Search

Introduction: Various emotions may arise in the context of extensive curriculum of paramedical education. Their association to biological aspects such as Vitamin D status is to be examined with regard to the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in the region. This research aims to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and their relationship with Vitamin D status among Lebanese health-care students.Methods: A total of 157 university students aged 18-25 years old completed a questionnaire related to medical and psychiatric history, nutritional intake, lifestyle habits, and social difficulties. Anxiety symptoms were assessed by Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. Vitamin D serum levels were analyzed using ELISA technique.Results: Anxiety symptoms were present in 37.5% of students with 2.5% presenting severe anxiety. Anxiety symptoms were significantly associated to health problems (p = 0.0038), social difficulties (p = 0.001), and a family history of psychiatric disorders (p < 0.0001). Low Vitamin D levels were detected in 49.3% of participants; 77.5% having a Vitamin D insufficiency while the rest presenting a Vitamin D deficiency. Students with anxiety symptoms had significantly lower Vitamin D levels as compared to those having no anxiety manifestations (17.9 ng/mL ± 7.9 vs. 24.2 ng/mL ± 9.9, p = 0.0023). However, no significant correlation was registered between anxiety symptoms scores and Vitamin D levels.Conclusion: Anxiety symptoms were found to be relatively prevalent among health-care students and associated to low Vitamin D levels. Further studies are warranted to clarify the beneficial effect of Vitamin D supplementation in the prevention, management, and treatment of anxiety symptoms among health-care students.

Insulin resistance is central to the etiology of the metabolic syndrome cluster of diseases. Evidence suggests that a high-fat diet is associated with insulin resistance, which may be modulated by dietary fatty acid composition. We hypothesized that high saturated fatty acid intake increases insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion. To clarify the effect of ingested fatty acid composition on glucose levels, we conducted an intervention study to investigate the insulin and plasma GIP responses in 11 healthy women, including a dietary control. Subjects were provided daily control meals (F-20; saturated fatty acids/monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids [S/M/P] ratio, 3:4:3) with 20 energy (E) % fat, followed by 2 isoenergetic experimental meals for 7 days each. These meals comprised 60 E% carbohydrate, 15 E% protein, and 30 E% fat (FB-30; high saturated fatty acid meal; S/M/P, 5:4:1; F-30: reduced saturated fatty acid meal; S/M/P, 3:4:3). On the second day of the F-20 and the last day of F-30 and FB-30, blood samples were taken before and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after a meal tolerance test. The plasma glucose responses did not differ between F-20 and FB-30 or F-30. However, insulin levels were higher after the FB-30 than after the F-20 (P < .01). The GIP response after the FB-30 was higher than that after the F-30 (P < .05). In addition, the difference in the incremental GIP between FB-30 and F-30 correlated significantly and positively with that of the insulin. These results suggest that a high saturated fatty acid content stimulates postprandial insulin release via increased GIP secretion.

ヒスチジンから合成される神経ヒスタミンは, レプチンにより賦活化され摂食を抑制し, 脂肪分解を促進することが動物実験で報告されている。本研究は, 中高年肥満女性において, ヒスチジン摂取が摂食を抑制し, 脂肪分解を促進し, 血清レプチン濃度に影響を及ぼすか否かについて検討を行った。対象者は3カ月間の減量プログラムに参加した中高年肥満女性118名である。減量前後に, 採血, 体重測定, 食事調査を行った。減量後のタンパク質当りヒスチジン摂取量とエネルギー摂取量の間には有意な負の相関が認められた。この関係は, 血清レプチン濃度で補正後も成立した。また, 減量後のタンパク質当りヒスチジン摂取量と血清遊離脂肪酸濃度の間には有意な正の相関が認められた。以上のことより, 中高年肥満女性においてヒスチジン摂取が摂食を抑制し, 脂肪分解を促進する可能性が示唆され, ヒスチジンが肥満の予防, 改善に有効なアミノ酸であることが考察された。

The intake of dietary fat, especially saturated fatty acid, has noticably increased in Japan as a result of the Westernization of eating habits. Itoh et al. have shown that the postprandial insulin release in healthy young women was stimulated by meals rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA). Vanadium is known to be a trace element that mimics the biological effect of insulin. The objective of this present study was to evaluate the effect of mineral water containing vanadium on the insulin insensitivity induced by a diet rich in SFA.Twenty healthy young women participated in this crossover study. We used two kinds of mineral water containing approximately 60μg/l of vanadium (water A and B). The subjects were assigned to two groups of 10 subjects each forrespectively ingesting water A and water B. Vanadium-free mineral water was used as a control. Each subject ingested each type of water and a diet rich in SFA for 8 days. Fat constituted 30% of the total energy in the ratio of saturated fatty acid (S): monounsaturated fatty acid (M): polyunsaturated fatty acid (P)=5:4:1. On the last day, the plasma glucose level and serum insulin, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels were measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120min after the evening meal.Water A reduced the serum insulin level in comparison with the control value 120min after the meal. A similar effect was observed with water B. The postprandial plasma glucose level showed no significant difference between the control and mineral water containing vanadium.Our results suggested that mineral water containing vanadium had a beneficial effect on the insulin insensitivity induced by a diet rich in SFA.

Serum and urine samples were randomly collected from residents in two rural areas at different altitudes in Nepal, and were examined for Wuchereria bancrofti antigens and antibodies (IgG4) to filarial antigens, respectively. In Judigaun, located at 900 m in altitude, 25.2% of 238 serum samples were positive for antigen, and 50.8% of 244 urine samples were positive for antibody. The level of IgG4 antibodies was higher among antigen positive individuals than among the antigen negatives. In Kotyang, located at 1100–1300 m, the prevalence of antigenemia was 15.4% of 117 serum samples.

中高年肥満女性を閉経前群, 閉経後群に分け, LDL-コレステロール (LDL-C) および内臓脂肪に影響を及ぼす食事因子を, 3カ月間の減量指導による内臓脂肪減少時および減量指導終了より1年後の内臓脂肪増加時について検討した。減量指導開始時に, BMIは群間に有意差を認めないにも関わらず, 内臓脂肪, LDL-Cは閉経後群が閉経前群に比し有意に高値を示した。減量指導後, 体重, BMI, 内臓脂肪は両群ともに有意に低値を示し, LDL-Cは閉経前群でのみ有意に低下し, 閉経後群は低下傾向を示したが有意ではなかった。LDL-Cの減少に内臓脂肪が正の相関を示し, 閉経後群で有意であった。重回帰分析の結果より, 閉経後群のLDL-Cの減少に内臓脂肪と砂糖摂取量, 脂質エネルギー比が正の関連を認め, 内臓脂肪の減少には嗜好飲料類摂取量が閉経の有無に関係なく有意な正の関連を認めた。減量指導終了より1年後, 標準体重当りエネルギー摂取量は両群ともに有意に増加し, 内臓脂肪は増加傾向を示し, LDL-Cは両群ともに有意に上昇した。内臓脂肪の増加に砂糖摂取量が正の相関を閉経後群で示し, エネルギー補正後も有意であった。以上より, 中高年肥満女性のLDL-Cの減少に内臓脂肪が正に関与し, 内臓脂肪の変動にはショ糖および脂質が閉経の有無に関係なく正に関与することが示唆された。

1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a short (1 day) fast by testing biohumoral variables associated with the human circadian rhythm. 2. Fifteen clinically healthy male volunteers (32 +/- 8 years old) participated in the study. Subjects were fed a control diet for 7 days. The last day was a control day and the following 8th day was the fasting day. Each subject was asked to collect urine seven times over a 24 h period. Chemical and hormonal variables were measured in each fractionated urine specimen. The time- qualified urinary excretion rates were biometrically analysed using conventional and chronobiological methods. 3. During fasting, significant incremental changes were detected in the urinary excretion rates of potassium, aldosterone, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and adrenaline and significant decremental changes were detected in the excretion rates of sodium, chloride, creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, 17-ketosteroids, noradrenaline and dopamine. The circadian rhythmicity of the variables was well preserved and remained almost stable throughout the fasting phase. 4. Fasting affected the mean oscillatory levels and oscillatory amplitudes of variables, suggesting that nutrients may have played roles as tonic and phasic modulators on the mechanisms that physiologically regulate ircadian rhythmicity.

Insulin resistance is thought to raise blood pressure. Recently, a significant positive relationship between mean blood pressure and plasma leptin levels, but there have been no reports dealing with the relationship between blood pressure and either insulin resistance or serum leptin levels after weight loss. In the present work, we attempted to clarify the relationship between changes in blood pressure and either the serum leptin level or the insulin level in 102 moderately obese females (mean body mass index (BMI), 29.5 +/- 0.5 kg/m2; age, 47.0 +/- 0.9) during a 3 month period. No differences in age, fat-mass, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), the summation of insulin (sigmaIRI), plasma renin activity (PRA) or 24 h norepinephrine excretion (24hU-NE) were observed between the hypertensive (HT) group (n = 31) and normotensive (NT) group (n = 71) before weight loss, but the basal serum leptin was significantly higher in the HT (16.8 +/- 1.1 ng/ml) than in the NT group (15.2 +/- 0.8 ng/ml), after adjusting for abdominal total fat. After a 3 month weight reduction program, the total abdominal fat, serum leptin and sigmaIRI significantly decreased in both groups. The systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) significantly decreased from 144/84 to 130/77 mmHg only in the HT but not in the NT group. The PRA decreased in both groups, while the 24hU-NE significantly decreased only in the HT group. The changes in the leptin level were significantly correlated with the changes in both sigmaIRI and HOMA after weight loss in the two groups, respectively. Finally, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the changes in the leptin and the changes in the mean blood pressure (MBP) (r = 0.412, p < 0.05) only in the HT group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the changes in MBP were independently associated with the changes in 24hU-NE and the changes in either sigmaIRI or HOMA in all subjects. However, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the changes in MBP and the changes in leptin levels even after adjusting for the total abdominal fat, 24hU-NE and either sigmaIRI or HOMA (both expressed as a percentage of the baseline value) in a multiple regression analysis only in the HT group. These results suggest that leptin may play a role in the pathophysiology of obese hypertension.

The aim of our study was to investigate the association between nutrient factors and the osteo-sono assessment index (OSI) for calcaneus of young Japanese women. The subjects consisted of 965 young women aged from 18 to 22 years studying at the Department of Food and Nutrition at Nakamura-Gakuen University. The OSI was measured by ultrasonic bone absorptiometry. We found that age, weight, height, exercise, as well as the daily intakes of calcium, phosphorus, protein, energy and sodium were the main factors related to OSI in young women. Positive associations were observed between the OSI and the weight, exercise and daily intakes of calcium, protein and energy, whereas while negative associations were seen between the OSI and the age, height and daily intakes of phosphorus and sodium. In addition, all of these factors were also independently related to the OSI.

We investigated whether amino acid substitution of tryptophan by arginine at the residue 64 (64 Arg) of beta 3-adrenergic receptor affects on the degree of reduction in the abdominal fat distribution during a 3-month weight reduction program in either pre- or postmenopausal Japanese women. Beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism was examined in 90 Japanese obese women by restriction-enzyme cleavage conformation. The visceral and subcutaneous fat area was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. The baseline body mass index, body weight, fat mass and abdominal subcutaneous and total fat area in 15 obese postmenopausal women with a beta 3-adrenergic receptor (64 Arg) were significantly higher than those in 25 postmenopausal obese women with a beta 3-adrenergic receptor (64 Trp/64 Trp). In contrast, no such differences were found in the 50 premenopausal obese women. After a 3-month weight reduction period, the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous fat areas tended to be lower in both pre-and post-menopausal women with a beta 3-adrenergic receptor (64 Arg), but statistically significant in only the premenopausal obese women (p

The serum cholesterol level at a young age is considered to be a significant factor in the high prevalence of coronary heart disease. Seven hundred and ninety-six females, mean age 18.9 (18∼22), participated in both blood sampling and a nutritional survey. The nutritional survey was carried out in 1995 by the 24-hour recall method to determine the individual food consumption. The BMI, serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were 20.8 (SE 0.08) kg/m 2 , 181 (SE 1.0) mg/dL, 60 (SE 0.4) mg/dL, 66 (SE 1.2) mg/dL, respectively. Higher than normal levels of total cholesterol (>200 mg/dL) and Lp(a) (>30mg/dL) were obtained in 22.1% and 19.3% of the subjects, respectively. The total energy intake was 1700 kcal/day, twenty-seven % of which was derived from fat and 46% from cereals. In a multiple regression analysis, the serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were found to be significantly associated with the BMI as well as the simple carbohydrate and fat energy ratio, respectively, whereas the HDL showed a significantly negative correlation with the BMI. The triglyceride level was associated with the BMI. These results suggests that the BMI, fat energy ratio and simple carbohydrate intake, such as cakes and beverages, appear to be the main factors influencing of hyperlipidemia in young Japanese females.

It has recently been found that there were very few hypertensives in the inhabitants of one Nepalese village, even though their salt consumption, per capita, was as high as citizens in many western countries. To evaluate the genetic factors involved in this phenomenon, we studied whether they had a special genotype distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene I/D polymorphism, which was recently reported to be involved in salt sensitivity. One hundred and thirty-eight subjects were evaluated in Nepal. Only nine subjects (6.5%) in this population were hypertensives (over 140/90 mm Hg) while consuming 11 g salt/day, which confirmed the previous results. The distribution of genotypes and alleles of ACE gene I/D polymorphism was similar to that in the Japanese and Chinese, who had five-times more hypertensives while consuming almost as much salt as Nepalese, but significantly different from those in Caucasians. The present study reports, for the first time, the genotype distribution of ACE gene I/D polymorphism in Nepalese subjects. Furthermore, the results suggest ACE gene polymorphism may not be involved in the 'salt-resistance' in this population.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, thirty-three subjects were allocated to undergo either a 4-week treatment with oral Mg supplementation (Mg(OH)2; 411–548 mg Mg/d) or a placebo. The urinary excretion of Mg increased significantly in both the first 2 weeks and the following 2 weeks of Mg supplementation, while the urinary Na excretion also increased significantly over the experimental period. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure values decreased significantly in the Mg group, but not in the placebo group. The urinary aldosterone excretion and packed cell volume increased significantly during the last 2 weeks of the experimental period compared with the run-in period and first 2 weeks of supplementation. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the values for urinary noradrenaline excretion and diastolic blood pressure at the end of the supplementation period (both expressed as a percentage of the run-in value). Statistically significant increases in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (EC2.3.1.43; LCAT), HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI were also observed after Mg supplementation. A significant positive correlation was observed between the levels of LCAT and urinary Mg excretion for the experimental period (expressed as a percentage of the run-in value). The total cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol ratio decreased significantly during the last 2 weeks of Mg supplementation compared with the first 2 weeks and the run-in periods, but this did not occur in the placebo group. These results suggest that Mg supplementation may lower blood pressure through the suppression of the adrenergic activity and possible natriuresis, while also improving the serum lipids through the activation of LCAT in human subjects.

低ナトリウム (Na), 高カリウム (K), 高マグネシウム (Mg) のミネラル調整塩調味料の味覚的な適合性について検討し, 摂取時の尿中電解質出納を中心に, 血圧並びに関連因子への影響を臨床的に検討した。1) 味覚テストにより, 澄まし汁では塩味, 風味, うま味及び総合的な好みの判定で, 通常調味料とミネラル調整塩調味料の間に差を認めなかった。みそ汁でも, 塩味はミネラル調整塩が薄いと判定されたが, 総合的好みの判定に差は認められなかった。2) 同一献立を用い, 市販の食塩, しょうゆ, みそを使用した7日間と, 調味料のみをミネラル調整塩調味料に変えた7日間の尿中電解質出納を比較した。ミネラル調整塩調味料使用により, 尿中Na排泄量は有意に減少し, K排泄量とMg排泄量は有意に増加した。3) 収縮期血圧の有意な低下が認められ, 拡張期血圧には差を認めなかった。尿中アルドステロン排泄量は, 有意ではないが増加の傾向を示した。現在の日本人の食生活の特徴の1つである食塩過剰, K, Mg摂取量の不足傾向に対して, 調味料をミネラル調整塩調味料に変えるだけで, 食事内容を変えずに好ましい状態に修正することができるだけでなく, 味覚的にも満足でき, 長期にわたる継続がより可能になったことが明らかになった。

Objective To investigate the effects of chronic smoking on the 24 h blood pressure and heart rate pattern in normotensive subjects. Methods Twenty-five smokers and 25 age-, weight- and height-matched non-smokers, who were all clinically healthy young men, gave their informed consent to undergo non-invasive, automated, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for 24 h. The smokers in this study consumed on average 25.4 cigarettes per day. The lifestyle of the two groups was comparable because they worked as clerks at the same company. The 24 h blood pressure and heart rate data were analysed according to chronobiological methods. Results Smokers were found to show a statistically significantly higher blood pressure versus non-smokers by day but not by night. Furthermore, smokers showed a slight increase in the mean level of circadian blood pressure rhythm versus non-smokers, accompanied by an amplification of one cyclic component of this periodicity. Conclusions The increase in diumal blood pressure in smokers might be regarded as the haemodynamic effect of chronic smoking in normotensive subjects. Such an effect seems to be substantiated pathophysiologically by an amplitude overmodulation of one of the harmonic components which confer the circadian blood pressure rhythmicity. Because the diumal increase in blood pressure persists for two-thirds of the day-night period, one can argue that this phenomenon in normotensive smokers might be a premonitory sign of future hypertension. Apart from this, one can hypothesize that the diumal increase in blood pressure might itself be a cause of target organ damage, given its consistent within-day duration and daily repetition.

Eating behavior change (EBC) is essential to remedy metabolic syndrome (MetS). We carried out our clinic-based health and nutrition intervention informed by the transtheoretical model (TTM) to promote EBC. In particular, we aimed to foster EBC among individuals who were in the cognitive stage (C-level stage) of their health behavior, in contrast to the model positing that those in C-level stage are less likely to adopt EBC than those in the behavioral stage (B-level stage). The degree of each one's risk for MetS was also examined.The study population comprised 108 adults (38 males aged 58 +/- 10.8 SD and 70 females aged 60 +/- 6.6).SUBJECTS were given instruction and support for over a 3-month period. MetS diagnostic criteria values, dietary intake and TTM were measured before and/or after the intervention. On the basis of their MetS and TTM scores, subjects were classified into two groups according to risk (high or low) and stage (C or B). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed.In both risk groups, EBC stage scores advanced in many subjects, progressing from C to B-level stage. Reduction in abdominal circumference and improvement of the MetS criteria values were also observed particularly in the high-risk group and those in the B-level stage. Stage-specific improvements in physical characteristics, the MetS criteria values and energy intake were likewise seen in both risk groups. Abdominal circumference reduction was negatively and positively correlated with EBC stage scores and fat energy ratio, respectively.From the results, it was proved that improvements of MetS criteria values concomitantly occurred with reduction of eating energy intake, especially fat energy, as well as advance of EBC from C to B-level stage. In addition, we found it effective to let the participants recognize their degrees of risk for MetS.

1. An assessment was made of the extent sodium (Na) and potassium (K) intake can be estimated from Na, K and creatinine (Cr) content of a second morning voiding urine (SMU) specimen collected within 4 h after the first voiding upon awakening but before breakfast in 159 clinically healthy, free-living individuals (20-79 years). The SMU and the rest of 24 h urine specimens for a 3-5 day period were collected. 2. The following equations for estimating 24 h urinary Na (24HUNaV) and K (24HUKV) excretions were developed, and the accuracy and the reliability of these equations were evaluated. Estimated value of 24HUNaV (mEq/day) = 16.3 square root of XNa; estimated value of 24HUKV (mEq/day) = 7.2 square root of XK, where XNa (or XK) = SMUNa (or SMUK)/SMUCr x predicted 24 h urinary Cr excretion. 3. Highly statistically significant correlations were detected between the values estimated and measured for both Na (r = 0.728, P0.001, n = 159) and K (r = 0.780, P0.001, n = 159). 4. These equations were applied to Group 1 subjects, who collected the urine for a single day, and to Group 2, for 3 days. The correlation coefficients between the values estimated and measured for Na and K were 0.531 and 0.443 in Group 1, and 0.821 and 0.590 in Group 2, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed. 5. The SMU specimens provide a satisfactory alternative to both 24HUNaV and 24HUKV in adults for extensive epidemiological surveys but also for clinical application.

To investigate the nutritional condition in a hilly village (Kotyang) and a suburban village (Bhadrakali) in Nepal and to clarify the possible cause of the difference in total serum cholesterol level between the two groups of villagers habitually eating low fat diets, we carried out a nutrition survey using the 24-h recall method and blood sampling in 403 subjects (204 men and 199 women) in the hilly village and 466 (244 men and 222 women) in the suburban village. Total serum cholesterol was statistically significantly lower in the hilly villagers than in the suburban villagers for both sexes, but HDL-cholesterol was not. In both villages, 82% of the total energy was taken from carbohydrate, 7-8% from fat and 10% from protein. Energy, protein, fiber, potassium, magnesium, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and vitamin A in the hilly villagers were significantly higher than those in the suburban villagers. Total serum cholesterol was significantly associated with age and body fat percentage, suggesting that total serum cholesterol level was not directly associated with total fat intake in these Nepalese people.

近年, 日本における食生活の洋風化, 運動量の不足並びにエネルギーの摂取過剰などによる小児期の肥満, 更に小児成人病またはその予備群の増加が憂慮されている。本報では, 中国遼寧省の収容施設 (1日3食) 及び通園施設 (昼・夕食の1日2食) における2～7歳児の食物摂取状況を調査し, 日本の現状と比較することにより, 近い将来中国が対面するであろうと考えられる小児成人病の予防に期することを目的とした。1) 身長, 体重などの体位は日本における標準値と差はなかった。肥満指数で肥満度をみると, 肥満傾向は収容施設5.3%, 通園施設4.6%で, やせの傾向は収容施設27.2%, 通園施設37.6%といずれも多かった。2) 収容施設のエネルギー摂取量は充足されていたが, たん白質, カルシウム, 鉄, ビタミンB1, B2, Cの摂取不足がみられた。通園施設でのエネルギー・給与量は1日の55.8%で, 不足分を朝食で補足することには無理もあり, エネルギーの摂取不足が憂慮された。3) 穀類エネルギー比は52～64%であった。米類に比べ小麦粉類の摂取が多く, 砂糖類の摂取量は日本の1.5倍であった。動物性たん白質比は38～41%と低かった。アミノ酸価は52と低く, 制限アミノ酸はリジンであった。4) 脂質エネルギー比は25%と望ましかったが, コレステロールの摂取量が多く, P/S比は低く, 脂質の摂取に問題が多かった。5) 血圧は日本の幼児に比して高い傾向がみられ, 肥満指数と正相関がみられた。

健康調査の一環として食物摂取状況調査は欠くことのできない調査である。検診等疫学調査では一度に多数の対象者の実情把握が要求される。限られた時間・調査者のなかで, いかに正確に対象者の実情を把握できるかが肝要である。そこで多数の対象者に対する調査法として簡易食物調査表を作成した。本報では66名の健常者を対象に簡易法による調査成績とそれに対応した同一人における3日間の秤量調査成績を比較し, 簡易法による摂取量の推定を検討した。1) 米・パン・いも・油脂・緑黄色野菜・アルコール・獣鳥肉類の摂取量に有意差を認めず, 魚介類は簡易法が低値を示し, 嗜好品・卵・牛乳類・大豆製品の摂取量は簡易法が高値を示した。2) エネルギー, タンパク質, 繊維Ca, K, ビタミンB2摂取量に有意差は認めなかった。脂質, 鉄, ビタミンA.B1・Cの摂取量は簡易法が低値を示した。3) 簡易法によるNa・K摂取量はそれぞれ226.7 meq, 61.6meq, 24時間尿中Na・K排泄量推定値はそれぞれ183.7meq, 53.5meqであった。摂取量に対する尿中排泄量の比はそれぞれ81.0%, 86.9%であった。4) エネルギー, タンパク質, 脂質, Ca, Na, K, ビタミンB1・B2摂取量は両調査法間に有意な正相関を認めた。簡易法による摂取量と標準化残差の分布は不規則で, 簡易法による摂取量の推定に特定の偏りはなかった。

健康な若年女性9名を対象に基準食 (C食: NaCl 10g/日, K 2.5g/日), 高K食 (K食: 基準食+KCl 48meq (Kとして1.9g/日) の2種の食事を10日間摂取してもらい, 血圧ならびにその関連因子と脂質, 糖質代謝に及ぼすKの影響をおのおの卵胞期で検討した。1) Naの尿中排泄量は食間に差はなく, Kの尿中排泄量はK食でC食の約1.5倍と有意に大であった。2) 収縮期血圧はK食で有意に低値を示したが, 拡張期血圧に差は認められなかった。3) 血漿レニン活性はC食に比してK食で有意に低下した。血漿アルドステロン濃度はK食で有意に増加した。また尿中アルドステロン排泄量, カリクレイン排泄量もK食で有意に増加した。4) 血清KならびにMg濃度はC食に比してK食で高い傾向を示した。5) 血清総コレステロールならびに中性脂肪はK食で有意に低下した。HDL-コレステロールに変化はみられなかった。血清総コレステロール/HDL-コレステロール比はC食に比べK食で有意に低値を示した。6) 血清インスリン濃度はK食で有意に増加した。血清グルコースはC食に比しK食で低い傾向を示したが有意差はなかった。以上の結果からK負荷による血圧ならびに血清脂質の低下が示唆された。

This study examined whether charting daily weight patterns can predict weight regain in obese patients. The subjects were 98 moderately obese Japanese women aged 23 to 66 years who were obliged to precisely record their daily weights during the initial 4-month education period, but not thereafter. The patients were followed up at 8, 12, and 16 months. Abdominal fat areas and blood samples were assessed in the outpatient clinic at 0, 4, and 16 months. The standard deviations (SDs) of the differences in body weight between “after waking up” and “after breakfast” (SDa), “after dinner” (SDb), and “before going to bed” (SDc) were calculated, which were parameters reflecting the fluctuations in the daily weight patterns during the first 4 months. SDc, but not SDa or SDb, was correlated positively with weight regain at 8, 12, and 16 months (P = 0.049, P = 0.002, and P = 0.001, respectively). There were significant differences in temporal change in body weight and abdominal visceral fat between the small SDc group (SDc ≤25th percentile) and the large SDc group (SDc >75th percentile), but not for subcutaneous abdominal fat or the serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, or lipids. The results indicate that fluctuation of body weight immediately before going to bed is useful for predicting the rebound in body weight.

We examined the relation between protein intake and blood pressure in a screened cohort in Okinawa, Japan. A total of 1,299 screened subjects, 885 men and 414 women, were examined at the Okinawa General Health Maintenance Association. Daily intake of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) was estimated from Na, K, and creatinine excretion by the method of Kawasaki et al., and daily protein intake was estimated by the method of Maroni et al. as the estimated daily urinary excretion of urea nitrogen. Mean (SD) daily protein intake was 71.8 (18.6) g in men and 54.0 (13.5) g in women, and the mean (SD) daily protein intake per unit kg body weight was 1.1 (0.2) g/kg in men and 1.0 (0.2) g/kg in women. In men, both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were higher in those with lower protein intake (LP;1.0 g/kg/day) than in those with higher protein intake (HP;or = 1.0 g/kg/day) (p0 .05 for DBP). In women, both SBP and DBP were higher in those with LP than in those with HP, but these differences were not statistically significant. However, urinary excretion of both Na and K was lower in those with LP than in those with HP, respectively, both in men and women (p0.0001). In summary, estimated daily protein intake was about 1.1 g/kg in men and 1.0 g/kg in women. Despite the higher urinary excretion of Na, both SBP and DBP tended to be lower in those with higher daily protein intake, particularly in men.

A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted on 63 subjects to determine the antihypertensive effect of a vegetable drink in which sardine protein hydrolysates containing a dipeptide, Valyl-Tyrosine (VY), were incorporated. The subjects, consisting of people with mild hypertension, high-normal blood pressure and normal blood pressure, were randomly divided into test (male/female = 25/6, average age 50.1 +/- 10.4 years old) and control groups (26/6, 49.0 +/- 5.0). Each subject in the test group was given 195 g of the vegetable drink containing 0.5 g of sardine peptides (sardine protein hydrolysates) with 0.4 mg of VY (test drink) once a day for 13 weeks in a row, and subjects in the control group were given the same amount of the vegetable drink without sardine peptides (control drink) in the same manner. In the test group, 40 subjects with mild hypertension or high-normal blood pressure (130 mmHgor = systolic blood pressure (SBP)160 mmHg and/or 80 mmHgor = diastolic blood pressure (DBP)100 mmHg) showed a significant decrease in SBP, from 142.0 +/- 10.3 mmHg at the start of the test to 134.4 +/- 11.1 mmHg during the first week of the test period, after which similar values were seen throughout the test period (13 weeks). Compared to the control group, the difference in SBP from baseline was statistically significant in the test group throughout the intake period. DBP also decreased significantly from 88.0 +/- 7.9 mmHg at baseline to 83.5 +/- 8.6 mmHg after 13 weeks. In the control group, SBP and DBP were 140.8 +/- 8.4 mmHg and 90.5 +/- 6.6 mmHg respectively at the start of the test, and neither decreased during the test period. In subjects with normal blood pressure, neither those in the test group nor those in the control group showed a significant change in SBP and DBP during the test period. An excessive ingestion test was performed on 25 subjects with hypertension, mild hypertension, high-normal blood pressure, and normal blood pressure by giving 585 g (3 times the recommended amount of intake) of the test drink for 14 days in a row. As a result, a significant decrease of blood pressure was observed in the hypertension, mild hypertension and high-normal blood pressure groups, but no excessive decline in blood pressure or any side-effects were associated with any subjects during the test period. In the groups with normal blood pressure, the excessive ingestion of the test drink did not affect blood pressure. In these two studies, physical check-ups and biochemical analyses of blood and urine were also conducted in all subjects, and no abnormalities were observed. These results suggest that the test drink containing sardine protein hydrolysates exhibited the antihypertensive effect in only the subjects with mild hypertension or high-normal blood pressure. No adverse effects were observed in either hypertensive or normotensive subjects.

Information regarding daily intake of sodium (Na) is useful for both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. We measured urinary excretion of sodium (U-Na) and urinary excretion of potassium (U-K) to estimate daily salt intake in a cohort of health screening subjects in Okinawa, Japan. Urine samples were obtained from 2,411 subjects (1,554 men and 857 women) who were examined on a half-day dry-doc at the Okinawa General Health Maintenance Association (OGHMA). Four hundred and one subjects were examined twice, once between September and November in 1997, and once between September and November in 1998. The mean U-Na was 182 mEq/day for men and 176 mEq/day for women. The mean U-K was 54 mEq/day for men and 50 mEq/day for women. U-Na was higher in young men, and U-K was lower in young women. In both men and women, smokers had a significantly lower Na excretion compared to nonsmokers. Subjects treated for hypertension had a significantly lower Na excretion (173 mEq/day) compared to subjects not treated for hypertension (192 mEq/day). Our findings suggest that Na excretion in screened subjects in Okinawa is lower than the national average. Sodium excretion, however, was higher in young men than in elderly subjects, and K excretion was lower in young women than in elderly subjects. Both trends are disadvantageous for controlling hypertension.

The purpose of this study was to investigated the effect of weight loss on blood pressure and its related variables in moderately obese Japanese females, including an investigation of the rebound phenomenon. Study I examined the effects of weight loss on blood pressure in 138 moderately obese, nondiabetic females (BMI 29.3±0.3 kg/m2; age, 46.3±0.8 years) during a 3-month therapeutic dietary and exercise program. Study II investigated the effect of weight rebound on blood pressure over an additional 21 months of exercise in 48 subjects from Study I subjects. After 3 months, the BMI significantly decreased to 27.9±0.3 kg/m2. Abdominal total fat, visceral fat (V), and subcutaneous fat (S) also decreased significantly. In addition, the summation of insulin (ΣIRI), plasma glucose (ΣPG) and HOMA during 75 g oral glucose tolerance test also all significantly decreased. Significant decreases in both the SBP and DBP were observed after the 3 month weight reduction program. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the reduction in SBP was significantly and positively associated with the reduction in log ΣIRI and the reduction in log 24h-urinary norepinephrine excretion at the end of Study I. The DBP showed a significantly positive association with the log ΣIRI. With regard to the weight rebound phenomenon, Study II showed that the SBP, DBP and ΣIRI all increased significantly, and a positive correlation was observed between the changes in the SBP and those in the log ΣIRI. However, no such correlation was observed regarding the abdominal total fat and visceral fat during both periods. These results suggest that weight loss therefore caused the BP to decrease due to both an improvement in hyperinsulinemia and a decrease in the adrenergic activity which may be involved in the urinary catecholamine. As a result, hyperinsulinemia is thus considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of blood pressure due to obesity not only during weight loss, but also during the weight rebound phenomenon. (Hypertens Res 2001; 24: 481-487)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in abdominal fat areas and the baseline serum leptin levels of Japanese obese women during weight reduction. The study was performed on 100 obese female Japanese volunteers. We measured the BMI and abdominal fat areas (visceral, subcutaneous and total) by magnetic resonance imaging and determined the fasting serum leptin levels before and after a 3 month weight reduction program. We examined whether or not a relationship exists between the baseline leptin levels and the subsequent changes in the abdominal fat areas after a weight reduction program. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between the baseline leptin levels and changes in abdominal visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat areas, and demonstrated that the baseline leptin level was a significant predictive factor for changes in the abdominal visceral fat area in both pre and postmenopausal Japanese obese women. We thus concluded the relatively higher baseline leptin levels in Japanese obese women to be associated with a relatively smaller reduction in the amount of abdominal visceral fat after undergoing a weight reduction program.

Background: In 1987, we reported that the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Nepal was low, as compared to hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, and that no human T-lymphotropic type-1 (HTLV-1) infection was found in Nepal. Objectives: To determine changes in the prevalence of HAV, HBV, and HCV infections between 1987 and 1996 in inhabitants of Bhadrakali (suburban) and Kotyang (rural) villages in Nepal. Study design: We did a cross-sectional survey of 458 inhabitants of two Nepalese villages, to assess the prevalence of antibody to HAV (anti-HAV), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti- HBc), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HCV (anti-HCV), and antibody to HTLV-I (anti-HTLV-I). Results: Anti-HAV was detected in 454 (99.1 %), HBsAg in 5(1.1 %), anti-HBc in 33 (7.2%) and anti-HCV in 8 (1.7%) of serum samples tested in 1996. Statistically significant differences by gender or age group were nil. The prevalence of HCV infection was significantly higher in 1996 than in 1987 after adjusting for age of subjects living in the two villages (p

A parallel controlled clinical trial was carried out to investigate the effect on blood pressure (BP) of replacing normal salt with mineral salt in seasonings. After a 2-wk run-in period, 21 subjects (10 men and 11 women; age, 66.0+/-7.6 yr) were given mineral salt in seasonings instead of normal salt [mineral salt (MS) group], while 20 subjects (10 men and 10 women; age, 65.9+/-7.4 yr) continued to receive normal salt in seasonings [regular salt (RS) group] for the next 5 wk in the experimental (E) period. In the MS group, systolic (S) and diastolic (D) BP decreased significantly from 134.7+/-17.2/77.2+/-9.7 at baseline (week 0) to 127.3+/-12.0/73.5+/-8.9 mmHg at the end of the E period (week 5), and the reductions in both SBP and DBP were larger in hypertensive subjects than in normotensive subjects in the MS group. The serum sodium and chloride concentrations decreased significantly, while the serum potassium and HDL-cholesterol concentrations increased significantly at week 5. The 24-h urinary sodium excretion decreased, and the 24-h potassium and magnesium excretions increased significantly from week 0 to week 5 in the MS group. In contrast, SBP, DBP, serum chemistry, and urinary electrolyte excretion did not change significantly in the RS group. These findings suggest that the excessive salt content and insufficient potassium and magnesium content of the present Japanese diet could be easily and safely corrected by replacing seasonings prepared with regular salt with those prepared with mineral salt.

Objective To determine the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Nepal. Design H. pylori infection was identified using a specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G. Study population Serum samples were collected from 1142 inhabitants (age range 4–93 years) from two villages: Kotyang, a rural isolated village (250 men, 210 women) and Bhadrakali, a suburban village of Kathmandu (334 men, 348 women). Results The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 56.8%, while a significantly higher prevalence was found in the suburban village (Bhadrakali; 67.2%) than in the rural village (Kotyang; 41.5%). This difference was generally reflected by the infection rate in the 10–14-year-old age-group (Bhadrakali, 60% compared with Kotyang, 22.2%). The prevalence of infection significantly increased with age, while no significant difference was found in the prevalence of infection by gender. There was no difference in H. pylori positivity between individuals with and without upper abdominal symptoms in both villages. Conclusion There was a significant regional difference in the seroprevalence of H. pylori within Nepal, which showed lower prevalence in an isolated rural village. This difference was mainly caused by the different acquisition rate in teenagers, thus indicating that the teenage lifestyle of this particular environment seemed to be the major determinant in the acquisition of H. pylori infection in the population.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is variation in blood pressure when we reapportion the percentage of total daily salt intake consumed at each of three regular meals. The study was conducted on seven clinically healthy normotensive female subjects who, in Stages LH and DH, consumed two-thirds of the normal daily salt intake (12 g/day) at lunchtime or at dinnertime, respectively. The total daily amounts of nutrients and dietary salt were similar in Stage-R (regulated salt intake), Stage-LH (a high-salt intake at lunchtime), and Stage-DH (a high-salt intake at dinnertime). The blood pressure response to the variation of sodium content in the meals was examined by means of noninvasive automated blood pressure monitoring (ABPM-630; readings every 15 or 30 min over 48h) and chronobiologic analysis. A significant shift of blood pressure circadian rhythm was observed in Stage-LH. Additionally, the 24-h mean level of blood pressure significantly increased when the prevailing salt intake was at lunch, and significantly decreased when the prevailing intake was at dinner. These opposite responses corroborate the view that the blood pressure susceptibility of human beings to salt intake varies during the day, showing its maximal expression at midday. Such a time-dependent sensitivity may be exploited for better nutritional prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension by reappor-tioning the salt intake so that two-thirds is consumed at dinner.

The direct assay of total renin (TRC) and active renin concentration (ARC) is a reality due to the availability of monoclonal antibodies against human renin. Because of this, a study has been performed in order to assess the circadian rhythmicity of TRC and ARC. The study was extended to plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) for a more complete assessment of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Twelve clinically healthy subjects (6 males and 6 females, age from 20 to 25 years) volunteered for this study. Time-qualified data series were analysed by means of chronobiological procedures in order to validate the circadian rhythm and to correlate the sinusoidal profiles. The circadian rhythm was validated at a high significance for TRC, ARC, PRA and at a borderline significance for PAC. The periodic oscillations were significantly correlated, demonstrating that TRC, ARC, PRA and PAC cycles oscillate in synchronism during the 24-hour span.

嗜好度の高いハンバーグは高脂肪食品の1つである。そこで脂肪酸組成の点で望ましいハンバーグの材料割合を得る目的から4種 (基本型, パン粉型, 粒状大豆たん白質型, 粉末分離大豆たん白質型) の調理を行い, 味, テクスチャー, 粗たん白質, 粗脂肪および脂肪酸組成を測定し検討した。結果は次のとおりであった。1) 味では, 粒状大豆たん白質型と基本型, パン粉型とに差はみられなかった。風味においても粒状大豆たん白質型は, 肉エキスを添加することにより改良された。2) 粒状大豆たん白質型が, 単位価格当たりの粗たん白質およびアミノ酸スコアともに高値であった。3) 調理により, 基本型, パン粉型では, オレイン酸が増加し, リノール酸が減少した。大豆たん白質型では, 脂肪酸組成に変化はみられなかった。4) 脂肪酸組成 (S-1/2P, P/S) において, 粉末分離豆たん白質型が最も望ましいと思われた。この結果より粒状大豆だん白質型が脂肪酸組成の最も望ましい材料割合であることが示唆された。