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In this study we investigated the relation between anterior disc displacement (ADD) and maxillomandibular morphology in skeletal anterior open bite with changes to the mandibular condyle. Thirty female patients (60 joints) with both conditions were evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was used to diagnose both ADD and changes to the mandibular condyle (erosion, osteophyte, and deformity). The relations among ADD, changes to the mandibular condyle, and maxillomandibular morphology were examined statistically. Changes to the mandibular condyle had a higher score than sym anterior open bite, the deviated side in asymmetric anterior open bite, and the non-deviated side. The score for disc displacement on the non-deviated side was lower than both the sym side and the deviated side. Unilateral changes to the mandibular condyle and unilateral disc displacement were not apparent in sym anterior open bite, but a unilateral non-displaced disc was seen only on the asymmetric side. Mandibular condylar changes were significantly more common on the deviated, than on the non-deviated, side. The SNB angle was significantly smaller, and the ANB, GZN, and SN-mandibular plane angles were significantly larger in sym anterior open bite. Overjet, ANB angle, GZN angle, and SN-MP angle were significantly larger, and the SNB angle was significantly smaller, in the presence of ADD without reduction and mandibular condylar deformity. We conclude that the prevalence of ADD without reduction and changes to the mandibular condyle were related to mandibular asymmetry and mandibular morphology in anterior open bite. This retrospective study suggests that ADD without reduction and mandibular condylar bone changes may be related to the progression of skeletal class II open bite and mandibular asymmetry in cases of skeletal open bite.

In sinus floor augmentation, bony nodular prominence at the floor of the maxillary sinus is an obstruction to lateral window approach. It is challenging to detach and elevate the sinus membrane without making any perforations around the nodular prominence, because the membrane is very thin. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a novel method.The membrane was not detached from the surface of the nodular prominence except for at the basal point, but the nodular prominence was cut at the base. Nodular prominence and sinus membrane were elevated upward together. A resorbable collagen membrane was placed beneath it to provide mechanical support and cover any partial tear in the sinus membrane. Autogenous bone and/or bone substitute were packed in the vacant compartment depending on the condition.This method is very easy to be carried out without any difficulties and worries. It gives us great benefit on the sinus floor augmentation.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12663-021-01572-7.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare body weight loss between postoperative intermaxillary fixation with metal wire and elastic traction and to investigate factors related to body weight loss after orthognathic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were 59 patients with dentofacial deformity, comprising 31 patients treated with intermaxillary fixation (IMF) and 28 patients treated with elastic traction without IMF (ELT) just after surgery. Body weight loss was measured at 1 week (T1) and 2 weeks (T2) after surgery. Body weight loss was compared between IMF and ELT, and factors related to body weight loss were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Body weight loss ratio was significantly increased in IMF (2.6%) rather than in ELT (1.4%) at T1, but only tended to be increased in both groups at T2, showing no statistical difference. Body weight loss ratio was significantly increased at T2 compared to T1 in both groups. Body weight loss was significantly greater at T2 than at T1. CONCLUSION: Both IMF and ELT cause body weight loss after orthognathic surgery, but IMF causes body weight loss earlier than ELT and increased early body weight loss increases continuous body weight loss after orthognathic surgery.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to investigate postoperative stability after orthognathic surgery in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion with severe open bite by comparison between bilateral sagittal splitting osteotomy (BSSRO) and BSSRO with Le Fort 1 osteotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients with skeletal class III malocclusion with severe open bite who were needed more than 6 degree counterclockwise rotation of distal segment by only BSSRO in preoperative cephalometric prediction. The subjects were divided into group A, where 9 patients were treated by BSSRO, and group B, where 8 patients were treated by BSSRO with Le Fort 1 osteotomy. Patient’s characteristics of age, gender, preoperative over jet (OJ) and over bite (OB) were not found to be significantly different between the two groups. Counterclockwise rotation of distal segment in preoperative cephalometric prediction by only BSSRO was not found to be significantly different between group A of 7.6 (6–10.6) degree and group B of 9 (6–13) degree. The amount of rotation was reduced to 5.4 (3–10) degree by bimaxillary surgery using BSSRO and Le Fort 1 osteotomy in group B. OJ and OB were measured as occlusal stability factor. Distance between ANS-to-PNS plane and the edge of upper incisor (NF–U1Ed), and distance between Menton and edge of lower incisor (Me–L1Ed) were measured as skeletal stability factor using cephalometric analysis. These lengths were measured at pre-surgery (T0), 2 weeks after surgery (T1) and 1 year after surgery (T2), and these differences between the two groups were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: OJ and OB kept a good relation at any experimental periods. The change of Me–L1Ed was significantly larger in group A (1.21 mm at T0–T1, 1.02 mm at T0–T2) than in group B (0.14 mm at T0–T1, 0.16 mm at T0–T2). The change of NF–U1Ed was not significantly different between group A (1.07 mm at T0–T1, 0.57 mm at T0–T2) and group B (0.51 mm at T0–T1, − 0.05 mm at T0–T2). CONCLUSION: In case with more than 6 degree counterclockwise rotation of distal segment, skeletal stability was better after bimaxillary surgery than only BSSRO; however, OJ and OB kept a good relation.

INTRODUCTION: In orthognathic surgery, we often experience that model mounting by the occlusal bite record taken at centric relation under the conscious condition in the sitting position does not always correctly replicate the actual maxilla–mandibular relationship under general anesthesia. Mandible often moves backward further in the latter condition. The present study was carried out to investigate the degree of extra retrusion of the mandible under general anesthesia and to determine the characteristics in each of the three original skeletal class patterns in a Japanese population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with jaw deformities (14 males and 36 females) were enrolled in this prospective study, their ages ranging from 16 to 49 years. The occlusal bite record at the incisor region obtained from a mounted articulator was compared with the records from the oral cavity of the patient under general anesthesia before surgery. RESULTS: Retrusion in the supine position under general anesthesia was observed in all skeletal classes, and it was significantly greater in skeletal Class II, compared to skeletal Class I and Class III. CONCLUSION: This study clearly revealed the difference among three different skeletal classes, and the mandible in the skeletal Class II moved backward significantly compared to other classes.

We report a clinical case of a patient with hereditary angioedema (HAE, Type III) in which, by implementing careful preoperative preparations to prevent the occurrence of edema, good course was achieved without the prophylactic administration of C1-inhibitor (C1–INH). We recommended the prophylactic administration of Berinert P, a human plasma-derived C1–INH formulation; however, due to the risk of developing a viral infection, both the patient and her mother refused to receive Berinert P. In cases where C1–INH cannot be administered as a prophylactic measure, it is essential to make sufficient preparations, including urgent tracheotomy, to prevent sudden occurrence of edema, with the cooperation of the anesthesiologist.

BACKGROUND Limitation of mouth opening is a common complaint following orthognathic surgery. OBJECTIVES This investigation reports on the progress of maximum incisal opening following orthognathic surgery and compares the impact of two different osteosynthesis methods on mouth opening in female patients with Class III dentofacial deformities. METHODS Forty cases of skeletal class III malocclusion were divided into twenty cases treated using the conventional single miniplate osteosynthesis method (P1) and twenty cases using the additional L-shaped miniplate osteosynthesis method (P2). No significant differences in pre-operative clinical status were detected between the P1 and P2 group, and all patients were managed with elastics in the post-operative period. Independent mouth opening exercises were initiated seven days after surgery, and inter-incisal distance was measured as maximum mouth opening (MMO) at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1, 2, 3, 6 months. Statistical analysis was performed in order to analyse differences in MMO between the P1 and P2 groups (Prism 7 GraphPad software, San Diego, CA). Values of P

AU‐rich elements (ARE) exist in the 3′‐untranslated regions of the mRNA transcribed from cell growth‐related genes such as proto‐oncogenes, cyclin‐related genes, and growth factors. HuR binds and stabilizes ARE‐mRNA. HuR is expressed abundantly in cancer cells and related malignant phenotypes. HuR knockdown attenuates the malignant phenotype of oral cancer cells. In this study, we screened 1570 compounds in the approved drug library by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) to discover a HuR‐targeted compound. Firstly, 55 compounds were selected by DSF. Then, 8 compounds that showed a shift in the melting temperature value in a concentration‐dependent manner were selected by DSF. Of them, suramin, an anti‐trypanosomal drug, binds to HuR, exhibiting fast‐on and fast‐off kinetic behavior on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We confirmed that suramin significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of cyclin A2 and cyclin B1. The cyclin A2 and cyclin B1 mRNAs were destabilized by suramin. Furthermore, the motile and invasive activities of a tongue carcinoma cell line treated with suramin were markedly lower than those of control cells. The above findings suggest that suramin binds to HuR and inhibits its function. We also showed that the anticancer effects of suramin were caused by the inhibition of HuR function, indicating its potential as a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of oral cancer. Our results suggest that suramin, via its different mechanism, may effectively suppress progressive oral cancer that cannot be controlled using other anticancer agents.

INTRODUCTION: We developed a novel, reliable and easy method that retains stability of the repositioned flap and vestibular expansion. METHOD: The conventionally elevated mucosal flap is secured to the desired depth of the vestibule by the pressure created by the polyvinyl chloride 6Fr suction catheter which is fixed to the alveolar bone with cortical bone screws passing through the inner lumen of the tube. The keratinized free flap is placed on the periosteum conventionally, and horizontal mattress suturing is performed for immobilization, with the suture running through the inner lumen of the tube transversally. CONCLUSION: This simple method gives us great benefit on the vestibuloplasty.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences in ventilation mechanics between quiet breathing and expiratory rib cage compression, and between expiratory rib cage compression on the upper rib cage and on the lower rib cage. [Subjects and Methods] Subjects comprised 6 healthy males. Expiratory rib cage compression was performed manually by compressing the upper and lower rib cages. Changes in the lung volume, flow rate, and esophageal and gastric pressure were examined. [Results] The end expiratory lung volume was significantly lower during expiratory rib cage compression than at rest, but the end inspiratory lung volume was not significantly different. When compared with the esophageal and gastric pressures on the upper and lower rib cages at rest, the gastric pressures were significantly higher at end expiration. Lung resistance was significantly higher during expiratory rib cage compression than at rest. [Conclusion] Although expiratory rib cage compression promoted expiration and increased tidal volume, the lung volume did not increase beyond end inspiratory levels at rest. Lung resistance may increase during expiratory rib cage compression due to a decrease in lung volume. The mechanism by which expiration is promoted differed between the upper and lower rib cages.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to clarify the impact of postural changes during tidal breathing on the configuration and motion of chest-wall in order to further breathing motion evaluation. [Subjects and Methods] Chest-wall configuration and motion in the supine, right lateral, and sitting positions were measured using optoelectronic plethysmography in 15 healthy adult men. [Results] The anteroposterior diameters of the chest wall were significantly lower in the supine position for the pulmonary and abdominal rib cages, whereas the mediolateral diameters in the lateral position were lowest for the abdominal rib cage. Regarding chest-wall motion, both craniocaudal and anteroposterior motions of the anterior surface of the pulmonary and abdominal rib cages were significantly greater in the sitting position. Regarding motion of the left lateral abdominal rib cage, lateral motion was greatest in the lateral position. [Conclusion] Chest-wall configuration and motion changed according to posture in healthy men, particularly in the pulmonary and abdominal rib cages.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients’ nutritional state after orthognathic surgery. The subjects were 40 female patients with dentofacial deformity aged 17–33 years who were undergoing bilateral sagittal splitting ramus osteotomy. Twenty patients were treated with intermaxillary fixation, and 20 patients were treated without intermaxillary fixation. Age and body mass index (kg/m2) were assessed as physical factors, operation time, blood loss, and amount of mandibular movement with or without intermaxillary fixation were assessed as operation stress factors, and the following laboratory data, total protein, serum albumin, total cholesterol, total lymphocytes, and cholinesterase were assessed as nutritional state factors at 1 and 2 weeks after surgery. Statistical analysis was performed for body weight loss and relationship between body weight loss and examination factors. Body weight significantly decreased 2.3% at 1 week and 3.9% at 2 weeks after surgery rather than preoperation. All laboratory data except total lymphocyte were decreased at 1 week after surgery and still remained significantly decreased at 2 weeks after surgery. There was a statistically significant relationship between body weight loss at 1 week after surgery and operation time. These results indicate that long operation time caused body weight loss in orthognathic surgery.

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDwoR) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in patients with dentofacial deformity. Eighty-eight female patients (176 joints) with skeletal class III malocclusion and 33 female patients (66 joints) with skeletal class II malocclusion, with or without anterior open bite and asymmetry, were evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the TMJ was used to diagnose ADDwoR. A statistical analysis was performed to examine the relationship between ADDwoR and skeletal structure. ADDwoR was present in 37 of the 66 joints (56.1%) in class II compared to 34 of the 176 joints (19.3%) in class III (P

Purpose To study the feasibility and the laterality of measurements of chest wall volume variation during tidal breathing in the lateral position in healthy subjects. Methods Eighteen normal subjects were studied. Chest wall volume changes were measured by optoelectronic plethysmography in the supine and right and left lateral positions during quiet breathing. The accuracy of measuring lung volume was also examined using hot wire spirometry in 10 of the subjects. Results The measurement errors between lung volume changes and chest wall volume changes were not significantly different in all positions. There was no significant difference between right and left compartmental volume changes in the supine position. However, chest wall volume changes were lower on the dependent side in the lateral position than on the non-dependent side because of the decrease in abdominal rib cage and abdomen volume changes. Conclusion Chest wall volume measurements during quiet breathing in the lateral position have high measuring accuracy and show laterality.

INTRODUCTION: To avoid injury of the descending palatine artery during Le Fort I osteotomy, I believe that it is important to measure the right distance between the piriform rim and the most anterior point of the descending palatine canal on the CT images and to insert the chisel to the correct distance. To achieve this maneuver easily, a novel chisel with depth markings is developed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The osteotome is based on a general thin osteotome of 6 mm width. Laser-striped markings are made for easy identification of 25, 27, 30, 33, 35, 37, and 40 mm from the top, with unique color-coded stripe. It enables easy bone-cut without anxiety in a short time. It is also a useful instrument for bone-cut where the length and depth are critical. CONCLUSION: This length-marked osteotome is a reliable instrument for secure osteotomy without injuries.

A patient with severe posterior maxillary hypoplasia was simulated using a 3-dimensional model by rapid prototyping, and segmental vertical distraction osteogenesis was planned to advance the posterior maxillary segment. The bi-directional distractor was adapted to the alveolar ridge and zygomatic buttress. After a 7-day latency period, we started distraction at a rate of 0.35mm every 12h. 12mm of advancement of the posterior maxillary segment was achieved. This distraction osteogenesis using a bi-directional distractor with proper therapeutic planning and good surgical technique will help ensure adequate vector control to predictably regenerate the hard and soft tissues during alveolar distraction.

For a sagittal split ramus osteotomy to be secure, the relation between the outer and inner contours of the cortex at the inferior border of the mandible is critical. The lowest point of the outer contour is not always immediately below that of the inner contour, and the former is placed more lingually than the latter in about a third of all cases. This tendency is much more noticeable in skeletal class I and II malocclusions than class III. It is therefore important to examine the lowest point of the inferior border in every case, and to carry the inferior part of the buccal cut on to the lingual side if necessary.

Maxillary sinus hypoplasia is a relatively rare condition and opportunities to encounter this pathology are scarce. We describe a bilateral case in a 64-year-old woman with swelling of the nasal floor mucosa resulting from periapical periodontitis in the condition of maxillary sinus hypoplasia, similar to the swelling of the sinus membrane in the condition of normal anatomical structure.

Introduction: Alveolar distraction is mainly used to increase height and width of the alveolar crest. This technique, however, is not typically used for lengthening the perimeter of the dental arch or improving teeth axes. We applied alveolar distraction in a tooth-borne manner in the second stage of our original method and obtained favorable results. We therefore present an outline of this method. Case Report: Genioplasty was first performed to create an infrastructure for sequential advancement of the subapical alveolar segment. After bone union, anterior subapical alveolar osteotomy was performed. The stump of the osteotomized dentate segment was moved forward without changing the incisal edge position, and a box-type bioabsorbable plate with four holes was fixed only onto the dentate segment using two screws. After a latency period, two distraction devices were placed bilaterally to the brackets and activated at 1.0 mm/day. After reaching the desired position, the distractor was immobilized, and then replaced by resin temporary teeth to retain the created space. After the consolidation period, orthodontic treatment was restarted and teeth moved into the newly created space. Bimaxillary surgery was performed after completing pre-surgical orthodontic treatment. Finally, both desirable occlusion and functional masticatory function were obtained. Conclusion: This tooth-borne distraction system is one applicable method for patients with skeletal class II and crowding of lower anterior teeth, achieving good results particularly in combination with our original method.

Purpose: Relapse caused by clockwise (opening) rotation of the distal segment (dentate segment) in the sagittal plane is one of the postoperative complications sometimes seen after sagittal split ramus osteotomy. The force involved in this movement is primarily exerted by the masticatory and suprahyoid muscles. For postoperative stability, we have used two plates on each side: a straight plate placed over the vertical osteotomy line at the buccal surface of the first molar and an L-shaped plate placed at the distal or lateral part of the last molar over the osteotomy line, just crossing over the upper-lateral edge of the buccal shelf, to prevent the tail of the distal segment from moving upward. Although postoperative stability was clinically fine, experimental evaluations have not previously been performed. To clarify the effects of the L-shaped plate, we performed an experimental study using a bioabsorbable plate system. Methods: A custom-fabricated jig was made to simulate rotational movement of the segments. Two segments made from polyoxymethylene resin were fixed with a four-hole straight or four-hole box poly-L-lactate ioabsorbable plate. An L-shaped plated was then added for rigidity, and mechanical testing was performed. Result: The yield load exerted by the four-hole straight plate alone was 152.4±11.0 N. This increased significantly to 273.8±43.7 N with addition of an L-shaped plate (p

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients who underwent orthognathic surgery.The subjects were 139 patients aged 17-52 years (47 males and 92 females) who underwent orthognathic surgery in the Hokkaido University Hospital from January 2001 to December 2003. Ninety-four Sagittal splitting ramus osteotomy (SSRO), 34 Le Fort I osteotomy and SSRO (Le Fort I+SSRO), and 11 surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE) were performed. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. There were no cases of maxillomandibular fixation. The factors investigated included age, gender, type of surgery, amount of bleeding, operation time, anesthesia time, anesthesia induction drugs, fentanyl dose and incidence of PONV. A statistical study was performed using logistic regression analysis to confirm the statistical significance among age, gender, amount of bleeding, operation time, anesthesia time, difference of anesthesia induction drugs, fentanyl dose, and incidence of PONV. A Chi-square test for independence was used to confirm the statistical significance between the type of surgery and incidence of PONV. Differences were considered significant for a P

Methyl mercaptoacetate (MA) on Cu(1 1 1) surface was investigated using synchrotron radiation-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. MA adsorbs on the surface via thiolate formation and weak interaction of the carbonyl group with the surface. Two different adsorption states previously reported for methanethiolate and ethanethiolate were confirmed, besides atomic sulfur. NEXAFS measurements support gauche-type conformation of MA whose skeleton lies on the surface.

This paper reports the results of an experiment for testing the applicability of a Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) positioning system to tracking free-range chickens. In this system, the location of a chicken on a continuous plane (an experiment field) at any time was represented by a point (referred to as a location point) on a one meter square grid lattice, and the trajectory of a chicken by the sequence of its location points. The system recorded the location point of a chicken at every second. The experiment used eight Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) and two Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata), which were kept freely in a park (170 by 90 m), where their spatial behavior was observed for five days. The complete data were collected for three days. Because the observed location points contained random noise, they were treated as probabilistic variables. Data analysis showed that location accuracy was 2.6 m with a probability of 0.95. The living space of a chicken was represented by a two-dimensional probability density function of location points. The function was estimated by the kernel method with the bi-weight kernel function whose bandwidth was 2.6 m. The trajectory of a chicken was estimated by the moving average method. This experiment showed that the WiFi positioning system was practically applicable to tracking free-range chickens.

This clinical study was performed in order to investigate the spectrum of dentofacial deformities, management, surgical outcomes and the living area of orthognathic patients treated at Kushiro Red Cross Hospital in the eastern part of Hokkaido. Fifty-three patients were treated for dentofacial deformities in our hospital from April 1989 to December 2004. These patients have increased in recent years. There were 13 male and 40 female patients. According to clinical diagnosis and operation procedure, mandibular prognathism was the most predominant diagnosis and only sagittal split ramus osteotomy was performed in most cases. The patients lived over a wide area of eastern Hokkaido. As Kushiro Red Cross Hospital cooperats with Hokkaido University Hospital and nearby dental clinics, patients could receive the greater part of orthognathic treatments in Kushiro Red Cross Hospital. However, most patients had to go to Hokkaido University Hospital a few times. Patients could benefit from developing orthognathic management at Kushiro Red thus Cross Hospital as well as at Hokkaido University Hospital.

“煮こごり”の材料及び調理条件がゲル化に及ぼす影響を明らかにするために, pH測定, 透過色測定, レオメーターによる力学的測定及びNMRによるスピンー格子緩和時間(T1)の測定を行い, 得られた知見を以下にまとめた。1) 煮こごりとなる食材の種類及び加熱時間や添加調味料などの調製条件が煮こごりの物性に影響を与えることが明らかとなった。魚(まこがれい)は短時間加熱でゲル化し, 加熱時間20分を境にゲル強度は低下した。豚すね肉は魚よりもより強固なゲルを形成し, 加熱時間90～120分で最大となった。鶏手羽先は魚と同様, 加熱初期からコラーゲンが溶出されやすく, 加熱時間の経過とともにより強固なゲルを形成した。一方, 骨, 皮部を含まない牛すね肉は240分までゲル化が観察されなかった。2) ワインビネガー, 醤油, 酢などの調味料を添加することで, 煮こごりのゲル強度は高くなった。これは, 溶液のpH, 酸及びポリフェノールが肉の結合組織に作用し, コラーゲソを溶出させやすくすると推測された。3)煮こごりゲル試料の水分子の自由度にはコラーゲソ以外の他の物質との相互作用も関与していることが推察された。

透析患者の血糖 (BG) コントロールの指標としてグリコヘモグロビン (HbA1c) およびグリコアルブミン (GA) の2つを比較検討した. 対象は, 糖尿病を有する慢性維持血液透析患者41名 (男性31名, 女性10名, 平均年齢65±9歳) であり, 全例が昼間透析である. 透析来院時に, 透析開始時, 透析中昼食前, 透析終了時の3ポイントで血糖値を, また透析開始時の採血でHbA1cとGAを測定し, それぞれの関係を検討した. また, 同日から遡り過去4週および2週間の透析開始時平均血糖値 (朝食後平均143分後) を求め, これら平均値とHbA1c, GAおよび他の因子との関係についても検討した. 結果は, GAとHbA1cとは良好な相関関係が認められた (r=0.663, p

The activity of the cerebral pyruvate recycling pathway and energy metabolism in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis were investigated using 13C-NMR and in vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy, respectively. The 13C-NMR analysis, using [1,2-13C2] acetate as a substrate, of whole-brain extracts demonstrated that activity of the pathway increased when T. spiralis infection induced hypoglycemia in the host. The in vivo 31P-NMR observation showed that the cerebral ATP in normal level sustained throughout this experiment. These findings indicate that the pyruvate recycling pathway plays a role in the energy supply to the host in hypoglycemia induced by T. spiralis infection. Index Descriptors and Abbreviations: Trichinella spiralis; Nematode; Pyruvate recycling; Hypoglycemia; Brain; PECPK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PK, pyruvate kinase; ME, malic enzyme; mME, mitochondrial isozyme of ME; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; ML, muscle larvae; TSP, 3-(trimethylsilyl)-d4-propionate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; PCr, phosphocreatine; Pi, inorganic phosphate; PME, phosphomonoesters

The major components of hemolymph were examined by 1H-NMR in seven species of aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis gossypii, Aphis sambuci, Lachnus tropicalis, Megoura crassicauda, Myzus persicae and Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum. Trehalose was detected as the main component from these aphids, and its concentrations in these insects were much higher (196 mM in L. tropicalis to 926 mM in A. gossypii) than those of two other homopterous insects, Cryptotympana facialis (91 mM) and Nephotettix cincticeps (53 mM). Concentrations in L. tropicalis and A. gossypii were equivalent to 1.6% to 2.0% of the fresh weight. Glucose appeared to be an artifact in the hemolymph, because it was not found in the hemolymph when validoxylamine A, a trehalase inhibitor, was added.

Myo-inositol was found in the hemolymph of three species of rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus and Sogatella furcifera, along with the major common components by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Myo-inositol concentration was about three to five times higher than trehalose concentration. N. lugens nymphs as well as adults contained myo-inositol. Trace experiments with 13C-NMR spectroscopy showed that myo-inositol was produced from glucose and accumulated in the hemolymph with a peak concentration appearing later than that of trehalose. The role of myo-inositol in rice planthoppers is discussed.