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1. The 2022 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: towards a climate resilient future

Author

van Daalen, Kim R, Romanello, Marina, Rocklöv, Joacim, Semenza, Jan C, Tonne, Cathryn, Markandya, Anil, Dasandi, Niheer, Jankin, Slava, Achebak, Hicham, Ballester, Joan, Bechara, Hannah, Callaghan, Max W, Chambers, Jonathan, Dasgupta, Shouro, Drummond, Paul, Farooq, Zia, Gasparyan, Olga, Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube, Hamilton, Ian, Hänninen, Risto, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Kendrovski, Vladimir, Kennard, Harry, Kiesewetter, Gregor, Lloyd, Simon J, Lotto Batista, Martin, Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime, Milà, Carles, Minx, Jan C, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Palamarchuk, Julia, Quijal-Zamorano, Marcos, Robinson, Elizabeth J Z, Scamman, Daniel, Schmoll, Oliver, Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo, Sjödin, Henrik, Sofiev, Mikhail, Solaraju-Murali, Balakrishnan, Springmann, Marco, Triñanes, Joaquin, Anto, Josep M, Nilsson, Maria, and Lowe, Rachel

Published
2022
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3. The 2024 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: unprecedented warming demands unprecedented action

Author

van Daalen, Kim R, primary, Tonne, Cathryn, additional, Semenza, Jan C, additional, Rocklöv, Joacim, additional, Markandya, Anil, additional, Dasandi, Niheer, additional, Jankin, Slava, additional, Achebak, Hicham, additional, Ballester, Joan, additional, Bechara, Hannah, additional, Beck, Thessa M, additional, Callaghan, Max W, additional, Carvalho, Bruno M, additional, Chambers, Jonathan, additional, Pradas, Marta Cirah, additional, Courtenay, Orin, additional, Dasgupta, Shouro, additional, Eckelman, Matthew J, additional, Farooq, Zia, additional, Fransson, Peter, additional, Gallo, Elisa, additional, Gasparyan, Olga, additional, Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube, additional, Hamilton, Ian, additional, Hänninen, Risto, additional, Hatfield, Charles, additional, He, Kehan, additional, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, additional, Kendrovski, Vladimir, additional, Kennard, Harry, additional, Kiesewetter, Gregor, additional, Kouznetsov, Rostislav, additional, Kriit, Hedi Katre, additional, Llabrés-Brustenga, Alba, additional, Lloyd, Simon J, additional, Batista, Martín Lotto, additional, Maia, Carla, additional, Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime, additional, Mi, Zhifu, additional, Milà, Carles, additional, Minx, Jan C, additional, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, additional, Palamarchuk, Julia, additional, Pantera, Dafni Kalatzi, additional, Quijal-Zamorano, Marcos, additional, Rafaj, Peter, additional, Robinson, Elizabeth J Z, additional, Sánchez-Valdivia, Nacho, additional, Scamman, Daniel, additional, Schmoll, Oliver, additional, Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo, additional, Sherman, Jodi D, additional, Singh, Pratik, additional, Sirotkina, Elena, additional, Sjödin, Henrik, additional, Sofiev, Mikhail, additional, Solaraju-Murali, Balakrishnan, additional, Springmann, Marco, additional, Treskova, Marina, additional, Triñanes, Joaquin, additional, Vanuytrecht, Eline, additional, Wagner, Fabian, additional, Walawender, Maria, additional, Warnecke, Laura, additional, Zhang, Ran, additional, Romanello, Marina, additional, Antò, Josep M, additional, Nilsson, Maria, additional, and Lowe, Rachel, additional

Published
2024
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4. The 2024 Europe report of the lancet countdown on health and climate change : unprecedented warming demands unprecedented action

Author

van Daalen, Kim R., Tonne, Cathryn, Semenza, Jan C., Rocklöv, Joacim, Markandya, Anil, Dasandi, Niheer, Jankin, Slava, Achebak, Hicham, Ballester, Joan, Bechara, Hannah, Beck, Thessa M., Callaghan, Max W., Carvalho, Bruno M., Chambers, Jonathan, Pradas, Marta Cirah, Courtenay, Orin, Dasgupta, Shouro, Eckelman, Matthew J., Farooq, Zia, Fransson, Peter, Gallo, Elisa, Gasparyan, Olga, Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube, Hamilton, Ian, Hänninen, Risto, Hatfield, Charles, He, Kehan, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Kendrovski, Vladimir, Kennard, Harry, Kiesewetter, Gregor, Kouznetsov, Rostislav, Kriit, Hedi Katre, Llabrés-Brustenga, Alba, Lloyd, Simon J., Batista, Martín Lotto, Maia, Carla, Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime, Mi, Zhifu, Milà, Carles, Minx, Jan C., Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Palamarchuk, Julia, Pantera, Dafni Kalatzi, Quijal-Zamorano, Marcos, Rafaj, Peter, Robinson, Elizabeth J. Z., Sánchez-Valdivia, Nacho, Scamman, Daniel, Schmoll, Oliver, Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo, Sherman, Jodi D., Singh, Pratik, Sirotkina, Elena, Sjödin, Henrik, Sofiev, Mikhail, Solaraju-Murali, Balakrishnan, Springmann, Marco, Treskova, Marina, Triñanes, Joaquin, Vanuytrecht, Eline, Wagner, Fabian, Walawender, Maria, Warnecke, Laura, Zhang, Ran, Romanello, Marina, Antò, Josep M., Nilsson, Maria, Lowe, Rachel, van Daalen, Kim R., Tonne, Cathryn, Semenza, Jan C., Rocklöv, Joacim, Markandya, Anil, Dasandi, Niheer, Jankin, Slava, Achebak, Hicham, Ballester, Joan, Bechara, Hannah, Beck, Thessa M., Callaghan, Max W., Carvalho, Bruno M., Chambers, Jonathan, Pradas, Marta Cirah, Courtenay, Orin, Dasgupta, Shouro, Eckelman, Matthew J., Farooq, Zia, Fransson, Peter, Gallo, Elisa, Gasparyan, Olga, Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube, Hamilton, Ian, Hänninen, Risto, Hatfield, Charles, He, Kehan, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Kendrovski, Vladimir, Kennard, Harry, Kiesewetter, Gregor, Kouznetsov, Rostislav, Kriit, Hedi Katre, Llabrés-Brustenga, Alba, Lloyd, Simon J., Batista, Martín Lotto, Maia, Carla, Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime, Mi, Zhifu, Milà, Carles, Minx, Jan C., Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Palamarchuk, Julia, Pantera, Dafni Kalatzi, Quijal-Zamorano, Marcos, Rafaj, Peter, Robinson, Elizabeth J. Z., Sánchez-Valdivia, Nacho, Scamman, Daniel, Schmoll, Oliver, Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo, Sherman, Jodi D., Singh, Pratik, Sirotkina, Elena, Sjödin, Henrik, Sofiev, Mikhail, Solaraju-Murali, Balakrishnan, Springmann, Marco, Treskova, Marina, Triñanes, Joaquin, Vanuytrecht, Eline, Wagner, Fabian, Walawender, Maria, Warnecke, Laura, Zhang, Ran, Romanello, Marina, Antò, Josep M., Nilsson, Maria, and Lowe, Rachel

Abstract

Record-breaking temperatures were recorded across the globe in 2023. Without climate action, adverse climate-related health impacts are expected to worsen worldwide, affecting billions of people. Temperatures in Europe are warming at twice the rate of the global average, threatening the health of populations across the continent and leading to unnecessary loss of life. The Lancet Countdown in Europe was established in 2021, to assess the health profile of climate change aiming to stimulate European social and political will to implement rapid health-responsive climate mitigation and adaptation actions. In 2022, the collaboration published its indicator report, tracking progress on health and climate change via 33 indicators and across five domains. This new report tracks 42 indicators highlighting the negative impacts of climate change on human health, the delayed climate action of European countries, and the missed opportunities to protect or improve health with health-responsive climate action. The methods behind indicators presented in the 2022 report have been improved, and nine new indicators have been added, covering leishmaniasis, ticks, food security, health-care emissions, production and consumption-based emissions, clean energy investment, and scientific, political, and media engagement with climate and health. Considering that negative climate-related health impacts and the responsibility for climate change are not equal at the regional and global levels, this report also endeavours to reflect on aspects of inequality and justice by highlighting at-risk groups within Europe and Europe's responsibility for the climate crisis., This online publication has been corrected.Errata: Correction to Lancet Public Health 2024; 9: e495–522. The Lancet Public Health, 2024;9(7): e420. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00129-4

Published
2024
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7. Bridging the Divide: The Potential Role of Contemporary Geographical Research in Schools

Author

Mackie, Peter and Kazmierczak, Aleksandra

Abstract

This article examines the implementation and impacts of a program intended to improve research-led teaching in schools. Little consideration is given to the role of research-led teaching in schools; the argument is that this is a consequence of fractures between schools and universities. A program was developed to bring contemporary geographical research of university scholars into schools. Examining this program, the finding is that being exposed to research: improves access to up-to-date knowledge; heightens student enthusiasm; and informs choices students make about their learning. This article calls for bridges to be built between universities and schools upon the nexus of teaching and research.

Published
2017
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11. Climate change as a threat to health and well-being in Europe: focus on heat and infectious diseases

Author

Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Lowe, Rachel, van Daalen, Kim R, Johnson, Katie, Dasgupta, Shouro, and Robinson, Elizabeth

Subjects
RA Public aspects of medicine, GE Environmental Sciences
Abstract

This report draws on knowledge developed for the European Climate and Health Observatory. It focuses on the impact high temperatures are having on the population, as well as another emerging threat: the spread of climate-sensitive infectious diseases.

Published
2022

14. The 2022 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change : towards a climate resilient future

Author

van Daalen, Kim R., Romanello, Marina, Rocklöv, Joacim, Semenza, Jan C., Tonne, Cathryn, Markandya, Anil, Dasandi, Niheer, Jankin, Slava, Achebak, Hicham, Ballester, Joan, Bechara, Hannah, Callaghan, Max W., Chambers, Jonathan, Dasgupta, Shouro, Drummond, Paul, Farooq, Zia, Gasparyan, Olga, Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube, Hamilton, Ian, Hänninen, Risto, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Kendrovski, Vladimir, Kennard, Harry, Kiesewetter, Gregor, Lloyd, Simon J., Lotto Batista, Martin, Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime, Milà, Carles, Minx, Jan C., Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Palamarchuk, Julia, Quijal-Zamorano, Marcos, Robinson, Elizabeth J. Z., Scamman, Daniel, Schmoll, Oliver, Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo, Sjödin, Henrik, Sofiev, Mikhail, Solaraju-Murali, Balakrishnan, Springmann, Marco, Triñanes, Joaquin, Anto, Josep M., Nilsson, Maria, Lowe, Rachel, van Daalen, Kim R., Romanello, Marina, Rocklöv, Joacim, Semenza, Jan C., Tonne, Cathryn, Markandya, Anil, Dasandi, Niheer, Jankin, Slava, Achebak, Hicham, Ballester, Joan, Bechara, Hannah, Callaghan, Max W., Chambers, Jonathan, Dasgupta, Shouro, Drummond, Paul, Farooq, Zia, Gasparyan, Olga, Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube, Hamilton, Ian, Hänninen, Risto, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Kendrovski, Vladimir, Kennard, Harry, Kiesewetter, Gregor, Lloyd, Simon J., Lotto Batista, Martin, Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime, Milà, Carles, Minx, Jan C., Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Palamarchuk, Julia, Quijal-Zamorano, Marcos, Robinson, Elizabeth J. Z., Scamman, Daniel, Schmoll, Oliver, Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo, Sjödin, Henrik, Sofiev, Mikhail, Solaraju-Murali, Balakrishnan, Springmann, Marco, Triñanes, Joaquin, Anto, Josep M., Nilsson, Maria, and Lowe, Rachel

Abstract

Correction: The Lancet Public Health, Volume 7, Issue 12, 2022, Page e993, ISSN 2468-2667, DOI:10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00287-0.

Published
2022
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22. Urban adaptation in Europe: how cities and towns respond to climate change

Author

Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Bittner, Sara, Breil, M., Coninx, I., Johnson, Katie, Kleinenkuhnen, Lea, Kochova, Tereza, Lauwaet, Dirk, Orsted Nielsen, H., Smith, Hannah, and Zandersen, M.

Subjects
Life Science, Regional Development and Spatial Use, Regionale Ontwikkeling en Ruimtegebruik
Abstract

EEA assessment report presenting the status quo of adaptation to climate change at the local government level, with particular focus on cities. The assessment presents the overview of climate risks to cities, types of adaptation responses, extent of adaptation planning and actions at the [loal (SIC)] level in Europe and opportunities to scale up and speed up implementation of adaptation to climate change at the local level.

Published
2020

23. Climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector in Europe

Author

Jacobs, Claire, Berglund, Maria, Dworak, Thomas, Marras, Serena, Mereu, Valentina, Michetti, Melania, Marquardt, Doris, Fussel, Hans-Martin, Kehvola, Hanna-Maija, Vanneuville, Wouter, Picatoste, Jose Ramon, Aardenne, John Van, Christiansen, Trine, Lukewille, Anke, Qoul, Claire, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, German, Richard, Dore, Chris, Sanchez, Beatriz, Nainggolan, Doan, Gyldenkærne, Steen, and Hasler, Berit

Subjects
Impacts, Climate change, Agriculture, Adaptation, Policies, Greenhouse gas emission
Published
2019
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24. Sharing adaptation knowledge across Europe: Evidence for the evaluation of Climate-ADAPT

Author

ETC-CCA 2018, Mattern, Kati, Giannini, Valentina, Downing, Clare, Gomes, Ana, Ramieri, Emiliano, Karali, Eleni, Capela Lourenço, Tiago, De Jong, Fokke, Coninx, Ingrid, Marras, Serena, Medri, Silvia, and Kazmierczak, Aleksandra

Subjects
Climate Resilience, Klimaatbestendigheid, Life Science, Regional Development and Spatial Use, Regionale Ontwikkeling en Ruimtegebruik
Abstract

This report (termed 'ETC/CCA Technical Paper') collects the annexes (“Key evidence”) supporting the outcomes of the evaluation of the European Climate Adaptation Platform (Climate-ADAPT), that are presented in the European Environment Agency (EEA) Report (2018) “Sharing adaptation knowledge across Europe – Evaluation of the European Climate Adaptation Platform”.

Published
2018

25. Sharing adaptation knowledge across Europe: Evidence for the evaluation of Climate-ADAPT

Author

Mattern, Kati, Giannini, Valentina, Downing, Claire, Gomes, Ana, Ramieri, Emiliano, Karali, Eleni, Capela Lourenco, T., de Jong, F., Coninx, I., Marras, Serena, Medri, Silvia, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Mattern, Kati, Giannini, Valentina, Downing, Claire, Gomes, Ana, Ramieri, Emiliano, Karali, Eleni, Capela Lourenco, T., de Jong, F., Coninx, I., Marras, Serena, Medri, Silvia, and Kazmierczak, Aleksandra

Abstract

This report (termed 'ETC/CCA Technical Paper') collects the annexes (“Key evidence”) supporting the outcomes of the evaluation of the European Climate Adaptation Platform (Climate-ADAPT), that are presented in the European Environment Agency (EEA) Report (2018) “Sharing adaptation knowledge across Europe – Evaluation of the European Climate Adaptation Platform”.

Published
2018

28. Nature-based solutions for the contemporary city/Re-naturing the city/Reflections on urban landscapes, ecosystems services and nature-based solutions in cities/Multifunctional green infrastructure and climate change adaptation: brownfield greening as an adaptation strategy for vulnerable communities?/Delivering green infrastructure through planning: insights from practice in Fingal, Ireland/Planning for biophilic cities: from theory to practice

Author

Scott, Mark, primary, Lennon, Mick, additional, Haase, Dagmar, additional, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, additional, Clabby, Gerry, additional, and Beatley, Tim, additional

Published
2016
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31. Urban adaptation to climate change in Europe: Challenges and opportunities for cities together with supportive national and European policies

Author

Georgi, Birgit, Swart, Rob, Marinova, Natasha, Hove, Bert van, Jacobs, Cor, Klostermann, Judith, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Peltonen, Lasse, Kopperoinen, Leena, Oinonen, Kari, Havrek, Miroslav, Cruz, Maria Jo, Gregor, Mirko, Fons-Esteve, Jaume, Keskitalo, Carina, Juhola, Sirkku, Krellenberg, Kerstin, and Bree, Leendert van

Subjects
GE
Published
2012

32. Climate change and the city:building capacity for urban adaptation

Author

Carter, Jeremy G., Cavan, Gina, Connelly, Angela, Guy, Simon, Handley, John, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Carter, Jeremy G., Cavan, Gina, Connelly, Angela, Guy, Simon, Handley, John, and Kazmierczak, Aleksandra

Abstract

The significant shifts in climate variables projected for the 21st century, coupled with the observed impacts of ongoing extreme weather and climate events, ensures that adaptation to climate change is set to remain a pressing issue for urban areas over the coming decades. This volume of Progress in Planning seeks to contribute to the widening debate about how the transformation of cities to respond to the changing climate is being understood, managed and achieved. We focus particularly on spatial planning, and building the capacity of this key mechanism for responding to the adaptation imperative in urban areas. The core focus is the outcomes of a collaborative research project, EcoCities, undertaken at the University of Manchester's School of Environment and Development. EcoCities drew upon inter-disciplinary research on climate science, environmental planning and urban design working within a socio-technical framework to investigate climate change hazards, vulnerabilities and adaptation responses in the conurbation of Greater Manchester, UK. Emerging transferable learning with potential relevance for adaptation planning in other cities and urban areas is drawn out to inform this rapidly emerging international agenda. Approaches to build adaptive capacity challenge traditional approaches to environmental and spatial planning, and the role of researchers in this process, raising questions over whether appropriate governance structures are in place to develop effective responses. The cross-cutting nature of the adaptation agenda exposes the silo based approaches that drive many organisations. The development of a collaborative, sociotechnical agenda is vital if we are to meet the climate change adaptation challenge in cities.

Published
2015

39. Regeneration of large urban areas: assessment methods.

Author

Kazmierczak, Aleksandra E., Curwell, Stephen R., and Turner, Jemma C.

Subjects
*CITIES & towns, *METROPOLITAN areas, *SOCIAL problems, *DECISION making
Abstract

Large urban distressed areas (LUDAs) are places, present in many European cities, where interlinked social, economic and environmental problems occur at a significant spatial scale. Due to their size, complexity of problems and uncertain future, sustainable regeneration of LUDAs is very difficult. To redevelop LUDAs, rational and effective decision making is necessary, and this needs to be supported by appropriate use of ex-ante assessments (i.e. assessments preceding the implementation of regeneration projects). The aim of this paper is to report work undertaken in the fifth framework programme of the European Commission research project, which investigated the state of knowledge about ex-ante assessment methods on a sample of nine European research institutions and six municipalities. A questionnaire containing a list of ex-ante assessment methods relevant to LUDAs was distributed to question respondents about their theoretical knowledge and practical experience of the methods. The results showed that, while knowledge of assessment methods among researchers and practitioners was satisfactory, practical application was less advanced. The paper highlights a need for the development of ex-ante assessment methods specifically related to economic and structural aspects of urban regeneration and calls for more guidance for urban practitioners on the application of assessment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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40. developing multi-functional green infrastructure.

Author

Kazmierczak, Aleksandra and Handley, John

Abstract

The article discusses how urban green planning has evolved, the contribution of the Centre for Urban and Regional Ecology (CURE) to its evolution, and discusses the prospects for research and policy to ensure multi-functional, connected green infrastructure (GI) in British cities. The community-landscape-ecosystem-recreation-economy (CLERE) model emerged as a result of the recognition of multi-functional green space networks by the late advocate, activist, and critic Alan Barber.

Published
2013

41. progressing the adaptation agenda.

Author

Carter, Jeremy and Kazmierczak, Aleksandra

Abstract

The article discusses the importance of academic research in the efforts to increase the capacity to build resilience to climate change. To understand current climate impacts, EcoCities project downscaled climate projections to local levels in Greater Manchester, England, found the increased likelihood of poorer and more diverse communities to be affected by surface water flooding, and suggested the use of its results to raise awareness among local stakeholders of the need to adapt.

Published
2013

42. Climate change as a threat to health and well-being in Europe: focus on heat and infectious diseases

Author

Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Lowe, Rachel, van Daalen, Kim R, Johnson, Katie, Dasgupta, Shouro, Robinson, Elizabeth, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Lowe, Rachel, van Daalen, Kim R, Johnson, Katie, Dasgupta, Shouro, and Robinson, Elizabeth

Abstract

This report draws on knowledge developed for the European Climate and Health Observatory. It focuses on the impact high temperatures are having on the population, as well as another emerging threat: the spread of climate-sensitive infectious diseases.

43. The 2022 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: towards a climate resilient future

Author

van Daalen, Kim R, Romanello, Marina, Rocklöv, Joacim, Semenza, Jan, C., Tonne, Cathryn, Markandya, Anil, Dasandi, Niheer, Jankin, Slava, Achebak, Hicham, Ballester, Joan, Bechara, Hannah, Callaghan, Max W., Chambers, Jonathan, Dasgupta, Shouro, Drummond, Paul, Farooq, Zia, Gasparyan, Olga, Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube, Hamilton, Ian, Hänninen, Risto, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Kendrovski, Vladimir, Kennard, Harry, Kiesewetter, Gregor, Lloyd, Simon J., Lotto Batista, Martin, Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime, Milà, Carles, Minx, Jan C., Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Palamarchuk, Julia, Quijal-Zamorano, Marcos, Robinson, Elizabeth, Scamman, Daniel, Schmoll, Oliver, Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo, Sjödin, Henrik, Sofiev, Mikhail, Solaraju-Murali, Balakrishnan, Springmann, Marco, Trinanes, Joaquin, Anto, Josep M, Nilsson, Maria, Lowe, Rachel, van Daalen, Kim R, Romanello, Marina, Rocklöv, Joacim, Semenza, Jan, C., Tonne, Cathryn, Markandya, Anil, Dasandi, Niheer, Jankin, Slava, Achebak, Hicham, Ballester, Joan, Bechara, Hannah, Callaghan, Max W., Chambers, Jonathan, Dasgupta, Shouro, Drummond, Paul, Farooq, Zia, Gasparyan, Olga, Gonzalez-Reviriego, Nube, Hamilton, Ian, Hänninen, Risto, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Kendrovski, Vladimir, Kennard, Harry, Kiesewetter, Gregor, Lloyd, Simon J., Lotto Batista, Martin, Martinez-Urtaza, Jaime, Milà, Carles, Minx, Jan C., Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Palamarchuk, Julia, Quijal-Zamorano, Marcos, Robinson, Elizabeth, Scamman, Daniel, Schmoll, Oliver, Sewe, Maquins Odhiambo, Sjödin, Henrik, Sofiev, Mikhail, Solaraju-Murali, Balakrishnan, Springmann, Marco, Trinanes, Joaquin, Anto, Josep M, Nilsson, Maria, and Lowe, Rachel

Abstract

In the past few decades, major public health advances have happened in Europe, with drastic decreases in premature mortality and a life expectancy increase of almost 9 years since 1980. European countries have some of the best health-care systems in the world. However, Europe is challenged with unprecedented and overlapping crises that are detrimental to human health and livelihoods and threaten adaptive capacity, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the fastest-growing migrant crisis since World War 2, population displacement, environmental degradation, and deepening inequalities. Compared with pre-industrial times, the mean average European surface air temperature increase has been almost 1°C higher than the average global temperature increase, and 2022 was the hottest European summer on record. As the world's third largest economy and a major contributor to global cumulative greenhouse gas emissions, Europe is a key stakeholder in the world's response to climate change and has a global responsibility and opportunity to lead the transition to becoming a low-carbon economy and a healthier, more resilient society.

46. Urban adaptation to climate change in Europe: Challenges and opportunities for cities together with supportive national and European policies

Author

Georgi, Birgit, Swart, Rob, Marinova, Natasha, Hove, Bert van, Jacobs, Cor, Klostermann, Judith, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Peltonen, Lasse, Kopperoinen, Leena, Oinonen, Kari, Havrek, Miroslav, Cruz, Maria Jo, Gregor, Mirko, Fons-Esteve, Jaume, Keskitalo, Carina, Juhola, Sirkku, Krellenberg, Kerstin, Bree, Leendert van, Georgi, Birgit, Swart, Rob, Marinova, Natasha, Hove, Bert van, Jacobs, Cor, Klostermann, Judith, Kazmierczak, Aleksandra, Peltonen, Lasse, Kopperoinen, Leena, Oinonen, Kari, Havrek, Miroslav, Cruz, Maria Jo, Gregor, Mirko, Fons-Esteve, Jaume, Keskitalo, Carina, Juhola, Sirkku, Krellenberg, Kerstin, and Bree, Leendert van

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