Search

In this article, I want to put Whitehead to work in the context of the discourse of sustainable development. My argument will be that Whitehead offers a way of thinking about and doing metaphysics that challenges the logic of anthropocentrism that drives much of the thinking around sustainable development. First, I will introduce the idea of sustainable development and give a brief history. Second, I will give an archaeology of sustainable development by exploring one of its fault lines: the divide that separates the anthropocentric from the nonanthropocentric, the human from the nonhuman. I will give examples of each approach and argue that Whitehead provides a metaphysics that attempts to overcome the “bifurcation of nature” and gives us a nonanthropocentric opening onto the ethical that promises new ways to think and practice sustainable development.

Whilst the word itself appears very infrequently in Bermuda statute, the role of the protector has long featured in Bermuda trust practice and is often of great importance. This article outlines the statutory references to the office of Protector in Bermuda and then looks at some recent Bermuda cases where protectors were in issue, including where the Court has exercised its inherent jurisdiction to appoint and remove protectors. These cases show that the Court is willing to quickly intervene in the best interests of the beneficiaries.

In questo articolo sostengo che Deleuze, Whitehead e Bergson condividono un simile approccio riguardo all'astrazione, un approccio che fondamentalmente è "pragmatista" (in senso ampio, vicino al pragmatismo "fantastico" di James Williams). Appoggiandosi a William James, un nome per questo approccio metodologico condiviso è empirismo radicale, meglio compreso, nella mia visione, nel contesto della filosofia del processo. Benché quegli autori condividano un approccio simile, evidenzierò alcune differenze tra gli empiristi radicali nel modo in cui essi pensano alle loro astrazioni chiave, che coinvolgono i temi della relazione, del divenire e dello spazio-tempo. Tutti e tre i pensatori ci offrono astrazioni per pensare la vita come creazione del nuovo., In this paper I will argue that Deleuze, Whitehead and Bergson share a similar approach to abstraction, an approach that is fundamentally ‘pragmatist’ (broadly construed, close to James Williams’ ‘fantastic’ pragmatism). Leaning on William James one name for this shared approach methodologically is radical empiricism and is best understood in my view in the context of process philosophy. Although, they share a similar approach I will point out some differences between the radical empiricists in the way they think about some of their own key abstractions engaging the themes of relation, becoming and space-time. All three thinkers give us abstractions for thinking life as the creation of the new.

Hyperinflammation triggered by SARS-CoV-2 is a major cause of disease severity, with activated macrophages implicated in this response. OP-101, a hydroxyl-polyamidoamine dendrimer– N -acetylcysteine conjugate that specifically targets activated macrophages, improves outcomes in preclinical models of systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive phase 2a trial, we evaluated safety and preliminary efficacy of OP-101 in patients with severe COVID-19. Twenty-four patients classified as having severe COVID-19 with a baseline World Health Organization seven-point ordinal scale of ≥5 were randomized to receive a single intravenous dose of placebo ( n = 7 patients) or OP-101 at 2 ( n = 6), 4 ( n = 6), or 8 mg/kg ( n = 5 patients). All study participants received standard of care, including corticosteroids. OP-101 at 4 mg/kg was better than placebo at decreasing inflammatory markers; OP-101 at 4 and 8 mg/kg was better than placebo at reducing neurological injury markers, (neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein). Risk for the composite outcome of mechanical ventilation or death at 30 and 60 days after treatment was 71% (95% CI: 29%, 96%) for placebo and 18% (95% CI: 4%, 43%; P = 0.021) for the pooled OP-101 treatment arms. At 60 days, 3 of 7 patients given placebo and 14 of 17 OP-101–treated patients were surviving. No drug-related adverse events were reported. These data show that OP-101 was well tolerated and may have potential to treat systemic inflammation and neuronal injury, reducing morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19.

This chapter continues the recent debate on the epistemological dimension of traces and tracing. Following our own preliminary work and in confrontation with an explicitly non-Western epistemology—namely, the case of “First Australians”—the chapter proposes the perspective of interpretive tracing. It calls for the systematic reflection of practices and underlying epistemologies of traces as objects of interpretation in a cross-cultural, i.e., cosmopolitan, perspective. It is a perspective that is sensitive to the tacit assumptions of objectivity and linear inferencing that underlie many Western approaches. Further, it is an open perspective that is sensitive to various embedded notions of time and temporality (not just time as a linear approach to the world) in particular. Furthermore, this perspective we advocate can eventually show that trace and tracing entail different social, cultural, and societal notions of social binding.

How likely is it that the average American will become an inventor? With a novel idea and hard work, it should be a possibility for all Americans. The data suggests otherwise. Most patents are obtained by inventors that work for large corporations. Small businesses, solo inventors, women, and minorities lag behind their counterparts in patenting. A common explanation for this phenomenon is that it is a “pipeline” issue. However, evidence suggests that the patent system is not accessible to underrepresented innovators for more problematic reasons. At almost the same time as information about the concentration of patenting activity has garnered attention, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) has become more vocal about its interest in Artificial Intelligence (“AI”). AI will transform how the USPTO examines patent applications. It may also transform how people invent. What has been absent from the conversation about AI and patenting is the negative effect AI has had when introduced in other social systems. For example, AI models can exhibit bias that concentrates power around incumbents. In addition, leaders overestimate the ability of AI models to solve human issues. This article refers to these problems collectively as “AI enthusiasm.” This Article argues that AI enthusiasm threatens to make the patent system less accessible for underrepresented innovators. In response, this article presents a framework for improving access to the patent system given the emergence of AU. First, limits must be placed on AI-assisted examination informed by best practices that combat AI bias. Second, the USPTO should grant patents to inventions that are created with the assistance of AI only if the AI involved adheres to a set of best practices that reduce the chance of biased outcomes. Finally, true access involves removing obstacles to the innovation culture that has historically been closed to underrepresented inventors. Thus, AI tools should be deployed to assist underrepresented innovators in the patenting process. Collectively, these measures may provide U.S. innovators from all walks of life the opportunity to call themselves an inventor.

The intersection between the court’s power to bless the decision of a trustee and the impact of a settlor’s wishes on trustee decision-making has recently been considered by the Supreme Court of Bermuda in the important decision of In the Matter of the R Trust. In blessing the decision of the trustee in this case, the court referred with approval of the dicta of the UK Supreme Court in Pitt v Holt that the settlor’s wishes are simply a “relevant consideration”.

In the matter of the H Trust [2019] SC (Bda) 27 Com (30 April 2019), the Supreme Court of Bermuda delivered an important judgment in which it exercised its inherent supervisory powers over trusts to appoint protectors. In its decision, the court also reaffirmed the wide breadth of the court’s jurisdiction under section 47 of the Trustee Act 1975 (‘section 47’) to grant powers to trustees to vary trusts when it is satisfied it is ‘expedient’ to do so.

In a juvenile toxicology program, an unexpected finding of vacuolation of inner nuclear, ganglion cell, and nerve fiber layers of the retina was observed microscopically in routine Davidson’s fixed and hematoxylin and eosin–stained tissue sections of eyes in beagle dogs at approximately 5 weeks of age. There was no necrosis or degeneration of the affected cells and no associated inflammation. Fluorescein angiography revealed no vascular leakage. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) indicated swollen cells in the same layers of the retina as observed at light microscopic examination. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the retinal vacuolation likely was consistent with intracellular swelling of amacrine, horizontal, and/or bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer as affected cells had an expanded cytoplasm but contained normal nucleus and organelles. As assessed by animal behavior and full-field electroretinography, the retinal vacuolation appeared to have no impact on visual function. Retinal vacuolation was seen in approximately 40% of dogs at 5 weeks of age using OCT and/or light microscopic examination. Because the change was transient and age related, did not result in degenerative retinal changes, and was not present in dogs older than 5 weeks of age, it was considered a background developmental observation in beagle dogs.

Interactive inventions are systems and processes that can be used by multiple actors at the same time. Many interactive inventions are the product of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things that allow billions of everyday devices to communicate with each other via the Internet. Other interactive inventions are prevalent in the emerging fields of personalized medicine and FinTech (new financial technologies). Unfortunately, the law concerning how to determine liability when a patent directed to an interactive invention is infringed is dissonant across classes of inventions. Specifically, what it means to “use” an interactive system is different from what it means to “use” an interactive method. Why does the law treat these acts differently? Should it? This Article attempts to answer these important questions. Specifically, this Article contends that the current framework for what it means to “use” an interactive system is problematic. Interactive inventions are different than traditional method and system inventions. Unfortunately, courts have too often applied, especially in recent cases involving interactive systems, an outmoded framework to interactive inventions. When interactive inventions are analyzed under the proper framework, it allows for the application of sound legal principles to solve multi-actor liability problems. Specifically, this Article argues that a direct infringer “uses” an interactive system when it controls the system and obtains a benefit from it. This approach is also more consistent with the recently broadened standard for infringement of interactive methods.

The Coleman Report posited that the inequality of educational opportunity appears to stem from the home itself and the cultural influences immediately surrounding the home. However, this line of inquiry assumes that school and home processes operate in isolation, which is often not the case. An example of how families and schools can reinforce one another is through parental involvement. Whereas some studies suggest that children have better achievement outcomes when their parents are involved in their education, other studies challenge the link between parental involvement and academic outcomes. One major reason for this lack of consensus among scholars is that parents’ involvement has been measured differently across studies. Thus, scholars’ disagreements about how parents should be involved and about which aspects of parental involvement are associated with improvements in children’s academic outcomes have contributed to inconsistent findings. We argue that the mixed results observed in previous studies indicate that parental involvement does not operate through the typical channels posited by researchers, educators, and policymakers and that traditional measures of parental involvement fail to capture the fundamental ways in which parents help their children academically. We propose a framework of parental involvement that might provide some clarity on how parental involvement operates.

Whitehead’s accounts of perception are arguably amongst his most important philosophical legacies. His notions of ‘causal efficacy’, ‘presentational immediacy’, and ‘symbolic reference’ offer a direct challenge to the various schools of thought derived from Hume and Kant, in which causation is seen as a pale derivation from the ‘sensationalist’ vivid impressions of immediate atomic sense-data presented to consciousness. Whitehead ties his account of perception not only to a certain conception of causality and time, but also to a generalized or originary account of symbolism. Originary symbolism is the power to affect or be affected, an exposure to what happens as the condition not just for language, experience, or even God in Whitehead’s sense, but for all becoming and life.This critique of ‘natural perception’ and the generalization of an ‘originary’ differential structure is also taken up and developed in great detail and complexity in the work of the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Contrasting Whitehead’s account of originary symbolism with Deleuze will enable the drawing out of some of the radical innovations and variations of the process view with regard to perception and life.

Growth and development of the immature organism can be adversely affected by indirect and direct exposures to xenobiotics. There has been an increase in the requirements for juvenile toxicity testing of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals since 1998, with regulatory agencies commonly requiring nonclinical studies; particular emphasis is often being placed on evaluations of growth and the development of the skeleton. A number of therapeutic classes have been shown to affect the human pediatric skeleton and various juvenile animal models. A nonclinical approach must be taken for full evaluation of effects on the musculoskeletal system’s development in pharmaceutical testing, because the prolonged times for completion of development in the human precludes a clinical approach. A range of techniques can be used in toxicology studies, including biochemical markers and in vivo imaging that can also be incorporated in clinical trials. These techniques along with routine toxicology endpoints, growth measurements, and ex vivo techniques, such as histomorphometry and biomechanical testing, can be incorporated into juvenile toxicology studies, each of which is designed on a case-by-case basis. Key factors in study design of the nonclinical program are the species, age, dose route, duration of dosing, and the post-dosing development period, and which outcome measures to include.

Letters of Wishes are an important part of the trust landscape, especially offshore. However, their status is little discussed and often misunderstood. In this article, the author responds to Stephen Moverley Smith QC and Andrew Holden’s article ‘Too many cooks: Letters of wishes and the ongoing role of the settlor’. He argues that Letters of Wishes are an important and legitimate part of trustees’ ‘adequate deliberations’.

The structure of the physical environment can have a significant influence on individuals’ ability to orient within it. We asked participants to perform a cued wayfinding task in two virtual environments to test the hypothesis that spatial orientation skills are indeed affected by the physical complexity of the environment. The two virtual environments used for testing differed solely in one objective measure of plan complexity, that is, the average number of connections at each decision point or terminal corridor. Our results showed that participants committed more errors and took longer to reach their destinations in the more interconnected environment. Performance was more efficient on trials in which participants were able to use previously learned routes relative to trials in which participants were forced to plan novel routes. These findings provide strong evidence that people’s ability to navigate in unfamiliar surroundings is affected by the layout complexity of the environment.

Using nationally representative data on 12,462 kindergarten children, this report examines the link between behavioral engagement and math achievement growth during kindergarten. Multilevel models show that students with higher individual engagement tend to experience larger math achievement growth over kindergarten, that classroom engagement makes a difference in how much achievement growth students experience over kindergarten, and that students with higher individual engagement benefit more from being in highly-engaged classrooms than children with lower individual engagement. Students with higher math test scores at kindergarten entry also benefit more from highly-engaged classrooms than children with lower prior math scores. Results from this study provide new evidence that behavioral engagement affects students’ achievement growth on multiple levels, with the individual, the classroom environment, and the interaction of the individual and classroom environment all relating to math outcomes. Evidence...

Multilevel modeling was used to investigate the relationship between poverty status, mathematics achievement gains, and behavioral engagement in learning over kindergarten. Data included information on 11,680 poor, low-income, and non-poor kindergartners from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort of 1998–1999 (ECLS-K). Results show that accounting for teachers' reports of non-poor students' higher behavioral engagement (e.g., attentiveness, task persistence) explains the disparity in mathematics gains between poor and non-poor students over kindergarten. Furthermore, results suggest that exposing poor and low-income students to higher classroom behavioral engagement could play a substantial role in equalizing mathematics gains. Given these findings, strategies designed at narrowing economic disparities in early mathematics achievement should take into consideration the impact of behavioral engagement at the intrapersonal and contextual levels.

Objective Despite numerous studies on parental involvement in children's academic schooling, there is a dearth of knowledge on how parents respond specifically to inadequate academic performance. This study examines whether (1) racial differences exist in parenting philosophy for addressing inadequate achievement, (2) social class has implications for parenting philosophy, and (3) parents’ philosophies are consequential for children's academic achievement. Methods Using data from the Child Development Supplement (N = 1,041) to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we sort parents into two categories—those whose parenting repertoires for addressing poor achievement include punitive responses and those whose repertoires do not. We then determine whether racial differences exist between these categories and how various responses within the aforementioned categories are related to students’ academic achievement. Results The findings show that white and black parents have markedly different philosophies on how to respond to inadequate performance, and these differences appear to impact children's achievement in dramatically different ways. Conclusion Educators and policymakers should pay particular attention to how parents respond to inadequate achievement as imploring parents of inadequately performing students to be more involved without providing them with some guidance might exacerbate the problem.

While much has been written on the racial gap in achievement, few national studies have assessed the gap's trajectory over K-12 schooling. The reason for this is understandable—most national data sets do not contain respondent information for this entire educational period. I utilize survey data from three national data sets containing White and Black students to document the trajectory of reading and math inequality between school entry and the end of high school. An attempt to clarify these observed patterns is made by assessing changes in the score distributions of these students across grade level, and examining how Black score distributions would fare if held to the White score distributions. Findings suggest that efforts to equalize achievement disparities must not only focus on “bringing the bottom up”, but also on keeping the top Black achievers on pace with the top White achievers across grade level.

Coronary stent implantation is the second great advance in the treatment of obstructive coronary artery disease since the introduction of balloon catheter angioplasty. However, in-stent restenosis (ISR) caused by neointimal hyperplasia has been a major limitation of stents, occurring in up to 30% of cases. Advances in coronary stent technology both in terms of stent design and function and especially drug-eluting stents (DES) have significantly improved the safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting, including marked reduction in ISR. This has led to use of DES for increasingly challenging clinical and lesional subsets, with potential for increased risk of stent-associated complications, especially late stent thrombosis (LST). Because restenosis and stent thrombosis are caused by multiple and often interrelated factors, ideal agents for stent coatings should inhibit thrombus formation, inflammatory reaction, and cellular proliferation, while supporting reendothelialization. To avoid undesirable effects of currently applied (durable) polymers, biocompatible, and bioabsorbable polymers as well as DES delivery systems that minimize polymer burden have been produced and tested. Bioabsorbable stents, both polymeric and metallic, have been developed to decrease potential late complications after stent implantation. Novel strategies to address some of these challenges are in various stages of research and development. In this article we outline developments in the field of passive and active stent coatings and evaluate the ongoing role of such coatings in the contemporary era of DES.

Isabelle Stengers’ work on Whitehead is amongst the most important in Europe today. The contributors here—Isabella Palin, Stephen Meyers, Didier Debaise, and Andrew Goffey—offer a range of perspectives on Stengers’ effort to "think with" Whitehead. Stengers’ detailed response is included.

Prior research on oppositional culture theory has generally focused on beliefs about the opportunity structure, or the “acting white” hypothesis, as an explanation for racial differences in school achievement. However, little attention has been given to the mechanism by which these beliefs affect achievement: schooling behaviors. The authors posit that students' prior level of skills may be an important omitted factor that biases the effect of schooling behaviors on achievement. Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey, they found that whereas behaviors account for a larger proportion of Asian Americans' achievement advantage than do prior skills, prior skills explain half to nearly three-quarters of blacks' low achievement relative to that of whites and that dramatic declines in behavioral effects on achievement are observed after prior skills are controlled. Finally, the findings show that schooling behaviors are partially shaped by prior skills. They suggest that students with low skill levels prior to high school are likely to have poor achievement at the end of their high school careers, regardless of their schooling behaviors during high school.