

Joanna McFarlane, Valmor de Almeida, Johney Green, Stuart Daw, Kalyan Chakravarthy, Sam Lewis, Scott Sluder, Bill Steele, Robert Wagner, Rolf Reitz, Gary Bell, Rick Battiste, Ralph Dinwiddie, Sam Sham, Panos Datskos, Nickolay Lavrik, Barton Smith, Viviane Schwartz, Costas Tsouris, Claus Daniel, Leon Tolbert, Madhu Chinthavali, Burak Ozpineci, Fran Li, John Kueck, Michael Starke, Hui Zhang, Yan Xu, David DePaoli, Alicia Compere, William Griffith, Chaitanya Narula, Arpad Vass, Luis Sanchez, Joel McDuffee, Jess Gehin, Randy Hobbs, Larry Ott, Lance Snead, Donald Spellman, Dennis Heatherly, Ronald Ellis, Kenneth Thoms, Sheng Dai, Huimin Luo, Gary Baker, Todd Toops, C. Britton, G. Alley, M. Ericson, R. Warmack, S. Retterer, Glenn Young, Bernadetta Srijanto, Chad Duty, Ron Ott, Philip Boudreaux, Adrian Sabau, Gerald Jellison, Curt Maxey, Keith Leonard, Biswajit Das, Volker Urban, Kunlun Hong, Phillip Britt, Jimmy Mays, Alexander Boeker, Miroslaw Gruszkiewicz, Ariel Chialvo, David Cole, Michael Simonson, Douglas Goeringer, Gary Van Berkel, Vilmos Kertesz, William Whitten, Robert Shaw, G. Stocks, Amit Goyal, Jianxin Zhong, Yanfei Gao, Albina Borisevich, Niels Jonge, Andrew Lupini, Stephen Pennycook, Gabriel Veith, Ho Lee, Matthew Chisholm, David Singh, Sergei Kalinin, Gilbert Brown, Ilia Ivanov, Stephen Jesse, David Hoelzer, James Bentley, Chong Fu, Michael Miller, Xingqiu Chen, Xun-Li Wang, Benjamin Hay, Jeremy Jackson, David Geohegan, Gernot Rother, Petro Maksymovych, Vincent Meunier, J. Wendelken, Zhenyu Zhang, Gyula Eres, M. Paranthaman, Baohua Gu, Wenguang Zhu, A. Buchanan III, Michelle Kidder, Reza Dabestani, Edward Hagaman, Minghu Pan, John Ankner, Mark Dadmun, S. Kilbey II, John Simpson, Nancy Dudney, Karren More, Ed Hagaman, Bob Shaw, De-en Jiang, Andrew Payzant, Edgar Lara-Curzio, Charles Collier, Seung-Yong Jung, Scott Retterer, Zhiyu Hu, Mark Buckner, Michael Moore, Michael Vann, Nageswara Rao, Lawrence MacIntryre, Miljko Bobrek, Benjamin Huey, Donald Bouldin, A. Qualls, B. Sumpter, S. Labinov, John Neal, Lynn Boatner, Slobodan Rajic, Mallikarjun Shankar, Yu Jiao, Ryan Kerekes, Rick Lusk, Thomas Potok, Timothy Rhyne, Vladimir Protopopescu, William Heller, Yiming Mo, Dean Myles, Greg Smith, Eugene Mamontov, Peter Cummings, Kenneth Herwig, Louis Santodonato, J. Ankner, J. Mays, J. Messman, D. Myles, B. Lokitz, Liyuan Liang, Wei Wang, Alex Johs, Hugh O’Neill, Edward Snell, Chris Tulk, Antonio Dos Santos, Jamie Molaison, Bryan Chakoumakos, Juske Horita, Dave Cole, Robert Welton, F. Baity, Richard Goulding, Andrew Christianson, Sheila Baker, Mark Lumsden, Stephen Nagler, Brian Sales, Thomas Schulthess, Thomas McManamy, Roy Crawford, Phillip Ferguson, James Janney, Mark Rennich, Leighton Coates, Flora Meilleur, Randy Fishman, Lee Robertson, Jian Shen, Wei-Ren Chen, Gregory Smith, William Goddard, Yi Liu, Yun Liu, Lionel Porcar, Pratul Agarwal, Edward Michaud III, Carmen Foster, Martin Keller, Zamin Yang, Amudhan Venkateswaran, Mircea Podar, Christopher Schadt, Steven Brown, Shihui Yang, Timothy Tschaplinski, Dale Pelletier, Gregory Hurst, Yunfeng Yang, Udaya Kalluri, Timothy McKnight, Jennifer Morrell-Falvey, Patricia Lankford, Sara Jawdy, A. Borole, Anthony Palumbo, Nance Ericson, Jeremy Smith, Elissa Chesler, Virginia Dale, Latha Baskaran, Budhendra Bhaduri, Robin Graham, Richard Middleton, Patrick Mulholland, Esther Parish, Alexandre Sorokine, Amy Wolfe, Thomas Wilbanks, Auroop Ganguly, Anthony King, David Erickson, Keith Kline, Sherry Wright, Hector Castro-Gonzalez, Marie De Graaff, Charles Garten III, Aimee Classen, Paul Hanson, Stan Wullschleger, Richard Norby, Kenneth Childs, Warren Thomas, Brynn Voy, Ram Datar, Olaf Storaasli, Edoardo Apra, Jerzy Bernholc, Robert Harrison, William Shelton, Bobby Sumpter, Sudharshan Vazhkudai, John Cobb, Xiaosong Ma, Stephen Scott, Hong Ong, Christian Engelmann, Geoffroy Vallee, Ricky Kendall, Ron Brightwell, Barney Maccabe, T. Schulthess, M. Eisenbach, D. Nicholson, X. Tao, C. Zhou, J. Levesque, Andrey Gorin, Nabeela Ahmad, Andrew Bordner, Jessie Gu, Guruprasad Kora, Chongle Pan, Byung-Hoon Park, Nagiza Samatova, Xiuping Tao, Edward Uberbacher, Kalyan Perumalla, Sudip Seal, Jeffrey Vetter, Srikanth Yoginath, Srdjan Simunovic, Phani Nukala, Kevin Clarno, Ian Gauld, Theodore Besmann, Charles Weber, Warren Grice, Ryan Bennink, Philip Evans, Travis Humble, David Bernholdt, Richard Barrett, Wael Elwasif, Aniruddha Shet, John Drake, J. White III, R. Archibald, J. Drake, K. Evans, D. Kothe, P. Worley, Jim Kohl, Doug Lepro, Dude Neergaard, Thomas Maier, Gonzalo Alvarez, Jeremy Meredith, Michael Summers, Mark Bannister, Robert Hettich, Charles Vane, Charles Havener, Herbert Krause, Michael Fogle, Jr., David Schultz, Robert Continetti, Mats Larsson, Richard Thomas, Mitchel Doktycz, David Allison, Thomas Thundat, Christopher Rey, Abhijeet Borole, Ali Passian, Yisong Wang, Yie Liu, Henry Lin, Boyd Evans, Siyang Zheng, Jason Fowlkes, Philip Rack, James Lee, Barbara Evans, Peter Reilly, Elias Greenbaum, Sylvia McLain, David Baker, Chengdu Liang, Jane Howe, Jun Xu, Radu Custelcean, Steve Overbury, Seth Cohen, Richard Ward, Kara Kruse, James Nutaro, Barbara Beckerman, Oscar Grandas, Xiaohui Cui, B. Radhakrishnan, X.-G. Zhang, An-Ping Li, N. Kulkarni, Shannon Mahurin, Meng-Dawn Cheng, David Gossage, Bruce Wilson, T. Yin, L. Gunter, Ken Littrell, Hassina Bilheux, D. Bjornstad, A. Wolfe, Jeff Warren, Timothy Bigelow, John Caughman, John McKeever, Philip Ryan, Matthew Scudiere, Gary Alley, Nagraj Kulkarni, Hsin Wang, Harry Meyer, Bala Radhakrishnan, Don Nicholson, Peter Todd, Kenneth Tobin, Vincent Paquit, Jeffery Price, John Jansen, Lonnie Love, Peter Lloyd, Christopher Mann, Philip Bingham, John Biggerstaff, Michael Zemel, Brian D’Urso, Randy Lind, Justin Baba, Seung Lee, S. Rajic, P. Datskos, Fernando Reboredo, Chengjun Sun, Xiaoguang Zhang, David Mandrus, C. Narula, M. Moses-DeBusk, A. Buchanan, C. Hsueh, P. Becher, C. Liu, John Wang, Narendra Dahotre, Seokho Kim, Peter Blau, Steve Pawel, Hans Christen, Joachim Schneibel, Michael Brady, Terry Tiegs, John Vitek, J. Horton, Ken Liu, Dan Naus, I. Wright, Lance. Snead, Thak Byun, Roger Miller, B. Bischoff, K. Adcock, Evan Ohriner, Donald Erdmann III, Katyayani Seal, James Haynes, Bruce Pint, Pengcheng Dai, Zheng Gai, Lifeng Yin, Y. Melnichenko, G. Wignall, D. Cole, A. Radlinski, M. Mastalerz, C. Alexander, R. Smithwick, L. Lewis, L. Boatner, Juan Ferrada, Jack Collins, Les Dole, Charles Forsberg, M. Haire, Rodney Hunt, Ben Lewis, Ray Wymer, Jennifer Ladd-Lively, Michael Hu, Lei Shao, Hatice Akkurt, Keith Eckerman, Ida Lee, Sotira Yiacoumi, Daniel Hollenbach, D. Dean, M. Ramsey-Musolf, Michael Smith, Eric Lingerfelt, Kim Buckner, and Caroline Nesaraja

Subjects
Engineering, Aeronautics, business.industry, Annual report, business
Published
2009

7. Radiological Physics Division. Annual Report, July 1968--June 1969

Author

Alan Cole, D. J. Simmons, Helen Cummins, F. J. Congel, Jacob Kastner, D. N. Edgington, S. A. Gordon, M. M. Thommes, L. A. Almodovar, L. I. Harrison, Patricia Failla, J. E. Farnham, R. E. Rowland, R. B. Holtzman, F. H. Ilcewicz, null Lucas, Jr., H. F., Elizabeth Lloyd, Frank Markun, P. J. Colby, J. H. Marshall, Harold May, L. D. Marinelli, Paul Hess, G. F. Clemente, I. K. Abu-Shumays, O. J. Steingraber, R. M. Parr, M. L. Griem, A. S. Kunin, R. Hakim, J. E. Carson, Harry Moses, D. N. Eggenberger, J. B. Anderson, D. F. Gatz, W. R. Anderson, I. B. Berlman, Mitio Inokuti, Y. -K. Kim, R. K. Langs, B. A. Cameron, Michael Paesler, George Anderson, B. G. Oltman, C. M. Paden, J. H. Roberts, R. A. Parker, Keith Eckerman, Pete Tedeschi, R. H. Selner, Yehuda Feige, Raymond Gold, Smio Tani, F. F. Rieke, William Prepejchal, J. C. Person, P. P. Nicole, H. A. Schultz, P. F. Gustafson, S. S. Brar, D. M. Nelson, and S. E. Muniak

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Radiological weapon, medicine, Medical physics, Annual report, Division (mathematics), Engineering physics
Published
1970

8. Lifetime attributable risk as an alternative to effective dose to describe the risk of cancer for patients in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine.

Author

Martin Andersson, Keith Eckerman, and Sören Mattsson

Subjects
*CANCER risk factors, *NUCLEAR medicine
Abstract

The aim of this study is to implement lifetime attributable risk (LAR) predictions of cancer for patients of various age and gender, undergoing diagnostic investigations or treatments in nuclear medicine and to compare the outcome with a population risk estimate using effective dose and the International Commission on Radiological Protection risk coefficients. The radiation induced risk of cancer occurrence (incidence) or death from four nuclear medicine procedures are estimated for both male and female between 0 and 120 years. Estimations of cancer risk are performed using recommended administered activities for two diagnostic (18F-FDG and 99mTc-phosphonate complex) and two therapeutic (131I-iodide and 223Ra-dichloride) radiopharmaceuticals to illustrate the use of cancer risk estimations in nuclear medicine. For 18F-FDG, the cancer incidence for a male of 5, 25, 50 and 75 years at exposure is 0.0021, 0.0010, 0.0008 and 0.0003, respectively. For 99mTc phosphonates complex the corresponding values are 0.000 59, 0.000 34, 0.000 27 and 0.000 13, respectively. For an 131I-iodide treatment with 3.7 GBq and 1% uptake 24 h after administration, the cancer incidence for a male of 25, 50 and 75 years at exposure is 0.041, 0.029 and 0.012, respectively. For 223Ra-dichloride with an administration of 21.9 MBq the cancer incidence for a male of 25, 50 and 75 years is 0.31, 0.21 and 0.09, respectively. The LAR estimations are more suitable in health care situations involving individual patients or specific groups of patients than the health detriment based on effective dose, which represents a population average. The detriment consideration in effective dose adjusts the cancer incidence for suffering of non-lethal cancers while LAR predicts morbidity (incidence) or mortality (cancer). The advantages of these LARs are that they are gender and age specific, allowing risk estimations for specific patients or subgroups thus better representing individuals in health care than effective dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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9. Inclusion of thin target and source regions in alimentary and respiratory tract systems of mesh-type ICRP adult reference phantoms.

Author

Han Sung Kim, Yeon Soo Yeom, Thang Tat Nguyen, Chansoo Choi, Min Cheol Han, Jai Ki Lee, Chan Hyeong Kim, Maria Zankl, Nina Petoussi-Henss, Wesley E Bolch, Choonsik Lee, Rui Qiu, Keith Eckerman, and Beom Sun Chung

Subjects
RESPIRATORY infections, IMAGING phantoms
Abstract

It is not feasible to define very small or complex organs and tissues in the current voxel-type adult reference computational phantoms of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), which limit dose coefficients for weakly penetrating radiations. To address the problem, the ICRP is converting the voxel-type reference phantoms into mesh-type phantoms. In the present study, as a part of the conversion project, the micrometer-thick target and source regions in the alimentary and respiratory tract systems as described in ICRP Publications 100 and 66 were included in the mesh-type ICRP reference adult male and female phantoms. In addition, realistic lung airway models were simulated to represent the bronchial (BB) and bronchiolar (bb) regions. The electron specific absorbed fraction (SAF) values for the alimentary and respiratory tract systems were then calculated and compared with the values calculated with the stylized models of ICRP Publications 100 and 66. The comparisons show generally good agreement for the oral cavity, oesophagus, and BB, whereas for the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, extrathoracic region, and bb, there are some differences (e.g. up to ~9 times in the large intestine). The difference is mainly due to anatomical difference in these organs between the realistic mesh-type phantoms and the simplified stylized models. The new alimentary and respiratory tract models in the mesh-type ICRP reference phantoms preserve the topology and dimensions of the voxel-type ICRP phantoms and provide more reliable SAF values than the simplified models adopted in previous ICRP Publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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