Search

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an irreversible lung disease that is characterized by excessive scar tissue with a poor median survival rate of 2–3 years. The inhibition of TGF-β receptor type-I (TGF-β RI) by an appropriate drug may provide a promising strategy for the treatment of this disease. Polygonum cuspidatum (PC) is a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine which has an anti-PF effect. Accordingly, a combination of high resolution mass spectrometry and an in silico strategy was developed as a new method to search for potential chemical ingredients of PC that target the TGF-β RI. Based on this strategy, a total of 24 ingredients were identified. Then, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)-related properties were subsequently predicted to exclude compounds with potentially undesirable pharmacokinetics behaviour. Molecular docking studies for TGF-β RI were adopted to discover new PF inhibitors. Eventually, a compound that exists in PC known as resveratrol was proven to have excellent biological activity on TGF-β RI, with an IC50 of 2.211 μM in vitro. Furthermore, the complex formed through molecular docking was tested via molecular dynamics simulations, which revealed that resveratrol had strong interactions with residues of TGF-β RI. This study revealed that resveratrol has significant potential as a treatment for PF due to its ability to target TGF-β RI. In addition, this research demonstrated the exploration of natural products with excellent biological activities toward specific targets via high resolution mass spectrometry in combination with in silico technology is a promising strategy for the discovery of novel drugs.

This paper aims to identify whether neighbors would influence the rural household’s decision on commercial health insurance purchase by using a representative sample in west China. We applied an in...

Neighborhood effects are a common strategy for rural households to deal with irrational situations such as deficient information and ability. Based on the 2019 CHFS survey data, our paper explores whether neighborhood effects exist in the online financial investment of rural households. We find that: (1) There exists significant neighborhood effects on online financial investment by rural households. (2) Heterogeneity analysis shows that neighborhood effects are stronger among women, the younger, and low-income rural households. (3) Through the multiple mediation model, we proved that the neighborhood effects on online financial investment of the peasant household work by the financial knowledge spillover and risk-taking enhancement. Our study conduces to a better understanding of the financial decision-making of rural households, which may provide a practical implication for the popularization of new financial products and the optimal design of policy interventions.JEF: D14 G11

This paper analyses the insurance participation of farmers from the perspective of financial literacy. The results suggest that financial literacy can significantly accelerate the participation of ...

Cerebral ischemia is a common cerebrovascular disease with high mortality, and thrombolysis can cause more severe reperfusion injury. In clinical practice, Ginkgo biloba dispersible tablets combined with nimodipine have been widely used to reduce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, but the mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. To explore this relationship, the change in metabolism between a sham operation group, a model group and an administration group was analyzed for the period after cerebral ischemia. Biochemical assays were used to assess injury extent and the therapeutic effects of different dosing regimens. A metabolomics method based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed to screen biomarkers in plasma of rats and analyze abnormal metabolic pathways. Using statistical analysis, corticosterone, glutamine, oleic acid, isoleucine, phenylalanine and sphingomyelin (d18:1/16:0) were screened as diagnostic biomarkers. The metabolic pathways perturbed by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion involved phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, retinol metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Analysis of the adjustment of biomarkers at different time points showed that the best time to evaluate the efficacy of combined administration is about 6 h after administration. Both pathological characteristics and metabolomics confirmed the better effect of the combined group than the individual groups. In this study, a non-targeted metabolomics method was developed to explore the mechanism of action of the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion treatment, providing a theoretical basis for disease prognosis and treatment options. Graphical abstract.

In this study, the Keggin type molybdovanadophosphoric acid (PMo12-xVxO40 (x = 1,2,3), abbreviated as PMoV) modified on Ag@Pt/MWCNTs composite catalysts were successfully prepared by a chemical impregnation method. The results of physical characterization revealed that PMoV molecules were incorporated into the Ag@Pt/MWCNTs structure. The effect of the composite catalyst on oxygen reduction was studied by electrochemical analysis. The catalytic performance of the composite catalyst changed with the change of the number of the substituted vanadium atoms in the heteropolyacid. The PMo10V2 catalyst shows the best activity and stability among the three heteropolyacid-modified catalysts evaluated. When the optimum doping ratio is 20%, the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of the composite catalyst is 99.69 m2/gPt, and it is increased by 49.11% compared with commercial Pt/C catalysts (65.63 m2/gPt). The initial reduction potential of the composite catalyst is 0.968 V, which is shifted by 73 mV compared with the 20% Pt/C catalyst. Additionally, the mechanism of catalytic reaction is also investigated.

Aim of the study The husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge mainly used in north China as folk medicine were reported to have potential protective effect on cognitive impairment. However, the mechanism remains unclear. In order to fully understand the mechanism of the protection, a complementary study of the husks was conducted. Materials and methods The urinary and fecal metabolomics were used to analyze the potential biomarkers by the liquid chromatography-tandem time of flight mass spectrometry, and the16S rDNA technology was applied to conduct the analysis of microbiota species in the fecal samples of the rats, which is a significant influencing factor for the development of cognitive impairment. Results In metabolomics study, ten potential metabolic biomarkers, which are hippuric acid, kynurenic acid, creatinine, phenylalanine, xanthurenic acid, phenylacetylglycine, succinyladenosine, cresol sulfate, tryptophan 2-C-mannoside and N4-Acetylcytidine in urine, along with two, including isoleucine and phenylalanine in feces, were preliminarily identified, involving multiple pathways such as tryptophan, purine, kynurenine, and phenylalanine metabolism. The perturbation of these metabolic pathways could be related with insulin resistance, oxidative stress, energy metabolism deficit and neuroinflammation, which were risk factors to cause cognitive impairment. In gut microbiota analysis, the relative abundance of c_Bacteroidia, c_Alphaproteobacteria, f_Prevotellaceae, f_Sphingomonadaceae, f_Burkholderiaceae, g_Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group and p_Bacteroidetes was significantly changed in the rats with cognitive impairment. Spearman's analysis showed obvious correlation between the metabolites and the microbiota species. In the rats with pretreatment of the husks extract, metabolites maintained a relative normal level, and the husks extract could regulate the gut microbiota, especially f_Prevotellaceae and g_Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, indicating the effect of the husks on the metabolic pathways via GMs. Such amino acids as isoleucine and phenylalanine failed to show any significant correlation with the microbiota species, indicating that the husks exhibited the potential protective effect through gut microbiota and other pathways. Conclusions The husks extract could improve the intestinal microenvironment, and the stability of intestinal microenvironment was associated with normality of tryptophan, purine, kynurenine and phenylalanine metabolic pathways etc, which probably had an effect on cognitive function. This complementary work suggested that gut microbiotas were potential targets of the husks to exert its effect on cognitive impairment.

N-doped mildly oxidized CNTs (moCNTs) catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells were prepared by a two-step method consisting of polymerization and pyrolyzation. The morphology of the electrocatalyst samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was discovered that the N-doped moCNTs catalyst showed a graphene-like nanosheets nanostructure; electrocatalytic properties of the catalysts were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The experimental results exhibited remarkable catalytic activity in an acidic medium, with the onset potential, half-wave potential, and limiting current density reaching 0.87 V, 0.75 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode), and 3.5 mA/cm2, respectively. It can be concluded that the high catalytic performance is due to the high content of graphitic nitrogen and the graphene-like nanosheets structure.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an irreversible lung disease that is characterized by excessive scar tissue with a poor median survival rate of 2-3 years. The inhibition of transforming growth factor-β receptor type-I (TGF-β RI) by an appropriate drug may provide a promising strategy for the treatment of this disease.

A series of copolymers, which can also be regarded as ABPBIs containing phenoxyl in the main chain, were synthesized by copolymerization of two kinds of self-polycondensation monomers: 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) and 4-(3,4-diamino-phenoxy)-benzoic acid (DPBA). The phenoxyl-containing ABPBIs exhibit better processability and acid stability than original ABPBI, despite their affinities towards acid decrease with the addition of phenoxyl moieties. By adjusting the phenoxyl content of the polymer, we made a tradeoff between acid doping levels and proton conductivity, with mechanical properties. The optimal polymer therein, PO-AB-50 (50 M percentages of DPBA in total monomers), exhibits considerable proton conductivity (53.47 mS/cm at 160 °C) and tensile strength (1.9 MPa) after doped with phosphoric acid. In addition, the oxidation stability, water uptake and swell ratio properties of the polymers were also improved with the introduction of phenoxyl moieties.

Keggin-structured phosphotungstic acid H3PW12O40 (HPW)-modified Ag@Pt/MWCNTs electrocatalysts were successfully prepared using a chemical impregnation method. Physical characterization by X-ray powder diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the HPW molecules were incorporated into the Ag@Pt/MWCNT structure The diameter of the catalyst used was about 4.0 nm, and electrochemical investigation results indicated that HPW could ameliorate electrocatalytic activity. The catalyst with HPW content of 25 % displayed the best excellent electrocatalytic activity with an electrochemically active area of 83.62 m2 g−1 and a half-wave potential for the oxygen reduction reaction of 0.851 V, all ascribed to the high utilization of Pt and the protective effect of the HPW layer on the catalyst surface. The synergic effect of the HPW and Ag@Pt enhanced the rate of electron transfer and increased the catalytic efficiency of oxygen reduction reaction, influencing 4e− reduction reactions on Ag@Pt/MWCNTs-HPW catalysts. Phosphotungstic acid-modified Ag@Pt/MWCNTs catalysts were successfully synthesized by the chemical impregnation method. The morphology and catalytic performance of the prepared catalysts were investigated, leading to the understanding of catalytic mechanism of the catalyst in acidic medium, especially, the importance of HPW in the hybrid catalysts. The investigation indicated that the hybrid catalyst showed excellent activity toward oxygen reduction. Schematic diagram for mechanism of ORR on Ag@Pt/MWCNTs-HPW nanostructure.

As an efficient, inexpensive, readily accessible monomer of the polybenzimidazole (PBI) copolymer, the 4,4′-[(4,4′-bipyridine)-2,6-diyl]dibenzoic acid (BPY) containing bipyridine unit was firstly used to synthesize a series of novel non-planar PBI copolymers (BPY–PBI-x) by regulating the ratio with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid under microwave-assisted conditions. The copolymers exhibit superior solubility in aprotic solvents such as N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide than general PBI, and the corresponding BPY–PBI-x serial membranes were prepared by a solution casting method. All the membranes have been characterized by thermal stability, a tension test, scanning electron microscopy, PA-doping ability and swelling ratio, proton conductivity, and a Fenton test. The membranes exhibit excellent comprehensive properties containing high proton conductivity and long lifetime. The conductivity of the doping levels of the BPY–PBI-100% membrane with the highest doping level (342.7%) reaches 78.6 mS cm−1 at 160 °C. The high proton conductivity is attributed to the increase in N atoms of the proton acceptor from the bipyridine monomer and the enhancement of free volume from the existence of a bulky stereostructure BPY unit. The long lifetime is due to the fact that the pyridine unit can quench radicals by the formation of pyridine-N-oxide. The unique anti-oxidation mechanism of the BPY–PBI-x serial membranes, which firstly was pointed out for the application of pyridine heterocyclic rings in HT-PEMs, provides new insights for novel anti-oxidation membrane design. In short, 3-fold objectives, namely, (I) soluble PBI, (II) higher proton conductivity PBI, and (III) anti-oxidative PBI, were achieved in this paper.

The introduction of sulfide units is a potential strategy to improve solubility and processibility of polybenzimidazole (PBI) polymer, as well as to enhance antioxidant capacity of corresponding membrane. In this paper, the novel S-PBI- x serial copolymers ( x denotes the percentage of sulfide-containing monomer) were prepared by a microwave-assisted tetracopolymerization with 3,3′,4,4′-tetraaminobiphenyl, 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, hexanedioic acid and the synthesized methyl 3-((2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)thio)propanoate as copolymerized monomers in different proportion. The resultant copolymers were characterized by FT-IR, GPC and energy dispersive spectroscopy. These sulfide-containing copolymers exhibit much better solubility in aprotic solvents such as N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide than unmodified PBI. The oxidative stability of the membranes was studied by enhanced Fenton test (20% H 2 O 2 and 4 ppm Fe 2+ , 80 °C, refreshed every 3 h). Additionally, the oxidized membranes were further characterized by FT-IR, TGA, and tension test. The experimental results show that S-PBI-7% membrane suffers less than 5% weight loss after 24 h of treatment with enhanced Fenton reagent. Typically, after treated in enhanced Fenton reagent, the oxidized S-PBI-7% membrane still retains considerable thermal stability and mechanical strength. The anti-oxidative mechanism of the prepared membranes was discussed as well.

To improve the performance of anion exchange membranes (AEMs), we fabricated quaternized poly(2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide)-layered double hydroxide composite membranes by combining the advantages of the two components. Also, the electrorheological effect was employed during the casting process to induce the formation of ion conducting channels along the through-plane direction. The membrane with 3% layered double hydroxide (LDH) (QPPO-Im-3% LDH) showed the largest increase in ionic conductivity over that of the pure membrane (QPPO-Im) (15.85 mS cm−1 at 30 °C to 22.52 mS cm−1 at 80 °C vs. 5.93 mS cm−1 at 30 °C to 11.63 mS cm−1 at 80 °C). The ionic conductivity was further improved by applying the electric field treatment, confirming that the addition of LDH and the electric field greatly affect the ionic conductivity of the AEMs. Moreover, the morphology, thermal and mechanical properties, ion-exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake (WU) and swelling ratio (SR) were also studied systematically to determine the effects of LDH and electric field on the membranes.

Over the past decade, Pt based core–shell structured alloys have been studied extensively as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) because of their distinctive electrochemical performance and low Pt loading. In this paper, a facile route based on microwave-assisted polyol method and chemical dealloying process is proposed to synthesize carbon supported core–shell structured nanoparticles (NPs) in gram-level for ORR electrocatalysis in PEMFCs. The obtained samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These physical characterization indicate that the final synthesized NPs are highly dispersed on the carbon support, and in a core–shell structure with CuPt alloy as the core and Pt as the shell. Electrochemical measurements, conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) tests, show the core–shell structured catalyst exhibit a 3× increase in mass activity and a 2× increase in specific activity over the commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. These results demonstrate that this route can be a reliable way to synthesize low-Pt catalyst in large-scale for PEMFCs.

Graphite oxide/polybenzimidazole synthesized by 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine and 5-tert-butyl isophthalic acid (GO/BuIPBI) and isocyanate modified graphite oxide/BuIPBI (iGO/BuIPBI) composite membranes were prepared for high temperature polymer proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). All membranes were loaded with different content of phosphoric acid to provide proton conductivity. The GO/BuIPBI and iGO/BuIPBI membranes were characterized by SEM which showed that the filler GO or iGO were well dispersed in the polymer matrix and had a strong interaction with BuIPBI, which can improve the chemical stability of BuIPBI membrane and support a higher acid content. The proton conductivities of the GO/BuIPBI and iGO/BuIPBI with high acid loading were 0.016 and 0.027 S/cm, respectively, at 140 °C and without humidity.

Two forms of crystalline MnO2 were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, and MnO2-doped Ag@Pt/MWCNT composites were prepared by ultrasonic treatment for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). The morphology of the electrocatalyst samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). We found that the Ag@Pt/MWCNTs catalyst exhibited a core–shell nanostructure and the two forms of MnO2 were α-MnO2 and β-MnO2. The electrochemical properties of the electrocatalyst samples were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in an acidic medium. The results demonstrated that Ag10%@Pt10%/MWCNTs-α-MnO220% had the largest electrochemical activity area (85.83 m2 g−1) of all electrocatalysts and the oxygen reduction reaction on the electrocatalyst proceeds through a 4e− reduction pathway.

A rapid method to synthesize poly[2,2′-(p-oxydiphenylene)-5,5′-benzimidazole] (OPBI) through a solution polycondensation under microwave irradiation is explored. Synthesis parameters affecting the molecular weight (Mw) of OPBI, including the mass ratio of solvent to P2O5, the monomer concentration, and reaction time, are optimized. The main characteristics of OPBI are studied, and the corresponding membrane is prepared through a solvent casting process. A series of sulfuric acid doped OPBI (H2SO4/OPBI) hybrid membranes with different acid doping levels (ADLs) are developed. The effects of H2SO4 on microstructure, ADL and electrochemical properties of these membranes are explored. Herein, the hybrid membrane shows high proton conductivity (190 mS cm−1) at elevated temperature (160 °C) and anhydrous conditions, high ADL (18.73 mol of H2SO4 for OPBI per repeat unit, i.e., ADL = 18.73 mol PRU−1) and excellent dimensional stability (40.3%). All these properties demonstrated that H2SO4/OPBI hybrid membrane can be used as an alternative membrane for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs).

This paper reports a modified core–shell structured CuPd@Pt/C catalyst, which was synthesized by combining a two-step reduction method and chemical dealloying step using carbon black Vulcan XC-72R as the supporting material. The physical measurements confirmed that the final catalyst has a complete core–shell structure. The interaction between the core and the shell as well as the particle size, particle size distribution, and morphology of the catalyst particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the Pt and Pd on the surface of the catalyst nanoparticles are mainly in the zero valence oxidation state. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) tests were used to measure the electrochemical performance, and the results showed that the modified CuPd@Pt/C catalyst has higher electrochemical catalytic activity in catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) than Pt/C, making it possible to reduce the usage of platinum and leading to a promising low-Pt catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).

Ag@Pt core–shell nanoparticles with different Ag/Pt ratios were supported on multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and used as electrocatalysts for PEMFC. The morphology of the electrocatalyst samples was characterized by XRD and HRTEM. It was found that the Ag@Pt/MWCNTs catalyst exhibited a core–shell nanostructure. And the CV and LSV results demonstrated that such core–shell materials exhibited attractive electrocatalytic activity. Moreover, the specific electrochemically active area (EAS) of the Ag@Pt/MWCNTs catalyst is 70.63 m 2 g −1 , which is higher than the values reported in the literature.

Pt–Au nanoparticles supported on carbon aerogel, namely 2:1 has been synthesized by the microwave-assisted polyol process. The structure of Pt–Au nanoparticles is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical property of Pt–Au catalysts for methanol oxidation is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results show that Au-modified Pt catalysts exhibit a high methanol tolerance and improved electrochemical catalytic activity, suggesting that carbon aerogel supported Pt–Au catalysts are better catalysts for the electrochemical oxidation of methanol than conventional Pt catalysts.

In order to enlarge the range of applications of nanomaterials and improve the performance of macromolecular polymer demulsifier, nano-SiO2 was integrated with polyether demulsifier TA1031 to form nanomodified demulsifier using an in situ synthesis method. Analysis of the polyether demulsifier modified by nano-SiO2 was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The result showed that applying nanomaterials to crude oil demulsifier greatly improves the performance of the original demulsifier. When the ratio of nano-SiO2 and TA1031 is 1:10, the performance of the nanomodified demulsifier was best, and the ratio of demulsification was improved by about 20%. The time of demulification and dewatering was also greatly shortened by about 30 min. The influence of nanomodified demulsifier on the asphaltenes and resins was studied by FTIR.

Novel nanocomposite membrane of sodium titanate/Nafion based on sodium titanate nanotubes with Nafion ® were prepared by solvent casting techniques. Nanotubes of sodium titanate were synthesized by hydrothermal method. TEM, XRD, and FTIR were employed to characterize the crystal phase, microstructure, and other physicochemical properties of the membrane and the nanotube samples. FTIR results showed us that the nanotube material of Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 has existed in the nanocomposite membrane of Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 /Nafion. The existence of sodium titanate nanotubes in Nafion ® improves the methanol crossover and makes promising practical value of blocking methanol in direct methanol fuel cells.

To satisfy the requirement on solid-liquid separation in high-density waste drilling mud, prepare the nano-modified polyacrylamide(PAM) flocculant for high density waste drilling mud by in-situ dispersion method, direct dispersion method and simultaneous formation method. The result showed the flocculent effect of nano-modified polyacrylamide prepared by simultaneous formation method was the best. When the content of water glass and acrylamide(AM) were respectively 3% and 15% , reaction temperature was 60?C and reaction time was 3h, the performance of product was the best. The water content in filter cake was 24.32% after the waste drilling mud disposed by the optimization flocculant. The flocculent effect of optimization flocculant was superior to that of other flocculant in market.

The composite material of polyaniline (PANI)/layered manganese oxide film electrode was prepared by the layer-by-layer adsorption technique. The corresponding photoelectrocatalytic activity was studied for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). The efficiency of the self-assembled film to assist photodegradation of RhB improved significantly with an applied potential of 0.9 V vs. standard calomel electrode. The results showed that PANI could enhance the efficiency of photon harvesting, and the impressed current could reduce the chance of electron-hole recombination. A synergetic effect was found between PANI and MnO2. This study proposed an effective material for the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of RhB under visible light irradiation.

Polyaniline-intercalated layered manganese oxide (PANI-MnO 2 ) nanocomposite was synthesized via the delamination/reassembling process. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the surface of the multilayer film was smooth and dense. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the basal spacing of PANI-MnO 2 was 1.64 nm. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that electrons could be efficiently shuttled between MnO 2 and the electrode. At 0.9 V the PANI-MnO 2 electrode versus standard calomel electrode, about 50% of rhodamine B was degraded within 70 min under visible light irradiation.

Carbon-supported PtAuSn/C nanoparticle catalyst was synthesized by a microwave-assisted polyol process. The process is a quick process that only requires a few minutes to complete. The catalyst thus obtained was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The electrochemical performance of the catalyst, for the ethanol oxidation reaction, was also investigated. The results indicated that the PtAuSn/C catalyst was uniformly dispersed on carbon and was in the nano-size range. The electrochemical measurements indicated that PtAuSn/C nanoparticle catalyst synthesized by the microwave-assisted polyol method demonstrated a significantly higher electrochemically active area and higher catalytic activity than Pt/C for the ethanol oxidation reaction.

To satisfy the requirement on the separation of solid and liquid in waste drilling mud, prepare a high effective floccu-lant for high density waste drilling mud used starch, 2-Trimethylammonium ethyl methacrylate chloride (DMC) and acrylamide (AM). The result showed that when the ratio of starch, DMC and AM was 2:1:3, the weight of initiator (po-tassium persulfate) was 0.2% of the AM, reaction temperature was 65℃ and reaction time was 5h, the performance of product was the best. The water content in filter cake was 27.6% after the waste drilling mud disposed by the optimization flocculant. The flocculent effect of optimization flocculant was superior to that of other flocculant in market.

With the aim to improve the conductivity of anion exchange membranes (AEMs), the layered double hydroxide (LDH) was added to the polyphosphazene-based ionomer, and an external AC electric field was applied to the LDH–polyphosphazene-based ionomer hybrid casting solution during solvent evaporation. The introduction of LDH nanoplatelets in AEMs significantly improved the conductivity, ion exchange capacity, water uptake, and mechanical properties of hybrid AEMs, but sacrificed lower dimensional stability. And, most importantly, the present technique is a potentially useful method for fabricating AEMs with oriented LDH nanoplatelets taking full advantage of the bulk conductivity of the LDH nanoplatelets and resulting in a 39% increase in conductivity in the trans-plane direction compared to that of normal methods. In addition, the novel polyphosphazene-based ionomer was designed not only to balance the hydroxide ions but also to improve interfacial adhesion with LDH nanoplatelets for improving the distribution of LDH nanoplatelets in hybrid AEMs.