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5G is an emerging technology and is not going to be an update to its predecessors. Researchers are intended to achieve a head-turning advancement in terms of all the way performances such as data rates, network reliability, massive connectivity, mobility, energy efficiency, latency, secure channel, spectral efficiency, etc. 5G is going to be an end-to-end system that will provide hyper-connectivity to its users. It is supposed to support roughly three use cases, i.e., Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC), and massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC). All these create convergence among wireless communication and computer networking that incorporates Software-Driven Network (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), Service-Based Architecture (SBA), 5G new radio technologies (M-MIMO, mmWave, UDN, FD), massive IoT techniques. This hyper-convergence will introduce new trust and security threats and relevant threat management challenges. In this paper, we tried to summarize why and how 5G is evolved and the technology requirements for 5G revolutions, and the steps adopted for technology change over to 5G. We focused on potential threats and challenges and their suggested mitigation techniques. Several open issues are identified, and possible future research directions are also discussed in this paper.

Trust is an invisible behavior of any entity. An entity could be a living being or a cyber-physical system. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a connected network of smart objects or things where trusted relationships are crucial. Trust in an entity can increase or decrease based on different parameters and properties of the specific entity. Trusted relationships can dynamically reach based on contextual data collected over time. The heterogeneous behavior of IoT devices makes trust measurement more difficult. The massive deployment of IoT devices and related innovative IoT applications leads to exploring new trust management frameworks for the IoT paradigm. Emerging IoT applications need to trust entities deployed by third-party providers. Innovative external IoT applications need to be dynamically trusted by the IoT devices and IoT gateways. Dynamic trust achievement is a complex process when an entity is new within the network. In this article, we have defined the trust management for IoT and discussed the need for trusted architecture for dynamic IoT infrastructure, and elaborated the requirements of trust management policies. We have also heightened the need for decentralized architecture for trust management for the Internet of Things (IoT). A new edge-centric multi-agent-based dynamic and decentralized trust management model is proposed and simulated to solve the aforementioned issues. The results of this work are useful for further research in the field of trust management for IoT.

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm consists of smart sensor objects and their related applications. All these intelligent sensors communicate and transfer data via the Internet. Though communication between IoT devices and other network components is primarily performed over traditional Internet infrastructure, this process is still much more complex and different from a conventional client–server communication process. In general, both parties are authenticated and authorized via a centralized identity and authorization management server in a traditional client–server or peer-to-peer communication network architecture. But in an IoT infrastructure, the IoT devices, gateways, end-user applications need to be authenticated dynamically during or before the communication processes begin. Another issue in the communication process is secure communication between components of the IoT paradigm. Due to the heterogeneous behavior and dynamic communication between IoT devices, it is hard to define a standard way to secure communication between IoT infrastructure and cloud computing components. A new seven layers of IoT communication architecture are proposed to address the issues mentioned above, where data communication and processing are done in a decentralized and distributed manner.

Fog computing-based solution improves the quality of IoT solutions by making a bridge between the cloud layer and end devices of the IoT paradigm. Fog computing can also increase security and trust in IoT by processing data at the fog layer which is closer to the source of data where it is produced. Reproducibility of research results is one of the curtail criteria for any scientific research. Proper documentation about research methodology allows fellow researchers to reproduce the results and to further extend the research findings. Recent researches are addressing fog computing-based trust and security solutions for the resource constraint IoT devices as it is more convenient and efficient to manage those from the nearest location and not managing those from the cloud. In this paper, we have presented the current state of fog computing-based trust solutions for IoT with future research direction within the area. A framework for trust management for IoT at the fog layer is also proposed in this paper. We have also discussed different scientific research approaches used in fog computing-based trust management in IoT research. The strengths and weaknesses of existing research methodologies used in fog computing-based trust management solutions in the internet of things (IoT) research are also discussed.

Internet of things (IoT) network needs to accommodate billions of connected smart objects (things). Connected IoT objects should be able to communicate with each other. Objects should be able to travel between different networks regardless of their locations, network providers, and manufacturers. To allow transparent movement of IoT objects, it is very important to have a trust relationship between these objects. To establish trusted relationship, unique identity is one of the key properties for any IoT object. It will not be possible for the devices to freely move within the networks if we do not have a common identity solution. The use of software-defined networking (SDN) approach in IoT is increasing these days, due to its flexibility and easy adaptability with any network. In this paper, we have presented an SDN-based identity management system which will possibly solve the unique identity problem and increase trust in heterogeneous IoT network.

The vast deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) is improving human life standards every day. These IoT applications are producing a massive amount of data from the environment where it is deployed. The collected data are mostly including end-user private data or industrial data, which are transmitted over the internet to the cloud devices for storing, processing, and sharing with the connected applications. Recent IoT data privacy-related researches are mostly focused on data privacy within a particular location of the network or at a specific device, but as per our knowledge, none has pointed and listed all the places where the end-user or industrial data privacy risks exist. In this work, we have addressed both technical and management aspects to enhance the privacy of IoT data. We have identified and listed the places where IoT data privacy risks exist, followed by our proposed model for data privacy enhancement in the internet of things (IoT). A list of ten suggestions for avoiding data privacy leakage to enhance IoT data privacy enhancement is presented. The results of this work should be useful for both academic researchers and stakeholders from the industry while designing and implementing new IoT solutions for the enhancement of human society.

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm refers to the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity to enable objects to exchange data with servers, centralized systems, and/or other connected devices based on a variety of communication infrastructures. IoT data collected from different sensors, nodes and collectors are transferred to the cloud over the internet. IoT devices are used by consumers, healthcare, businesses as well as by the governments. It is being forecast that 31 billion IoT devices will be deployed all over the world by the year 2020. As the use of IoT devices is increasing every moment several IoT vulnerabilities are introduced. The results and analysis indicate that massive deployment of IoT with an integration of new technologies are introducing new security challenges in IoT paradigm. In this paper, IoT security challenges and open issues are discussed which provides a ground for future research.

Current technology driven world is moving forward with massive implementation of smart objects. These smart objects or Internet of Things (IoT) nodes are involved in sensing of real time critical data from surroundings. Though these IoT nodes are involved in very specific task but their existence is very important for the complete system. Usually, in an IoT architecture, several heterogeneous nodes connect with a nearest gateway. The gateway itself connects with the world via Internet. IoT nodes need to flexible about connectivity as those may need to leave and join any gateway based on context (time, location etc.). To achieve flexibility, IoT components need a trust relationship between each other. In this paper, we have proposed a mechanism for integrating distributed trust management in IoT by using edge computing technology, considering the scalability and heterogeneous capability of IoT devices.

The Internet of things (IoT) will accommodate several billions of devices to the Internet to enhance human society as well as to improve the quality of living. A huge number of sensors, actuators, gateways, servers, and related end-user applications will be connected to the Internet. All these entities require identities to communicate with each other. The communicating devices may have mobility and currently, the only main identity solution is IP based identity management which is not suitable for the authentication and authorization of the heterogeneous IoT devices. Sometimes devices and applications need to communicate in real-time to make decisions within very short times. Most of the recently proposed solutions for identity management are cloud-based. Those cloud-based identity management solutions are not feasible for heterogeneous IoT devices. In this paper, we have proposed an edge-fog based decentralized identity management and authentication solution for IoT devices (IoTD) and edge IoT gateways (EIoTG). We have also presented a secure communication protocol for communication between edge IoT devices and edge IoT gateways. The proposed security protocols are verified using Scyther formal verification tool, which is a popular tool for automated verification of security protocols. The proposed model is specified using the PROMELA language. SPIN model checker is used to confirm the specification of the proposed model. The results show different message flows without any error.