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Whether China can avoid falling into the “ageing trap” and find the main causes of the persistent ageing problem are theoretical and practical issues that need to be explored in depth. Based on inter-provincial panel data from 2006–2019, this paper uses stepwise regression to investigate whether economic growth can influence population ageing through housing prices. The study finds that: firstly, economic growth has a positive effect on population ageing. Secondly, economic growth exacerbates population ageing through the mediating effect of housing prices. Thirdly, economic growth causes regional economic disparities, resulting in a higher level of population ageing in economically developed regions than in non-economically developed regions. From the results of the study, it appears that economic growth has resulted in a larger gap between the income of people of the right age and the price of housing, accompanied by a decline in mortality rates and an increase in the burden of old age under higher levels of medical care, a disincentive to have children and an increase in the problem of ageing. It is recommended that the reform of the housing system should be deepened to facilitate the release of fertility intentions and to overcome the “ageing trap”. JEL: F012.4, F015, F036, F016, F037

This study explores the incidence and trend of zoonoses in China and its relationship with environmental health and proposes suggestions for promoting the long-term sustainable development of human, animal, and environmental systems. The incidence of malaria was selected as the dependent variable, and the consumption of agricultural diesel oil and pesticides and investment in lavatory sanitation improvement in rural areas were selected as independent variables according to the characteristics of nonpoint source pollution and domestic pollution in China’s rural areas. By employing a fixed effects regression model, the results indicated that the use of pesticides was negatively associated with the incidence of malaria, continuous investment in rural toilet improvement, and an increase in economic income can play a positive role in the prevention and control of malaria incidence. Guided by the theory of One Health, this study verifies human, animal, and environmental health as a combination of mutual restriction and influence, discusses the complex causal relationship among the three, and provides evidence for sustainable development and integrated governance.

This study employed the panel threshold regression model to test whether the network structure of the patent citation network has a threshold effect on the relationship between patent PageRank and patent value. The results demonstrate that the network structure has a threshold effect on the relationship between patent PageRank and patent value, and there is an optimal interval in the network structure. In the optimal interval, the positive impact of patent PageRank and patent value is at the highest level. Hence, the relationship between patent PageRank and patent value is non-linear.

With the rapid development of the economy of China, the interactivity between provinces and the mobility of the population is increasing. Some patients who could have received the same treatment in their residential areas still choose to receive services in areas with higher economic development and concentrated high-quality medical resources, resulting in a huge waste of medical resources. Blindly increasing medical resources everywhere does not necessarily increase the output effectively. In this study, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, social network analysis (SNA), cluster analysis, and regression analysis are used to analyze the structural characteristics of the economic network structure and efficiency of health care in China. The results show that indegree and eigenvector centrality have a significant positive correlation with the efficiency of health care, and the clustering coefficient has a significant negative correlation with the efficiency of health care in China. This study uses a k-means algorithm to classify 31 provinces into three groups and extract their characteristics. As for the supply of health care resources, the government should command and dispatch the resources in the whole country through a top-down design based on the characteristics of each province.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, to empirically study the effects that medical resources (i.e., hospital, doctors, beds) have on the mortality rate in China. Second, to divide China into east, middle, and west regions, and empirically study the regional disparity of medical resources and its effect on mortality rates in China. Methodology and Data: This study utilized a panel data regression model to explore the effect medical resources have on the age-standardized mortality rate in China. The data came from the 2003-2017 China Statistical Yearbook compiled by the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Results: Nationwide, hospitals, doctors, and beds had a significant negative correlation with the mortality rate. In the western region, hospitals, beds, and doctors had a significant negative correlation with the mortality rate. In China's middle and eastern regions, hospitals, beds, and doctors had no significant effect on the mortality rate. In China, increased hospitals, doctors, and beds significantly reduced the mortality rate. The distribution of medical resources in eastern, middle, and western China was unequal. More hospitals, beds, and doctors in the less developed western regions can more effectively alleviate the local mortality rate. In the middle and east regions, hospitals, beds, and doctors had no significant impact on the local mortality rate. Conclusion: First, China's overall medical resources are still inadequate and improving medical resources throughout the country could reduce the mortality rate. Second, due to the imbalanced distribution of medical resources in China, the Chinese government should implement more supportive policies for medical resources in the western region. At the same time, we should also actively develop the western region by improving local per capita GDP and reducing unemployment, so as to fundamentally reduce the local mortality rate.

We used the Bootstrap Autoregressive Distributed Lagged Model (ARDL) method to test the relationship among BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries&rsquo, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and CO2 emissions. We found that Brazil&rsquo, s CO2 emissions and FDI have a cointegration relationship with the trade on the lag of one-period. Russia and India and CO2 emissions and trade have a cointegration relationship with FDI on the lag of one-period. In the long-term, Brazil&rsquo, s FDI has a long-term causal relationship with the trade on the lag of one-period. The trade between Russia and India has a long-term causal relationship with FDI on the lag of one-period. Among other BRICS variables, Russian trade and FDI on the lag of one-period of CO2 emissions and FDI and CO2 emissions are on the lag of one-period on trade, which McNown et al. mentioned is the degeneration case #1 in their paper, while China&rsquo, s trade and FDI on the lag of one-period of CO2 emissions is the country of degeneration case #2. When we examined short-term causality, we found that CO2 emissions showed a causal relationship with trade, while FDI and CO2 emissions were less pronounced. Trade has a positive causal relationship with FDI. These variables are different in different situations and in different countries. These results should be related to BRICS countries&rsquo, FDI, international trade development, and their different CO2 emission policies.

This study examines selected companies in China from 2012 to 2017 matched with provincial air quality index data and uses ordinary least squares regression to examine the relationship between environmental regulation, air quality, employee compensation, and corporate performance. The study found that, first, environmental regulation has eliminated heavy polluting enterprises and promoted the upgrading of enterprise equipment through the cost increase effect, thereby improving regional air quality. Second, good air quality can increase non-monetary benefits for employees, so that corporate employees' monetary compensation can be kept at a low level. Third, in the aforementioned context, with the significant reduction in employee compensation, corporate performance has increased. This study expands the research on the impact of environmental regulation on corporate behavior and enriches the theoretical literature on employee compensation management. Furthermore, to alleviate the adverse effects of high employee compensation on corporate performance under severe air quality, it provides recommendations moving forward. In addition, this study provides empirical evidence for the development of the concept of "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" from the perspective of labor cost.

The accounting information of a firm is analogous to the characteristics of an organism that contain biological information that influences decisions; such characteristics result from organizational routines (genes). Organizational routines result from organizational learning, and learning from an associated company is an efficient approach for a new venture to establish routines. The study results revealed that the subsidiaries inherited routines from the parent companies related to financial ratios, so we suggest that people should judge the adequacy of a firm’s financial situation by not only referring to the standard of its industry but also to its parent company.

We used the Bootstrap ARDL method to test the relationship between the export trades, FDI and CO2 emissions of the BRICS countries. We found that China's foreign direct investment and the lag one period of CO2 emissions have a cointegration on exports. South Africa's foreign direct investment and CO2 emissions have a cointegration relationship with the lag one period of exports, and South Africa's the lag one period of exports and foreign direct investment have a cointegration relationship with the lag one period of CO2 emissions. But whether it is China or South Africa, these three variables have no causal relationship in the long-term. Among the variables of other BRICS countries, Russia is the only country showed degenerate case #1 in McNown et al. mentioned in their paper. When we examined short-term causality, we found that CO2 emissions and export trade showed a reverse causal relationship, while FDI and carbon emissions were not so obvious. Export trade has a positive causal relationship with FDI. Those variables are different from different situations and different countries.

Research funding in Taiwan’s technological and vocational universities is mainly sourced from those scientific and technological projects which were assigned by government, industries or other orga...

With the rise of green technology, green patent value evaluation has become critical for enterprises. In order to explore the influencing factors of green patent value, this study takes the light-emitting diode (LED) industry as an example and then utilizes highly-cited green patents as the proxy of green patent value. The study aims to explore the influencing factors of green patent value with network position and structure from the perspective of network characteristics. The results indicate that out-degree centrality and network constraint have a significantly positive effect on green patent value.

This study employs a panel threshold regression model to test whether the patent h-index has a threshold effect on the relationship between patent citations and market value in the pharmaceutical industry. It aims to bridge the gap in extant research on this topic. This study demonstrates that the patent h-index has a triple threshold effect on the relationship between patent citations and market value. When the patent h-index is less than or equal to the lowest threshold, 4, there is a positive relationship between patent citations and market value. This study indicates that the first regime where the patent h-index is less than or equal to 4 is optimal, because this is where the extent of the positive relationship between patent citations and market value is the greatest.

We examined whether or not the education level of corporate decision makers helps explain their level of corporate risk taking. Using a sample population of listed companies in China, we documented a significant negative correlation between decision makers' education level and their level of corporate risk taking. Corporations run by more highly educated decision makers were found to have lower leverage and less volatile earnings. These results have important implications for corporate governance and educational choices.

This study proposes a different angle to evaluate patent value, namely regarding patent value as a combination of static characteristics and dynamic relationship. On one hand, a majority of patent static characteristics are fixed in their application, which means these characteristics are controlled by the owner of patent; on the other hand, the dynamic citation relationship is formed by forward citation and backward citation, which means not controlled by the owner. If a patent takes an important position in other citation relationships, this implies the patent has more chance to gain and control technology and knowledge, and to have an important influence on subsequent patents. In other words, this patent is valuable. This study applies social network analysis to carry out the research purpose, regarding patent as a node and citation as the connection between nodes to build patent citation network. This study can provide a thinking mode based on social network analysis for companies; offer a more rational way to evaluate patent value from the perspective of dynamic development; construct an effective early warning mechanism for patent litigation.

University-industry cooperation is not only a promotion of research but also an economic activity. It is essential for the purpose of science development and technology innovation. Vocational education plays an important role in product development and technology research in Taiwan. This study surveyed the performance of university-industry cooperation on productivity of patent, paper and resources of funding across eight academic disciplines in Taiwan technological and vocational institutions by providing an overview of research productivities and funding resources. The results reveal that college of agriculture, college of engineering and college of design perform quite well in university-industry cooperation with better mean of patent, paper and funding.

This paper empirically studies the relationship between entrepreneurship intellectual capital and the enterprise performance in China through questionnaire survey. This result shows that entrepreneurship intellectual capital has significant impact on enterprise performance. However, different dimension of entrepreneurship intellectual capital makes different driving effect. Entrepreneurship innovation capital, entrepreneurship human capital and entrepreneurship social capital have positive effects on competitive and potential performance, while entrepreneurship structural capital has significant positive effect on competitive performance but no significant impact on potential performance. The value of entrepreneurship intellectual capital is partly explained, and some suggestions of the accumulation of entrepreneurship intellectual capital are given.

This study applies artificial neural network (ANN) to explore the relationships between the performance of R&D projects and its determinants. The results indicate that the quality of project environment has an inverse U-shaped effect on the performance of R&D projects, and both project managers' skills and the effectiveness of teamwork have monotonic positive influences on it. Besides, this study utilizes self-organizing map (SOM) to classify the Taiwanese information and electronics companies into three groups and further provides some suggestions. In addition, this paper uses an in-depth interview of qualitative research to explore why the quality of project environment has an inverse U-shaped effect on the R&D project performance, and finds out the main reason. There are two managerial implications in this study. First, the relationships between the performance of R&D projects and its determinants are not always linear in the complex and uncertain environment nowadays. Second, companies must care about the inverse U-shaped effect of the quality of project environment on the performance of R&D projects, although they can enhance the extent of project managers' skills and the effectiveness of their teamwork as much as possible.

This study utilizes the artificial neural network to explore the nonlinear relationships between patent performance and the corporate performance of the pharmaceutical companies. Patent performance measured from patent H index, patent citations, and essential technological strength (ETS). The result shows that patent H index, patent citations, and ETS has the nonlinear effect on the corporate performance of the pharmaceutical companies.

This study applies the entropy-based patent measure to explore the influences of related technological diversification (RTD) and unrelated technological diversification (UTD) upon technological competences and firm performance. The results show that RTD has a monotonically positive effect on technological competences and UTD has an inverse U-shaped effect on technological competences. Besides, the results demonstrate that the extent of the positive influence of RTD upon technological competences is better than that of UTD upon technological competences. If American pharmaceutical companies would like to adopt technological diversification, this study suggests that they should undertake RTD, rather than UTD. In addition, this study finds out that technological competences mediate the relationship between firm performance and both of RTD and UTD. Although RTD and UTD cannot significantly influence firm performance directly, they can positively affect firm performance indirectly through technological competences.

This study uses Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to explore the nonlinear relationships between green innovation performance and corporate competitive advantage. The result indicates that green innovation performance has the nonlinear effect on the corporate competitive advantage. If companies hope to enhance their competitive advantages through green innovation, they must check their green innovation performance in advance. If their green innovation performance is low, they can obtain competitive advantages through the increase of the green innovation performance; however, if their green innovation performance is high, they can not necessarily obtain competitive advantages through the increase of the green innovation performance.

This study examined the relationships between corporate market value and four patent quality indicators – relative patent position (RPP), revealed technology advantage (RTA), Herfindahl–Hirschman Index of patents (HHI of patents), and patent citations – in the US pharmaceutical industry. The results showed that RPP and patent citations were positively associated with corporate market value, but HHI of patents was negatively associated with it, while RTA was not significantly related to it. Thus, if pharmaceutical companies want to enhance their market value, they should increase their leading positions in their most important technological fields, cultivate more diversity of technological capabilities, and raise innovative value of their patents. In addition, this study found that market value of pharmaceutical companies with high patent counts was higher than that of pharmaceutical companies with low patent counts, and suggested that pharmaceutical companies with low patent counts should increase RPP in their most technological fields, decrease HHI of patents, or raise patent citations to further enhance their market value. Furthermore, this study developed a classification for the pharmaceutical companies to divide them into four types, and provided some suggestions to them.

This study utilizes neural network to explore the nonlinear relationships between corporate performance and the patent traits measured from Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of patents (HHI of patents), patent citations, and relative patent position in the most important technological field (RPPMIT) in the US pharmaceutical industry. The results show that HHI of patents and RPPMIT have nonlinearly and monotonically positive influences upon corporate performance, while the influence of patent citations is nonlinearly U-shaped. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies should raise the degrees of the leading position in their most important technological fields and the centralization of their technological capabilities to enhance corporate performance.

This study utilized artificial neural network (ANN) to explore the nonlinear influences of firm size, profitability, and employee productivity upon patent citations of the US pharmaceutical companies. The results showed that firm size, profitability, and employee productivity of the US pharmaceutical companies had the nonlinearly and monotonically positive influences upon their patent citations. Therefore, if US pharmaceutical companies want to enhance their innovation performance, they should pay attention on their firm size, profitability, and employee productivity.

This study found out there were nonlinear relationships between the R&D project performance and its determinants—R&D project manager’s skills, quality of project environment, and teamwork effectiveness—by using the Fuzzy Associative Memory (FAM) technique in the IC design industry of Taiwan. The results showed that R&D project manager’s skills and quality of project environment had significantly inverse U-shaped effects on the R&D project performance, while teamwork effectiveness had almost monotonic positive influence upon it. Therefore, there were optimal values for R&D project manager’s skills and quality of project environment for the R&D project performance in the Taiwanese IC design companies, although they can raise teamwork effectiveness as much as possible.