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The aim of the present investigation was to optimize protocols for micropropagation and adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants of two wild ecotypes of red flesh apple Malus niedzwetzkyana for future breeding programs. At the proliferation stage, different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and triacontanol (TRIA) were compared. To optimize shoot regeneration from leaf explants, interactive effects of 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thidiazol-5-yl)-urea – thidiazuron (TDZ), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and two explant types were investigated. At rooting stage, the effect of exposure time of microshoots to darkness and exposure time to different concentrations of IBA and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were compared. The results showed that SNP affected the growth rate significantly and the maximum multiplication rates per explant (9.6 in the first ecotype and 8.8 in the second) were produced in the Quoirin and Lepoivre medium containing 17 SNP µM, in addition to 4 µm 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 3 µm gibberellic acid (GA3). IBA and TDZ affected the adventitious shoot regeneration from leaf explants significantly, the highest number of regenerated shoots (18.3 per explant) was obtained from the basal section of the leaves cultured on the medium containing 2 μM IBA and 15 μM TDZ. At rooting stage, the maximum rooting (88.6%) was obtained in the result of one weak exposure to darkness on medium containing 3 μM IBA.

Foliage part of Hypericum tetrapterum Fries. contains essential oil was collected from north part of Iran. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation method and its components were identified using GC and GC-MS. In this study, thirty-six components (67.21% of total essential oil compositions) were characterized. Alkans (50.07%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (14.42%) were identified as the main fractions of the essential oil together with small amount of monoterpens (0.5 %). The most abundant constituents were n-undecane (30.84%), n-nonane (9.99%), n-tridecane (3.55 %) and β-funebrene (2.79 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]