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Salt-lake brines containing high lithium (Li) contents are highly saline solutions with total dissolved solids on the order 300 g/L with Li+ concentrations around 1 g/L only. A drastic increase in ...

The potential application of electrodialysis (ED) for arsenic (As) removal from water was investigated by evaluating the influence of operational parameters on removal efficiency of As. The applied...

Katsutoshi Inoue, May 4, 2009On behalf of the contributors and all of the colleagues and students who were touched by his teaching, we are honored to dedicate this Special Issue in celebration of E...

Separation of scandium (Sc) from yttrium (Y) in aqueous chloride media by solvent extraction using Versatic acid 10 was investigated. Conventional slope analysis method revealed the extraction equilibrium formulation of the metals. Sc is more strongly extracted than Y by Versatic acid 10, and the separation factor of the metals is quite high at 1.93 × 104. Complete stripping of Sc from the loaded organic solution of Versatic acid 10 was achieved by 3M HCl solution. Then Versatic acid 10 was applied to solvent impregnated resin (SIR), separation of Sc was progressed via Langmuir adsorption model.

Adsorptive separation of Pb(II) from aqueous solution containing Pb(II) and other heavy metals (Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II)) has been investigated, using three adsorbents, such as an iminodiacetic acid-chelating resin (CR11) and Fe-based adsorbents (goethite and magnetite). Batchwise adsorption of Pb(II) and other metal ions in single metal system and multi-components system was carried out with varying parameters, such as pH, time and initial concentrations of metals. CR11 possesses the highest adsorption ability for these metals, while the selectivity of individual metal is little. Goethite possesses selectivity for Pb(II) and Cu(II), and magnetite possesses selectivity for Pb(II), though the adsorption capacity for the metals is less than those with CR11. The kinetics of the adsorption of metals with all adsorbents is of pseudo-second-order, and the magnetite is revealed to have the fastest adsorption kinetics. The three adsorbents can be applied for chromatographic separation for these metals. The magnetite is feasible for selective separation of Pb(II), although complete elution cannot be achieved.

In this study, heterogeneous ion exchange membranes were tested for separation and recovery of boron and lithium from aqueous solutions with bipolar membrane electrodialysis (EDBM). the results indicated that separation efficiencies and recoveries of both boron and lithium were strongly influenced by the acid and base solutions employed in acid and base cells, flow rate of sample solution and electrical potential applied. It was concluded that separation efficiencies and recoveries of boron and lithium were improved with an increase in the flow rate of sample solution. the highest separation efficiencies were 93% and 69% for lithium and boron, respectively at 50 L/h of sample solution flow rate. the highest recoveries of lithium and boron were achieved as 57% and 41%, respectively at this condition. When electrical potential increased from 15 V to 25 V, boron and lithium separation efficiencies and recoveries obtained were higher. At 30 V of electrical potential, pH of sample solution decreased because of the proton leakage into the sample cell. Since anionic borate ions in sample solution cell were considered to be converted to neutral boric acid, this situation resulted in lower separation efficiencies and recovery of boron from sample solution. By applying optimal process conditions (25 V and 50 L/h of sample solution flow rate), 59% of boron recovery and 73% of lithium recovery were obtained in acid and base cells, respectively., bilateral TUBITAK-JSPS project [214M360]; TUBITAK, TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, This work was supported by bilateral TUBITAK-JSPS project between Turkey and Japan by TUBITAK (Project No. 214M360). the authors would like to thank TUBITAK, Turkey and JSPS, Japan for their financial supports.

Application of bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) for simultaneous separation and recovery of lithium and boron from aqueous solution was investigated using Astom Acilyzer EX3B model ED device. In the laboratory scale experiments performed, effects of acid and base solutions types and their concentrations employed in acid and base compartments, electrical potential applied on process efficiency were investigated. The results showed that separations and recoveries of both boron and lithium were effective when 0.05 M HCl and 0.05 M NaOH solutions have been used in acid and base compartments, respectively. The percent separations of boron and lithium were 86.9% and 94.7%, respectively, while their respective recoveries were 50% and 62% at 30 V. The maximum separation and recovery values for boron and lithium were obtained when a 30 V of electrical potential was applied. With optimal initial acid and base concentrations (0.05 M) used in acid and base compartments, the specific power consumption (SPC) was calculated as 7.9 kWh/m3 at 30 V. While higher initial acid and base concentrations showed higher boron and lithium separation efficiencies, relatively lower concentrations of acid and base solutions employed in acid and base compartments improved the recoveries of boron and lithium. Acid and base solutions generating a moderate conductive medium in acid and base compartments improved separations along with recoveries of boron and lithium from solution. When the solutions of 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH were used in acid and base compartments, recoveries of boron and lithium were 27% and 33%, respectively. On the other hand, the recoveries of boron and lithium were 62% and 56%, respectively when 0.1 M H3BO3 and 0.1 M LiOH solutions were employed in acid and base compartments.

Separation of platinum and palladium, using solvent-impregnated resin (SIR) impregnating di-hexylamine (DHA), di-n-octylamine (DOA), or di-hexyl sulfide (DHS), coated by polyvinyl alcohol crosslink...

Separation of neodymium (Nd 3+ ), praseodymium (Pr 3+ ), and dysprosium (Dy 3+ ) from a waste Nd magnet has been investigated using a solvent-impregnated resin (SIR) containing 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester coated with polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. A large amount of the iron (Fe 3+ ) contained in the Nd magnet was completely separated from the rare earth metals by adding oxalic acid. Rare earth metal oxides were then prepared by calcining the rare earth metal oxalate precipitates. Separation of Dy 3+ and Nd 3+ /Pr 3+ was performed from nitrate media containing the rare earths oxides using a chromatographic separation system combined with frontal adsorption, scrubbing, and elution. Complete separation of Dy 3+ was achieved and the effluent containing Nd 3+ and Pr 3+ was collected. Finally, separation of Nd 3+ /Pr 3+ was performed using the same chromatographic separation system to obtain 91.0% purity Nd 3+ .

Simultaneous separation and recovery of lithium and boron from the aqueous solution prepared by dissolving lithium tetraborate using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) was studied to investigate the effect of applied potential and initial concentrations of lithium and boron as well as co-existing ions in the solution. The results revealed that mass transfer rates of lithium and boron increased with applied voltage up to a maximum limit voltage. Good linear correlation between initial concentrations and transfer rates of lithium and boron was helpful to elucidate the mass transfer mechanism which can be explained by Fick's first law of diffusion. The permeation of lithium and boron through the membrane were little bit affected by the applied voltage and also by the initial concentrations of lithium and boron. The influence of co-existing sodium or chloride ions on the BMED performance was not observed. The separation efficiencies of lithium and boron were quite high with a BMED performance > 90%. The current efficiency of lithium and boron gradually decreased with an increase in the applied voltage while specific power consumption increased with an increase in the applied voltage.

Direct release of geothermal waters to the environment may cause some damages to some plants because they contain toxic species such as boron, arsenic, fluoride etc. along with valuable minerals including lithium. In this study, a hybrid process combining adsorption and membrane filtration was used to separate boron and lithium simultaneously from geothermal water. According to the results obtained, separation efficiencies for lithium and boron from geothermal water were 100% and 83% using boron selective ion exchange resin Dowex XUS-43594.00 and lithium selective -MnO2 adsorbent, respectively. The kinetic data of lithium and boron adsorption have been evaluated using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models.

Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) for adsorptive removal of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was investigated. Shell-core chitosan was applied as a support for metal ions and could successfully immobilize copper via ion-exchange ability of chitosan. The copper-immobilized shell-core chitosan has adsorption ability for SMX at pH = 4–6, due to the complexation between copper on the adsorbent and sulfonamide group of the SMX. The adsorbent was also applicable for chromatographic operation for removal of SMX. The SMX adsorbed was successfully eluted with deionized water, although a small amount of copper was also eluted from the adsorbent together with the SMX.

A novel tridentate extractant including a soft donor has been developed and examined. The extractant, N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-thiodiglycolamide (TDGA), is analogous in structure to N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-diglycolamide (TODGA) and methylimino-N,N′-dioctylacetamide (MIDOA); however, it contains a sulfur donor instead of the oxygen and nitrogen atoms of TODGA and MIDOA, respectively. The results of the present study show that TDGA can extract silver, palladium, gold, and mercury from acidic solutions to n-dodecane. We investigated the extraction behavior of Ag, Pd, Au, and Hg from four types of acids: HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, and HClO4. We also compared the distribution ratios of hard and soft acid metals using TDGA, TODGA, and MIDOA by investigating the metal complexes with each donor atom. 1H NMR and IR investigations of the metal–TDGA complexes indicated the roles of the donor atoms of TDGA (S and N). The calculated chemical heats of formation of the metal complexes were negatively related to their apparent extraction constants.

The adsorption equilibria of lithium from geothermal water were investigated by using both powdery and granulated forms of λ-MnO2 derived from spinel-type lithium manganese dioxide. Optimum amounts...

Forward osmosis (FO) technology has been applied for removal of chromium (Cr) from water environment. Comparison of the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) was investigated by changing several operational conditions. The pH of feed solution plays an important role in rejection of Cr. The Cr(VI) rejection was increased with increasing pH, while Cr(III) rejection was stable. It also demonstrated that the rejection of Cr was higher when the membrane active layer faces the feed solution compared to the rejection when the membrane active layer faces the draw solution.

Selective recovery of lithium from four kinds of cathode materials, manganese-type, cobalt-type, nickel-type, and ternary-type, of spent lithium ion battery was investigated. In all cathode materials, leaching of lithium was improved by adding sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) as an oxidant in the leaching solution, while the leaching of other metal ions (manganese, cobalt, and nickel) was significantly suppressed. Optimum leaching conditions, such as pH, temperature, amount of Na2S2O8, and solid/liquid ratio, for the selective leaching of lithium were determined for all cathode materials. Recovery of lithium from the leachate as lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) was then successfully achieved by adding sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to the leachate. Optimum recovery conditions, such as pH, temperature, and amount of Na2CO3, for the recovery of lithium as Li2CO3 were determined for all cases. Purification of Li2CO3 was achieved by lixiviation in all systems, with purities of the Li2CO3 higher than 99.4%, which is almost satisfactory for the battery-grade purity of lithium.

A novel photo-swing extraction system for lanthanide separation was developed using a copolymer of acid phosphoxy ethyl methacrylate (Phosmer-M), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), and (1-pyrene)methyl methacrylate (Phosmer-M/NIPAM/PyMMA). Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were successfully dispersed in the Phosmer-M/NIPAM/PyMMA as a result of the π-π interactions of the pyrene groups. The phase transition of the copolymer was successfully induced via photo-irradiation as a result of heat generation by the CNTs. The extraction of Eu(III) was increased by the photo-irradiation because of changes in volume and hydrophobicity of the copolymer. Separation of the lanthanides was improved by the photo-irradiation, especially for the combination of Eu(III)/Sc(III).

As an applying potential for a part of production of lithium (Li) from salt lake brine, forward osmosis was investigated by using semi-permeable membranes, sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as draw solutions under several operational conditions. Cellulose triacetate and thin-film composite membranes and their orientations were compared. The results indicated that concentration of Li was higher using the thin-film composite membrane with MgCl2 as the draw solution. The effect of pH was insignificant. The results also showed that water flux decreased with increasing Li concentration on the feed side. Internal concentration polarization played an important role when rejection of Li was higher in the active layer facing feed solution system.

In this study, the performance of N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) type functional group attached a novel boron selective chelating fiber adsorbent, Chelest Fiber GRY-HW, was investigated for boron removal from geothermal brine containing 10–11 mg B/L through a packed bed column. The effect of feed flow rate (Space Velocity, SV) on breakthrough capacity of Chelest Fiber GRY-HW was studied using various SV values (15, 20 and 30 h−1). The effect of SV on breakthrough capacity was particularly apparent when SV was decreased from 30 to 15 h−1. Yoon–Nelson, Thomas and Modified Dose Response (MDR) models were applied to the experimental data to estimate the breakthrough curves and model parameters such as rate constants and breakthrough times. The obtained results showed that the breakthrough curves were better described by Modified Dose Response (MDR) model than those described by Yoon-Nelson and Thomas models in each case. Also, the model estimations for adsorption capacity obtained by MDR model agreed well with the experimental results., TUBITAK-JSPS bilateral project (214M360)

2-s2.0-85054557378, A hybrid system coupling ion exchange and ultrafiltration (UF) was employed to separate lithium from lithium-spiked geothermal water. The effect of process parameters such as adsorbent type, adsorbent dosage, permeate flow rate, and replacement speeds of fresh and saturated adsorbents have been evaluated to determine the efficiency of the hybrid system. According to the results obtained using ?-MnO2 derived from spinel-type lithium manganese dioxide, the optimal operating conditions to separate lithium from geothermal water were found with powdery ?-MnO2 with an adsorbent concentration of 1.5 g adsorbent/L solution, replacement rates of fresh and saturated adsorbents of 6.0 mL/min, and a permeate flow rate of 5.0 mL/min. The ion exchange–UF hybrid system providing an advantage to work with very fine particles easily can be considered as a favorable process for the separation of lithium from geothermal water. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC., Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS: 16H04555, 214M360 African Academy of Sciences, AAS, This study was financially supported by a grant so-called TUBITAK–JSPS bilateral project (Project number: 214M360)., This study was financially supported by a grant so-called TUBITAK?JSPS bilateral project (Project number: 214M360). We are grateful to Izmir Geothermal Co. for geothermal water samples. We thank M.Ak?ay, S.Bunani and E.Alt?ok for the kind help in lithium analyses by AAS.

Nanofiltration of tetraalkyl ammonium hydroxide (TAAH) was investigated with a membrane coated with SAPO-5, a silicoaluminophosphate with a 12-member ring channel. The SAPO-5-coated membrane was prepared on an α-alumina support by a secondary growth method. Rejection of TAAH by the SAPO-5-coated membrane increased with the molecular size of the TAAH, because of the molecular sieve mechanism imparted by the SAPO-5 coating. However, the rejection decreased with increasing operational pressure because of concentration polarization near the membrane surface. The SAPO-5-coated membrane could be repeatedly used for nanofiltration, after backwashing with a dilute hydrochloric solution between cycles.

The separation and recovery of gold from waste LED using ion exchange method was investigated, employing commercial polyamine type anion exchanger, Diaion WA21J. Leaching of gold from LED terminal was successfully carried out with aqua regia at 80 °C. Separation of gold from the leaching solution was then carried out by column adsorption with WA21J. The selective adsorption of gold was achieved, while adsorption of the co-existing metals in the leaching solution was suppressed. Quantitative elution of gold from WA21J was achieved with diluted thiourea solution. Elementary gold was then obtained from the eluent by simultaneous precipitation and reduction of gold with sodium borohydride with 100% purity.

The novel tridentate extractant including a soft donor group or atom has developed and was examined. The extractant, N , N , N ′, N ′-tetraoctyl-thiodiglycolamide (TOTDGA), is analogous structure to N , N , N ′, N ′ - tetraoctyl-diglycolamide (TODGA), but with sulfur donor instead of ether oxygen of TODGA. TOTDGA has a unique property to extract silver from acidic solutions to n -dodecane with relatively high D values. We investigated the extraction behavior of Ag in various acids, HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , and HClO 4 . The results suggest that TOTDGA can extract Ag from these acids.

Electrodialysis (ED) combined with bipolar membrane, a new system known as bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) has been developed to separate ions from aqueous saline solutions and recover them in their corresponding acids and bases. In this study, separation and recovery of lithium and boron from aqueous solution by BMED method was investigated. Lithium and boron were recovered as LiOH and H3BO3 with BMED, respectively. The influence of process conditions such as applied potential, initial sample volume and pH on BMED performance was monitored. The performance of BMED method increased with an increase in applied voltage but decreased with an increase in initial sample volume. At optimum conditions of 15 V and 0.5 L as initial sample volume, separation and recovery of lithium were 99.6% and 88.3%, respectively, while the respective values for boron were 72.3% and 70.8%. An increase in pH improved separation and recovery of boron more than those of lithium. At pH 12.25, separation and recovery of boron were 95.6% and 78.8%, respectively. The BMED method was found to be effective for simultaneous separation and recovery of lithium and boron from same aqueous solution at optimum operating conditions.

Nanofiltration of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was investigated using an MFI-type zeolite-coated membrane. The membrane could be successfully prepared on an α-alumina support by hydrothermal synthesis. The MFI-type zeolite powder possesses a high adsorption capacity for TMAH at all pH values, with maximum adsorption amount determined by Langmuir adsorption mechanism of 0.593 mmol/g at pH = 11.63, because it presents a negatively charged surface. Nanofiltration of TMAH can thus be achieved through both molecular sieve and adsorption mechanisms by MFI-type zeolite. The MFI-type zeolite-coated membrane can be repeatedly used for nanofiltration, with backwashing with a dilute hydrochloric solution between cycles.

The separation of lanthanum and cerium, using a solvent-impregnated resin (SIR) containing 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester, coated by polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked by either glutaraldehyde or divinyl sulfone, was investigated. Coating of the SIR successfully suppressed leakage of the extractant during adsorption. Glutaraldehyde was found to be a suitable coating crosslinker based on both the pH dependence of adsorption and leakage of the extractant. The coated SIR was applied to chromatographic recovery of the two metals and quantitative adsorption–elution was carried out via the frontal analysis mode. Complete separation of the metals was achieved using gradient elution with a gradual increase in the concentration of a dilute nitric acid. The coated SIR could be reused for repeated adsorption–elution processing.

Selective recovery of valuable metals (Cu(2+), Co(2+) and Li(+)) from leachate of spent lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries was investigated in acidic chloride media using solvent impregnated resins (SIRs). An SIR containing bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) had high selectivity for Fe(3+) and Al(3+), with an order of selectivity Fe(3+)Al(3+)Cu(2+)Co(2+). Fe(3+) and Al(3+) could be removed from synthetic leachate by precipitation, followed by column adsorption with the SIR containing D2EHPA. The synthetic leachate was then applied to chromatography for selective recovery of Cu(2+), Co(2+) and Li(+). The solution was first fed upward to a column packed with an SIR containing 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC-88A) for selective separation of Cu(2+), followed by upward feed to another column packed with an SIR comprising PC-88A and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) for selective recovery of Co(2+). Finally, a column packed with a synergistic SIR containing both 1-phenyl-1,3-tetradecanedione (C11phbetaDK) and tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) was used for selective recovery of Li(+). A process flowsheet is proposed for selective recovery of Cu(2+), Co(2+) and Li(+) using several SIRs. This process was found to be simple and efficient for selective recovery of valuable metals from leachate of spent Li-ion batteries. Pure copper, cobalt and lithium products were obtained, with high elution yields.

Adsorption of boron was investigated using glucamine-based chelate adsorbents, including resin type (Diaion® CRB 03 and Diaion® CRB 05) and a fiber type (Chelest Fiber® GRY-HW) adsorbents. The adsorption rate of boron was pseudo-second-order in all cases, with the Chelest Fiber having the highest adsorption rate. The adsorption of boron increased with pH in the acidic region but decreased with pH in the alkaline region. The adsorption isotherms obtained were of the Langmuir type and the order of the maximum adsorption was CRB 05 ≈ Chelest Fiber > CRB 03. The Chelest Fiber therefore has both a high adsorption rate and a high adsorption capacity for boron. Chromatographic recovery of boron can be achieved with CRB 05 and Chelest Fiber. The Chelest Fiber can adsorb boron at a high flow rate, with a space velocity of 25 h− 1. The effective adsorption–elution processing of boron from salt lake brine was achieved, although the adsorption rate and elution yield of boron were slightly decreased by components coexisting in the brine.