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Water droplets coalesce into larger ones in atmospheric clouds to form rain. But droplets on collision courses do not always coalesce due to the cushioning effects of the air between them. The extent to which these so-called hydrodynamic interactions reduce coalescence rates is embodied in the collision efficiency, which is often small and is not generally known. In order to characterize the mechanisms that determine the collision efficiency, we exploited new time-resolved three-dimensional droplet tracking techniques to measure the positions of cloud droplet pairs settling through quiescent air. We did so with an unprecedented precision that enabled us to calculate the relative positions, velocities, and accelerations of the droplets at droplet surface-to-surface separations as small as about one-tenth of a droplet diameter. We show that relative accelerations clearly distinguish coalescing from non-coalescing droplet trajectories, the former being associated with relative accelerations that exceeded a threshold value. We outline how relative accelerations relate to hydrodynamic interactions, and present scaling arguments that predict the threshold relative acceleration. We speculate that the relative acceleration distribution of droplets in turbulent clouds can parameterize the collision efficiency, and that this distribution together with the well-known relative position and velocity distributions can generate a physical description of both the collision and coalescence rates of cloud droplets., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures

We investigate the effect of electrical charge on collisions of hydrodynamically interacting, micron-sized water droplets settling through quiescent air. The relative dynamics of charged droplets is determined by hydrodynamic interactions, particle and fluid inertia, and electrostatic forces. We analyse the resulting relative dynamics of oppositely charged droplets by determining its fixed points and their stable and unstable manifolds. The stable manifold of a saddle point forms a separatrix that separates colliding trajectories from those that do not collide. The qualitative conclusions from this theory are in excellent agreement with experiments., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, supplemental material