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Abstract Background Moral sensitivity is an essential criterion for nurses' professional competence, and it is effective in professional performance and the development of communication between nurse and patient. According to several definitions of moral sensitivity in nursing texts, each of them has examined moral sensitivity from a different aspect, and there are still uncertainties in the field of moral sensitivity of nursing students. Therefore, to clarify the characteristics and dimensions of the concept of moral sensitivity of nursing students, we used the method of concept analysis. Goal To clarify and define moral sensitivity of nursing students. Method For this systematic review, ten databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Emerald, Springer, Proquest (open access), ERIC, SID, Irandoc, Magiran) were searched. They were published between 1990 and 2020. Inclusion criteria were having access to the full text of the article, types of studies (quantitative, qualitative, concept analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis) related to the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of nursing students' moral sensitivity, medical students' moral sensitivity and Ethics education, articles being published in scientific journals in English or Persian language, texts published in non-peer-reviewed journals and letters to the editor were excluded from the data analysis. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool 2018 and Prisma ScR Checklist 2020. Rodger's evolutionary concept analysis was used to conduct this study. Results From 361 articles, 38 were included. The results showed moral sensitivity in nursing students improves through specialized ethical knowledge and presence in educational and professional settings. The attributes consist of honest and benevolent communication, compassionate professional practice, intuitive perceiving moral challenges, awareness of the responsibilities and moral consequences of decisions. The moral sensitivity of nursing students improves the quality of nursing care and the effective management of ethical challenges. Conclusion Results can help develop nursing education theories and programs, design appropriate tools to evaluate this concept, and increase the quality of care and management of moral challenges in society and health systems. Limitation This research has only examined Persian and English texts; also, accessing all the international databases was impossible, and more investigation in this field is required.

To investigate the psychometric properties of the self-care behavior scale in heart failure (HF) patients. The development of self-care behaviors is one of the goals of non-pharmacological care management programs.

Background Endometriosis, defined as the attendance of endometrial-like lesions in extra uterine locations, causes pain, infertility, and reduced quality of life. Objective To evaluate the relationship between food consumption and nutrient intake with risk of endometriosis. Materials and Methods Of the 156 women approached for the study, 78 women had endometriosis and 78 healthy women were included in the control group. Dietary data were collected using a validated 147-item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) with the standard serving size. A logistic regression model was used to determine the association of macronutrients and energy intake with the risk of endometriosis. Results In women with higher intake of protein, especially animal protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, soluble and insoluble fiber, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid endometriosis is less common (p< 0.05). High consumption of vegetables, fruits, red meat, yellow vegetables, potatoes, legumes, dairy products, liquid oil, and low intake of fried potatoes was associated with a lower risk of endometriosis (p< 0.05). Conclusion Regarding the association of dietary intake on endometriosis risk, counseling about improving the dietary structure can contribute toward the prevention and control of endometriosis.

Mohammad Hossein Delshad,1 Sedigheh Sadat Tavafian,1 Anoshirvan Kazemnejad2 1Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; 2Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Introduction: Health Promotion Model (HPM) is one comprehensive model by which health behavior predicting factors could be determined.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a designed interventional program based on HPM on promoting stretching exercise (SE) behavior among office employees.Patients and methods: This interventional designed study was carried out on 87 office employees who were working in the three health networks affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. These participants were randomly divided into intervention group (N=44) who complied with educational program based on HPM and control group (N=43) who did not receive the program. The data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire based on HPM at three times of baseline, 3- and 6-month follow-ups and analyzed using SPSS version 19.Results: Totally, 40 office employees with mean age of (37.70±7.40) in intervention and 37 ones with mean age of (35.97±7.34) in control group were assessed. At baseline, both groups were the same regarding the HPM constructs of perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, commitment to plan, and interpersonal influences (P>0.05). However, following intervention, there was a significant difference between two groups during 6-month follow-up in all these predictor factors (P

Background: Asthma is considered as the most common chronic disease of childhood that can cause missing school and daily limits. It can also have effects on physical, psychological, and social well-being in children. Therefore, improving two indicators of self-efficacy and self-esteem seem of utmost importance in this domain. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of family-centered empowerment model (FCEM) on self-efficacy and self-esteem in children with asthma. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 60 children along with their parents were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Then, family-centered empowerment model was implemented for the experimental group lasting seven 30-minute sessions. After that, self-efficacy and self-esteem were similarly evaluated by distributing questionnaires in both groups before and after the intervention. Moreover, the data were analyzed using the SPSS Software as well as descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, independent t-test, and paired t-test). Results: The self-efficacy scores of all children in the experimental group before (2.95±0.33) and after (3.97±0.49) the intervention showed a significant difference (P=0.0001). Meanwhile, a significant difference was observed in the self-esteem scores of all children in the experimental group before (0.62±0.13) and after (0.77±0.08) the intervention (P=0.0001), while self-efficacy scores of the individuals in the control group before (2.86±0.49) and after (2.88±0.40) the intervention suggested no significant difference (P=0.607) in this respect. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in self-efficacy scores of the control group before (0.67±0.17) and after (0.67±0.13) the intervention (P=0.845). Conclusion: It seems that empowerment (FCEM) of children suffering from asthma can lead to increased self-efficacy and self-esteem and help them to have an efficient care, and also may result in improvements in their roles. Therefore, further studies are recommended in this domain.

Background and Objective: The characterization of any disease have important role for the evaluation and control strategy and programming of diseases. This study was done to determine the epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Iran during 2001-08. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross sectional study, Annual percentage change (APC), average annual percentage change (AAPC) of Tuberculosis incidence rate, mortality of Tuberculosis, case detection rate, success percentage in Tuberculosis treatment and relapses cases during 2001-08 have been studied in Iran. Linear segmented regression model was used for analysis trend of Tuberculosis and estimate parameters. Results: The trend of Tuberculosis smear positive (SP) incidence rate was reduced in Iran during 2001-08. Anually, 4.1% and 3.6% reduction took place in incidence rate and relapses cases, respectively. Tuberculosis mortality decreased annually by 6.8% and success in case detection increased by 2.5%. The Tuberculosis treatment though AAPC is decreasing by 0.5%. The trend of Tuberculosis are higher among women and in both sexes over 65 years of age. Conclusion: This study showed that trend of SP pulmonary tuberculosis and treatment success rate is decreased, but case detection was increased.

Background and Objective: Mortality rate and causes of death is one of the main components in health planning at each society. This study was done to show the pattern of mortality trends in Iran during 1970-2009. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study related data to 9740656 deaths registered in National Organization Civil Registration were surveyed and analyzed during 1970-2009. SPSS software and statistical descriptive methods were applied to evaluate the data. Results: 60.4% of all registered death was in rural areas. 61.1% were male. Crude death rate according the current statistics decreased from 13 per 1000 in 1970-75 to 5 per 1000 in 2005-09. Life expectancy with 28.6% increased from 55.2 years in 1970-75 to 71 years in 2005-09. Conclusion: This study showed that all mortality indicators in Iran were lower than other part of the world. There was a general decreasing in infant mortality rate in last three decade. Also the death registry system has been improved during study years.

"n Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Background: Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer and known as the second cause of death due to cancers worldwide. Adenocarcinoma is the most fatal cancer in Iran and a patient with this kind of cancer, has a lower lifetime than others. In this research, the survival of patients with gastric carcinoma who were registered at Taleghani Hospital, were studied."n"nMethods: 291 patients with Gastric carcinoma who had received care, chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, at Taleghani Hospital in Tehran from 2002 to 2007 were studied as a historical cohort. Their survival rates and its relationship with 12 risk factors were assessed."n"nResults: Of the 291 patients with Gastric carcinoma, 70.1 percent were men and others (29.9%) were women. The mean age of men was 62.26 years and of women was 59.32 years at the time of diagnosis. Most of patients (93.91%) were advanced stage and metastasis. The Cox proportional hazards model showed that age at diagnosis, tumor stage and histology type with survival time had significant relationships (p=0.039, p=0.042 and p=0.032 respectively)."n"n Conclusion: The five-year survival rate and median lifetime of gastric cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy are very low and seems that one of the important reasons for this situation is delayed diagnosis. The scheme of public education about the early warning signs of the disease and diagnosis and administration of periodic examinations is unavoidable.

Background & Objective: Studies show, clients' satisfaction is an important indicator for service quality assessment. Finding causes of dissatisfaction helps to promote health care services quality. High quality prenatal care services and clients' satisfaction decreases maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The perceived quality of the prenatal care by the mothers can not be effectively evaluated unless considering the opinions, demands and satisfaction rate of mothers who receive the care. The objective of this study is to measure prenatal care utilization rate and patients satisfaction in the clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2005.Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 380 pregnant women who had received prenatal care services in two hospitals and eight health centers were selected randomly and interviewed. Data were gathered using a questionnaire including demographic characteristics and satisfaction questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS and tested with chi-square and Pearson exact test.Results: According to the results, 53.4 % and 14.8% of the pregnant women had received complete and incomplete prenatal care, respectively. Most of the pregnant women (54.7%) were completely satisfied, 23.7% and 21.6% were moderately and poorly satisfied, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the utilization rate and satisfaction of mothers (P

Background & Objective: Research utilization is a new phenomenon in Iran and the Iranian nurses tend to practice based on evidences. The objective of this research is to investigate nurses' attitude toward research utilization.Methods & Materials: This research is an analytical-descriptive study. The sample included 410 clinical nurses and instructors who were selected through multistage stratified sampling method. Data were gathered using a two-section questionnaire and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).Results: 91.2% of respondents believed in using research findings in practice. 77.6% of nurses agreed with the following statement: "Research is not applicable in practice". Furthermore 88.3% agreed that" Research helps to build a scientific base for nursing". The majority of respondents had positive attitude toward research utilization. There was a significant difference between attitude and kind of professional activity, setting and research activity. Conclusion: It seems having positive attitude toward research utilization is not sufficient for applying research results in practice. In order to utilize the research findings, more relevant research in this field of nursing is required.

Background & Aim: Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most common chronic diseases with unknown causes and it is the most important cause of disability especially in adulthood that can have a considerable impact on patients' quality of life.Methods & Materials: This is a cross-sectional study. One hundred and ninety patients with rheumatoid arthritis referred to rheumatology clinic and rheumatology wards of Tehran university of Medical sciences' hospitals were randomly selected. The data were collected using a two-section questionnaire including demographic and disease characteristics, and quality of life questions. All analyzes were carried out using SPSS statistical software. Results: The result showed that quality of life of %50 of patients was high and moderate and the other 50% had low quality of life. Approximately 50% of the patients reported that they have no problem in their physical, socio-economic, mental, sleep and rest, and general health regarding rheumatoid arthritis. There were significant relationships between age, marital status, employment, duration of the disease, physiotherapy, and family income with the quality of life.Conclusion: The results showed that quality of life in half of the patients (%50) was low. Determining the patients' quality of life result in designing proper programs and strategies for prevention and control of the disease that result in promoting quality of life.

Background: Plant-origin foods are among the most important sources of food allergic reactions. An increase in the incidence of sesame seed allergy among children and adults has been reported in recent years. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the prevalence, importance and clinical manifestations of sesame allergy among Iranian patients.Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, 250 patients with suspected IgE-mediated food allergies completed a questionnaire and underwent skin prick tests with sesame extract as well as cross-reacting foods (walnut, soya and peanut). Total IgE and sesame-specific IgE levels were measured. Patients with positive skin test reactions and/or IgE specific for sesame without clinical symptoms were considered sensitive to sesame. The patients who also had clinical symptoms with sesame consumption were diagnosed as allergic to sesame.Results: Of the 250 patients enrolled in this study, 129 were male and 121 female, with a mean age of 11.7 years. The most common food allergens were cow's milk, egg, curry, tomato and sesame. Sesame sensitivity was found in 35 patients (14.1%). Only five patients (2%) had sesame allergy. Sesame-sensitive patients had a significantly higher frequency of positive prick test to cross-reacting foods when compared to non-sensitized patients (p=0.00). The type of symptom was independent of gender and age of the patients, but urticaria and dermatitis-eczema were significantly more frequent in sensitized patients (p=0.008).Conclusions: This is the first study addressing the prevalence of sesame seed allergy in Iranian population. We found sesame to be a common and important cause of food allergy. The panel of foods recommended for use in diagnostic allergy tests should be adjusted.

Background & Aim: Asthma, as a chronic respiratory disease, is a major health problem worldwide. The quality of life of asthmatic patients is affected by long-term treatment and continuous episodes of asthmatic attacks. The aim of this study is to assess the quality of life in asthmatic patients.Methods & Materials: This descriptive study carried out among randomly selected asthmatic patients (n=386) referred to lung clinic in Imam Khomeini hospital, Tehran. Data were collected using a two-section questionnaire. The first section was to assess demographic characteristics of the subjects and the second section was to assess the quality of life. Validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using content validity and reliability was determined using a-kronbach.Results: The results showed that the majority of subjects were female, married, illiterate, and in the 41-50 age group. 45.1 per cent of study subjects had relatively appropriate quality of life. Quality of life in 45.3 per cent of the patients was inappropriate. There were significant statistical relationship between sex, age, education, economic status and quality of life (P

Background & Aim: Women with high risk pregnancy experience changes in their personal, family, and social life that affect their quality of life and mental status. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of type of pregnancy (normal or high risk) on quality of life and depression levels in pregnant women.Methods & Materials: In this case-control study, a total of 100 women (50 women with normal pregnancies and 50 women with high risk pregnancies) who referred to the prenatal clinics of Kashan Medical University were studied. Subjects were randomly selected and then allocated in the normal (control) or high risk (case) groups. Data were gathered using a three-part questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) to assess the quality of life, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to assess the levels of depressive symptoms. Results: In this study, the results revealed that the mean score of the quality of life was lower in the women with high risk pregnancy (53/20±16/83) in comparison with the women with normal pregnancy (62/18 12/48). The mean of the BDI scores in high risk pregnancies (15/34±9/15) were significantly higher than in normal pregnancies (9/8±5/44). Depression has strong negative correlation with quality of life in both women with high risk and normal pregnancies (P

Background&Objective: Research utilization provides quality and cost- effective care, optimizing patient outcomes and enhancing the credibility of nursing. Despite of increase in the amount and quality of nursing research, the conduct of research and use of its results remains poor. In Iran one of the most important barriers of research is related to research utilization. The aim of this study is to identify the barriers and facilitators of research utilization in nursing practice. Materials&Methods: The study used a descriptive- analytic design. The questionnaire was divided into two sections: The former asked for information on the academic and professional profiles of respondents, the latter was based on the BARRIERS Scale. In addition there was one open –ended question to measure the facilitators of research utilization. Content and face validity was further enhanced by submitting it to nursing researchers. Results: In factor analysis procedure four factors were extracted. The factors were labeled as: organization barriers and limitations, Quality of research, Nurses' values, awareness and skills, Communication of research. Factor loading for barrier item ''the nurse is unaware of the research'' was not included under factor headings. The top three barriers were The nurses do not have time to read research, the facilities are inadequate for implementation and the nurses do not feel they have enough authority to change patient care procedures. All the participants suggested facilitators to increase research use The most frequently mentioned facilitators were related to human resources, individual and organizational factors. Conclusion: The most dominant findings were related to organizational support. The top three barriers mentioned by the participants reflect a traditional organizational culture which hinders professional autonomy. Organizations need to ensure that facilities are provided and give the authority to the nurses to change the practice based on research.

Background & Aim: One of the responsibilities of nurses is to identify of effective factors on sleeping, because identification of these factors prevents from occurrence of sleep disorders, improves sleeping, decreases duration of hospitalization, and reduces use of hypnotic drugs. Methods & Materials: This research is a comparative descriptive study. The population under research was included 50 nurses who were working in CCU wards and 50 patients who were hospitalized in CCU wards that were selected by interviewing and information gathering tools was a questionnaires which consisted of tow parts and for each group one questionnaire was used. The first part was included demographic specification. Second part is consisted of 56 questions (four rating) related to effective factors on patient's sleeping in the domains such as environmental factors, personal (physical and mental) factors, pre-sleeping habits and an extra question (to explain other factors with the except of factors that mentioned in sleeping). Gathered data is processed by SPSS software, 12'Th version, and for achieving to research goals, descriptive and perceptive statistical methods (such as t-test, ANOVA test, and Pearson coefficient of correlation) were used. Then descriptive statistic was used in data analysis and statistical t-tests were used to compare of these two groups opinions. Results: The results of this research showed that environmental factors such as turned on light, pain, anxiety due to loss of job, fears of outcome of disease, connection to monitoring systems are the important effective factors on sleeping according to the nurses points of view however patients believe that phone ring, pain, anxiety from loss of job, fears of outcomes of disease, connection to monitoring systems are important. Conclusion: According to the research results, the most important effective factors on sleeping are "turned on light", "phone ring" "pain", "anxiety from loss of job", "fears of outcome of illness", "connection to monitoring systems". The foundation of this schedule is based on identification of effective factors on sleeping according to viewpoint of patients and then eliminating the disturbing factors.

Background & Aim: Some aspects of life style in adulthood have major preventive role from osteoporosis in adult ages. This research has been done in order to determining female teenager’s life style in relation with prevention of osteoporosis. Methods & Materials: This research was a descriptive - analytical study. In this study, 760 person of female teenage students in high schools and pre-university centers of zone 17 in Tehran city were chosen by random classified cluster sampling method. In this study, the tool for data collection was written questionnaire, and method of it was answering to questionnaire. The questionnaire had 2 parts. First part included demographic characteristics, and second part included different dimensions of lifestyle in relation with prevention of osteoporosis, such as nutrition, exercise and physical activity, habits (smoking, using weight loss food regimen and weight loss drug). The life style categorized as 3 levels unfavorable, partially favorable, and favorable. The collected information was assessed by SPSS software and descriptive and analytical statistical methods were used to reaching study objects. Results: Results Showed nutrition, phisycal activity and exercise the highest percent of cases (51.8%, 57.7%) had undesirable lifestyle. Also 50 percent of cases had undesirable lifestyle. About habits (Smoking, using weight loss food regimen and using weight loss drug) the highest percent of cases (74.9%) had desirable lifestyle. Also there was a significant statistical relationship between life style and variables of education level (p=0.004), economical status of family (p=0.043), the birth number in family (p=0.001) and educational level of mother (p=0.005). Conclusion: According to the results of research, lifestyle of 50% of female teenagers was undesirable. Findings of this research are attentive and need more assessment and planning by responsible people in order to omitting noted problems in lifestyle.

Background & Aim: Fatigue is a premature symptom in the patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of breathing exercises on fatigue level of COPD patients. Methods & Materials: This clinical trial is a semi-experimental study. 60 patients suffering COPD which are bedridden at, Tehran university of Medical Sciences hospital wards which have been sampled simply and divided into experience and control group randomly. Data gathering is done by interview and data registration from the files. The data gathering tools are questionnaires, fatigue severity scale (FSS) and respiratory exercise usage checklist. The questionnaire includes to sections of demographic characteristics and patient info. The exercises check list is scaled from 0 to 40 in the way that the maximum amount of usage in 10 days, for 4 daily sessions would be 40 and for the case of usage 0 score is assigned. Fatigue severity scale includes 9 questions with visual diagrams scaled from 0 (Lack of fatigue) to 4 (server fatigue). The gathered data is analysis using SPSS software and the descriptive and deductive statistical methods (Tisuchi, Kai2 and Pearson correlation exam) are used to achieve the research goals. Results: The results show that the average fatigue intensity for the experience group is 40.916 with the standard deviation of 14.4 and for the control group is 52.20 with 8.539 standard deviation after the study and statistical T-exam (p=0.001) indicated that there is a significant difference in fatigue severity between experience and control groups after the study. The findings also showed that the average fatigue severity before (55.766) and after (40.166) using the respiratory exercises in the experience group (p

Background & Aim: Improving the quality of life is generally one of the main goals in caring of the patients with congestive heart failure, so identifying factors affecting it is significantly important. This study was conducted to determining the quality of life of these patients. Methods & Materials: 184 of patients congestive heart failure who referred to clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were chosen by goal-based sampling method. Data collection was done by questionnaire, which was consisted of 4 parts: individual factors, factors related to disease, patient knowledge and quality of life. Data analysis was done by SPSS computerized software. Results: Most of the researching samples in fallowing dimensions had undesirable quality of life: physical activity dimension (44.6%), Psychological dimension (47.3%), Economical/Social dimension (49.5%), total Quality of life (46.7%) and had fairly desirable quality of life in general health dimension (42.4%). There is a significant statistical relationship between quality of life and these variables: job, Education level, care giver, the intensity of illness, duration of illness period, number of refers to physician and hospitalization, duration of combination of hypertension with CHF, presence of edema, high cholesterol, characteristics of disease, the intensity of fatigue at the time of research and in last 1 month ago (p=0.000) and the kinds of using drugs (p=0.039), but there is not a significant statistical relationship between quality of life and these variable: age, gender, Marriage status, Number of people living together, Having therapeutic insurance, Smoking, Body Mass Index: BMI presence of Myocardial Infarction or other diseases and patient knowledge. Conclusion: Congestive heart failure has a negative affect on quality of life. So assessing the quality of life and promoting it is viewed as one of the duties of nurses and also as one of the major caring goals.

Background & Aim: Number of patients with bloodborn disease is increased. Because of degenerative effects of the disease on body's organs, and patient's need to hospitalization, contamination risk for nurses and other patients is also increased. So investigation of the performance the principals of the safety injection by nurses are necessary. Methods & Materials: This study is a descriptive research. Sample of the study were 85 nurses employed in emergency units of the selected hospitals. The research data gathering tools were a questionnaire included 7 question about demographic data and 3 checklists included 29, 20, 15 objects about performance of the safety injection in three steps (pre, during, and after injection). The statistical tests included t-test, Pearson correlation. Data analysis performed by SPSS software. Results: This study showed that the majority of subjects were 23-30 years old (60%), female (70.6%), have BS (97.6%) in nursing and clinical experience under 5 years in hospital (55.3%) and emergency unit (80%) and didn’t participant in infection control course (75.3%) and work in rotation shift (82.4%). About half of the nurses (49.4%, 51.8%, 55.3%), had desirable performance in three steps of injection. Performance of safety injection had a significant correlation with sex (p=0.002), and preinjection step with during injection step and after injection (p=0.000), (p=0.001) respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the half of nurses had desirable performance in injection process, but the half of them had undesirable performance. It is suggested that nurses and managers pay more attention and try to performance standard and world precautions and principals of safety injection to prevent convection of bloodborn diseases.

Background & Aim: Regarding to increasing of life expectancy, Women spend a greater proportion of their life in menopause that is associated with complications and makes disability for them. One of the safe treatments for these complications is herbal therapy. Methods & Materials: This research is a semiexperimental study. Randomized cluster sampling method was used to select 50 menopaused women ranging from 45 to 55 years old. Experimental group used vitagnus (40 drops daily) for three months. The data was collected by interviewing and a structured questionnaire and daily diary. The data was analyzed by descriptive (percent, mean, standard deviation) and inferencing (2, t-test, Mcnimar, repeated ANOVA) statistical methods by SPSS software. Results: The results showed a significant reduction in early menopausal complications after intervention (p

Background & Aim: The main aim of performance appraisal is aid to staff development and increasing job motivation. Outcomes of performance appraisal consider as a determining indicators of the amount of success in achieving the mentioned aims. The aim of this study is to determine the employed nurses’ views regarding the performance appraisal's outcomes and its relation with job motivation in medical-surgical wards of affiliated hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Methods & Materials: This investigation is a descriptive correlational study. The sample size was 120 of employed nurses in medical-surgical units in Tehran University of Medical Science that was selected by cluster sampling. The data was collected by questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for analysis. Results: Perception of the most samples was almost positive (65%) about performance appraisal’s outcomes. They believed that the rate of the job motivation in surveyed units was low. There was a statistical significance relationship between performance improvement as one of the outcomes of the performance appraisal and job motivation (p

Background & Aim: Adolescent is a unique period during the life cycle. Knowing about the suitable nutrition in this period would prevent from a lot of diseases related to the nutrition during the adulthood. But unfortunately in recent decades we have observed having unsuitable snaking in adolescents. This study aimed to determine the quality of snaking in adolescents 12-18 years old in one of district of Tehran, Iran. Methods & Materials: This study is a descriptive cross sectional research with the purpose of determining the quality of snaking in adolescents 12-18years old at 17 districts in Tehran city. The samples were 907 students that including the Iranian girls and boys who were 12-18 years old and educating in one of the guidance school or high schools of the district 17 in Tehran city. The instrument was a questionnaire and interview the data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that majority of students 35.1% were 14-16 years old, 52.8% were boys, 26.1% were educating in the first year of high school. 71/5% had 1-3 sisters or brothers and also the majority of students had natural BMI, 28% were having fried potato and cheese puff over than moderate level as snaking 46% were having snaking daily. Less than half of the studied cases 46.7% believe that having snaking is necessary 56.9% had sometimes snaking. Chi2 test and p

Introduction: Job satisfaction of midwives, as key members of healthcare system, has special importance in the quality of midwifery care to the vulnerable groups of the society i.e. mothers and children. Materials and Methods: This is a survey and cross sectional study. Sampling size was 251 midwives, which were chosen through cluster sampling. Data were gathered by questionnaire in one stage and were analyzed by SPSS software, using descriptive and analytic (2, Pearson correlation) statistical methods. Results: Results of this research demonstrated that satisfaction level of midwives in two aspects of job position (62.9%) and relationship with colleagues (48.2%) was moderate. It was low in the aspects of salary and benefits (92.8%), job security (69.7%), managerial policies and work condition (64.9%), supervisory (48.6%) and relationship with personal life (49.8%). There was a significant relationship and correlation between job satisfaction and all of its aspects, strongest with the aspect of managerial policies (r=0.87) and weakest with the relationship with colleagues (r=0.547). There was no significant relationship between job satisfaction and demographic characteristics such as age, academic degree, marital status, the number of children and monthly salary but there was a significant relationship between job satisfaction and the condition of house ownership, the years of job experience, the condition of employment, the place of work, work shift and whether they liked midwifery when they chose it (p