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Cucurbitaceae familyası, dünya çapında ekonomik değer ve besin değeri açısından önemli birçok türü içerir. Son yıllarda yapılan moleküler genetik araştırmalara rağmen tarımsal öneme sahip kabak Cucurbita pepo L. türü ile ilgili genom bilgisi oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmanın esas amacı, genom spesifik markör sayısı son derece az olan kabak genomuna özgün yeni ve çok sayıda SSR markörlerinin (Basit Dizi Tekrarları) geliştirilmesidir. Kabak referans genomu tekrar motifleri açısından biyoinformatik araçlar ile taranmış ve kabak genomuna spesifik toplam 76744 adet aday SSR lokusu bulunmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında ilk kez çerezlik kabak kromozomlarını kapsayacak şekilde toplam 52303 adet SSR markörü geliştirilmiş ve üretilen markörlere ait bilgiler veri tabanlarına yüklenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, en fazla rastlanan SSR motiflerinin çoğunluğu AT/AT bakımından zengin olan di-nükleotit tekrarları olarak tespit edilmiştir. Geliştirilen yeni SSR markörlerin amplifikasyon durumu ve polimorfik bant üretme gücünü test etmek amacı ile 39 adet çerezlik kabak (Cucurbita pepo L.) genotipinden oluşan bir koleksiyon karakterize edilmiş ve SSR alelleri, var/yok (1/0) şeklinde skorlanmış olup veri dosyası DARwin6 programında genetik çeşitlilik analizlerine tabi tutulmuştur. Çalışma sonuçları ile, kabak genomiğine önemli moleküler genetik markörler kazandırılarak ilerde yapılacak moleküler ıslah ve haritalama çalışmaları için önemli bilgiler kazandırılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Levocetirizine dihydrochloride is the active ingredient of Alerinit, a second-generation antihistamine, used in the treatment of allergic diseases. This study was carried out to determine the probable genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of levocetirizine using chromosomal abnormality (CA) and micronucleus (MN) tests in human peripheral lymphocytes. In this study, cell cultures were treated with 2, 4, 8 and 16 μg / ml concentrations determined by preliminary study of Levocetirizine during 24 and 48 hours. As a result of our study, we observed that Levocetirizine does not cause any significant change compared to control in CA / Cell rate, abnormal cell percentage and mitotic index values, MN frequency, binuclear micronucleus cell rate and nuclear division index values at within the all studied concentrations and treatment periods. According to this research; levocetirizine dihydrochloride has no genotoxic and cytotoxic effects., Levosetirizin dihidroklorür, alerjik hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılan ikinci nesil bir antihistaminik olan Alerinit'in aktif bileşenidir. Bu çalışma, insan periferal lenfositlerinde kromozomal anomali (CA) ve mikronükleus (MN) testleri kullanılarak levosetirizinin olası genotoksik ve sitotoksik etkilerini belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, hücre kültürleri 24 ve 48 saat boyunca Levocetirizine ön çalışması ile belirlenen 2, 4, 8 ve 16 μg / ml konsantrasyonları ile muamele edilmiştir. Çalışmamız sonucunda Levosetirizin'in bütün konsantrasyonlarında, CA / hücre hızı, anormal hücre yüzdesi ve mitotik indeks değerleri, MN frekansı, binükleer mikronükleus hücre hızı ve nükleer bölünme indeksi değerlerinde kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı bir değişikliğe neden olmadığını gözlemledik. Bu araştırmaya göre; levosetirizin dihidroklorürün genotoksik ve sitotoksik etkisi yoktur.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is an antiviral drug used against HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and hepatitis B (HBV) viruses in adults. It is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analogue of adenosine monophosphate. Tenofovir is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor and it shows activity by preventing enzymes (reverse transcriptase of HIV, DNA polymerase of hepatitis B) required for viruses in reproducing themselves. Following the oral administration, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is rapidly absorbed and converted to tenofovir. It reaches a maximum concentration within two hours. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has an intracellular half-life of approximately 17 hours and it is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Due to low rate of genotypic resistance and high antiviral activity, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has become a preferred drug for both monotherapy and combinationed therapy.

WOS: 000343613400028, A new tridentate azo-azomethine ligand, N'-[{2-hydroxy-5-[(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenl}methylidene]benzohydrazidemonohydrate, (sbH center dot H2O) (1), is prepared by condensation of benzohydrazide and 2-hydroxy-5-[(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]benzaldehyde (a) with treatment of a solution of diazonium salt of p-nitroaniline and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in EtOH. The five coordination compounds, [Co(sb)(2)]center dot 4H(2)O (2), [Ni(sb)(2)]center dot H2O (3), [Cu(sb)(2)]center dot 4H(2)O (4), [Zn(sb)(2)]center dot H2O (5) and [Cd(sb)(2)]center dot H2O (6) are prepared by reacting the Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions with the ligand. The structures of the compounds are elucidated from the elemental analyses data and spectroscopic studies. It is found the ligand acts as a tridentate bending through phenolic and carbonyl oxygens and nitrogen atom of the C=N- group similar to the most of salicylaldimines. Comparison of the infrared spectra of the ligand and its metal complexes confirm that azo-Schiff base behaves as a monobasic tridentate ligand towards the central metal ion with an ONO donor sequence. Upon complexation with the ligand, the Cd(II), and Zn(II) ions form monoclinic structures, while Co(II), Cu(ID and Ni(II) ions form orthorhombic structures. Quantum chemical calculations are performed on tautomers and its metal chelates by using DFT/B3LYP method. Most stable tautomer is determined as tautomer (la). The geometrical parameters of its metal chelates are obtained as theoretically. The NLO properties of tautomer (la) and its metal complexes are investigated. Finally, the ligand and its metal complexes are assessed for their genotoxicity. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., Unit of Coordination of Scientific Research Projects, Kahramanmara Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey [2010/2-15YLS], This work was financially supported by the Unit of Coordination of Scientific Research Projects, Kahramanmara Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey (Project no: 2010/2-15YLS). Also, the authors wish to thank Prof. Dr. Vickie McKee, Department of Chemistry at Lougbrough University, Leichester, UK for 1H NMR measurements.

Background and Aim: Cleaning agents are used in large quantities by millions of people throughout the world for disinfection and surface maintenance. Although there is a complex pattern of exposure to cleaning agents and resulting health problems among cleaners, genotoxic risks of cleaners as an occupational group are uncertain. In the present study, possible genotoxic effects of exposing to cleaning agents in peripheral lymphocytes of cleaners were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this study, possible genotoxic risks of cleaning workers were investigated by sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) tests. The frequencies of SCE and CA were determined in peripheral blood samples taken from 32 cleaning workers exposed to cleaning agents and 20 healthy controls as the control group. Cell kinetic parameters of mitotic index (MI) and proliferation index (PI) were also detected for determining the possible cytotoxic effects. Data analysis was perfomed using SPSS (17.0) package program. Results: A significant SCE formation was found in the peripheral blood of cleaners in comparison with the control group (P 0.05). The CA values were correlated with both the working period and the ages of the cleaning workers. No marked differences were detected concerning PI and MI indices between the workers and controls. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that cleaning workers may have weak genotoxic risk due to occupational exposure.

A new ONNO-type azomethine ligand, 2,2′-(ethane-1,2-diylidenedinitrilo)dibenzoic acid, (YLH2) (1) has been prepared by the condensation of 2-aminobenzoic acid and glyoxal. The coordination compounds [Ni(YL)] (2), [Co(YL)] (3), [Cu(YL)(H2O)] (4), [Zn(YL)] (5), and [Cd(YL)] (6) of the YLH2 ligand with five transition metal ions, Ni(II) Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) have been prepared. The structures of these new azomethine compounds are proposed on the basis of the elemental analyses, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction patterns. Elemental analyses indicate a ligand metal ratio of 1:1 in the coordination compounds. X-ray powder diffraction parameters for [Cu(YL)(H2O)] and [Cd(YL)] compounds correspond to orthorhombic and monoclinic structures, respectively. The ligand acts as a tetradentate ligand bending through oxygen atoms of the hydroxyl groups of benzoic acid and nitrogen atoms of the azomethine groups. In addition, the ligand and its metal complexes have been studied for their possible genotoxic potential. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:119–130, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20665

PubMedID: 18692594 Cyfluthrin (CAS no. 68359-37-5), a synthetic fluorinated pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used in the home environment and in agriculture because of its high activity against a broad spectrum of insect pests and its low animal toxicity. There are no adequate data on genotoxic effects of cyfluthrin. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential genotoxic effects of cyfluthrin. The genotoxicity of cyfluthrin was evaluated, in vitro, by assessing the ability of the insecticide to induce gene mutation (evaluated using the Ames/microsome test), chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronucleus (MN) formation in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Additionally, CAs and cytotoxicity induced by cyfluthrin were investigated in rat (Rattus norvegicus var. Albinos) bone-marrow cells to assess in vivo genotoxicity of cyfluthrin. The counts of reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium were not significantly increased (P > 0.05). The frequency of CAs in human lymphocytes, treated with any concentration of cyfluthrin (500, 1000 or 2000 µg/ml) for a 24-h period, was not significantly increased (P > 0.05). In contrast, CA was significantly increased for the highest two concentrations (1000 and 2000 µg/ml) in the 48-h treatment group compared with the control group (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO). Micronucleus formation was significantly (P < 0.05) increased for all doses after the 48-h treatment, although the frequency of SCE did not increase significantly (P > 0.05). Mitotic index (MI), proliferation index (PI) and nuclear division index (NDI) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) due to the potential cytotoxicity of cyfluthrin, especially after the 48-h treatment period. The frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone-marrow cells of rats treated with the test substance increased significantly (P < 0.05) for all doses (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) for the two treatment periods (12 and 24 h) and the two administration routes, viz. intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) and oral gavage (gvg). In vivo cytotoxicity of cyfluthrin was detected only after administration by gavage for the 24-h treatment period. All these findings were not dose-dependent. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We have synthesized the three Schiff-base ligands H2L1–H2L3 and their CoII, FeIII and RuIII metal complexes. All compounds have been characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. Oxidation of cyclohexane has been done by the metal complexes in CH3CN using H2O2 and/or t-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as a co-catalyst. The keto-enol tautomeric forms of the ligands have been studied in polar and non-polar organic solvents. Electrochemical properties of the complexes have been studied at different scan rates. Thermal studies were carried out for the compounds. The ligands H2L1–H2L3 were mutagenic on Salmonella Typhimurium TA 98 strain in the presence and/or absence of S9 mix. While the ligands H2L1 and H2L2 showed mutagenic activity on the strain TA 100 with and without S9 mix, the ligand H2L3 was not mutagenic for TA 100. Antimicrobial activity studies of the compounds have also been carried out.

Two new Schiff base ligands (L1, L2) have been prepared from the reaction of 2,6-diacetylpyridine and 2-pyridinecarboxyaldehyde with 4-amino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrozolin-5-on, and their Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), and Cr(III) metal complexes have also been prepared. The complexes are formed by coordination of N and O atoms of the ligands. Their structures were characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. The analytical data shows that the metal to ligand ratio in the Schiff base complexes is 1:2. The Schiff base ligands and all complexes were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities by the disc diffusion method. In addition, the genotoxic properties of the ligands were studied.

Purpose: Antiretroviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV (Human Immünodeficiency Virus) iınfection, treat by preventing the proliferation of HIV in human body. People with HIV have to use this drugs for lifelong because of inability of the drugs to eradicate the viruses. In this study, we investigated the in vitro genotoxic activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate one of the antiretroviral drugs, in human peripheral lymphocytes. Material and Methods: The cells were treated with four different concentrations of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for 24 and 48 hours. The levels of sister chromatid exchanges, chromosomal aberrations, and micronucleus in the cells were examined for the genotoxic activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Mitotic index, proliferation index, and nucleer division index of treated cells were also determined for the cytotoxic effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Results: There was no significant differences in the level of sister chromatid exchanges, chromosomal aberrations, and micronucleus in human lyphocytes treated with all concetrations of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for all treatment period as compared to control group. Similarly, it was observed that treatment of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate did not affect the mitotic index, proliferation index, and nucleer division index values. Conclusion: As a result, in this study, it is demonstrated that tenofovir disoproxil fumarate did not have genotoxic or cytotoxic effect in the human peripheral lymphocytes., Amaç: HIV (Human Immünodeficiency Virus) enfeksiyonunun tedavisinde kullanılan antiretroviral ilaçlar, HIV virüsünün vücutta çoğalmasını ve etkinleşmesini engelleyerek tedavi sağlarlar. Bu ilaçlar virüsü eradike etmediğinden, hastaların viral replikasyonu baskılamak amacıyla ilaçları ömür boyu kullanmaları gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada antiretroviral ilaçlardan birisi olan tenofovir disoproksil fumaratın insan periferal lenfositlerindeki in vitro genotoksik aktivitesi araştırılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu maçla hücreler, tenofovir disoproksil fumaratın dört farklı konsantrasyonuyla (2,5, 5, 10, 20 µg/ml) 24 ve 48 saat süreyle muamele edilmiştir. Tenofovir disoproksil fumaratın olası genotoksik aktivitesi için hücrelerdeki kardeş kromatid değişimi, kromozom anormalliği ve mikronükleus düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Sitotoksik etkiyi saptamak amacıyla muamele edilmiş hücrelerde ayrıca mitotik indeks, proliferasyon indeksi ve nükleer bölünme indeksi belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: Tenofovir disoproksil fumarat etken maddesinden hazırlanan dört farklı doz ile 24 ve 48 saat muamele edilen hücrelerde kardeş kromatid değişimi, kromozomal anormallik ve mikronükleus değerlerinde kontrol grubuna kıyasla önemli bir farklılık saptanmamıştır. Aynı şekilde tenofovir disoproksil fumarat etken maddesi ile muamelenin mitotik indeks, proliferasyon indeksi ve nükleer bölünme indeksi değerlerini etkilemediği gözlenmiştir. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada tenofovir disoproksil fumaratın insan periferal lenfositlerinde genotoksik ve sitotoksik etki göstermediği saptanmıştır.

Dirithromycin antibiotic is a 14-membered lactone ring macrolide and is widely used in medicine to treat many different types of bacterial infections. In the present study, the possible genotoxicity of dirithromycin was evaluated in cultured human lymphocytes by using sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), chromosome aberration (CA), and micronucleus (MN) tests and also cell proliferation kinetics such as mitotic index (MI), replication index (RI), and nuclear division index (NDI) were analyzed for cytotoxicity. Cell cultures were treated with four different concentrations of dirithromycin (37.75, 67.50, 125, and 250 µg/mL) for 24 and 48 h periods. Dirithromycin significantly induced SCE and MN frequency at all concentrations in both 24 and 48 h treated cells. In addition, CA level has been markedly increased in the cells treated with almost all concentrations of dirithromycin for 24 (except 37.75 µg/mL) and 48 h treatment periods as compared to control. However, MI, RI, and NDI values were not affected by the dirithromycin treatment (p> 0.05). The results of this study indicated that dirithromycin treatment caused genetic damage by increasing the level of cytogenetic endpoints, suggesting its genotoxic and mutagenic action on human lymphocytesin vitro.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of Ecballium elaterium (EE) fruit juice, which has an anti-inflammatory effect, using in vitro human peripheral lymphocytes. To investigate the mutagenic effects of the EE fruit juice, human peripheral lymphocytes were treated with three doses (18, 36, and 72 µl/l) of fruit juice alone for 24 and 48 h. For investigating the antimutagenic effects of the EE fruit juice, the human lymphocytes were also treated with the mixture of the fruit juice and 0.25 µg/ml MMC. The EE fruit juice induced the percentage of total CA when used alone (especially the percentage of structural CA than the percentage of the numerical CA) and synergically induced the percentage of total CA when used as a mixture with MMC. The EE fruit juice did not affect the SCE frequency for 24 and 48 h treatment time. In contrast, EE and MMC as a mixture sinergically induced the SCE frequency at the highest concentration for 48 h treatment time only. EE alone did not decrease the RI while it decreased the MI in a dose-dependent manner. EE and MMC as a mixture have a higher cytotoxic effect than the cytotoxic effects of EE alone. As a result, it can be concluded that EE had no antimutagenic effect while EE had a mutagenic and a cytotoxic effect in human peripheral lymphocytes. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2006. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by the C.U. Research Fund, project no. FEF2002BAP17.

WOS: 000223950300005, PubMed ID: 15478947, In the present study, the genotoxic effects of the low-calorie sweetener aspartame (ASP), which is a dipeptide derivative, was investigated using chromosome aberration (CA) test, sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test, micronucleus test in human lymphocytes and also Ames/Salmonella/ microsome test. ASP induced CAs at all concentrations (500, 1000 and 2000 mug/ml) and treatment periods (24 and 48 h) dose-dependently, while it did not induce SCEs. On. the other hand, ASP decreased the replication index (RI) only at the highest concentration for 48 h treatment period. However, ASP decreased the mitotic index (MI) at all concentrations and treatment periods dose-dependently. In addition, ASP induced micronuclei at the highest concentrations only. This induction was also dose-dependent for 48 hours treatment period. ASP was not mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA 100 strains in the absence and presence of S9 mix.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is an antiviral drug used against HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and hepatitis B (HBV) viruses in adults. It is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diester analogue of adenosine monophosphate. Tenofovir is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor and it shows activity by preventing enzymes (reverse transcriptase of HIV, DNA polymerase of hepatitis B) required for viruses in reproducing themselves. Following the oral administration, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is rapidly absorbed and converted to tenofovir. It reaches a maximum concentration within two hours. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has an intracellular half-life of approximately 17 hours and it is eliminated by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Due to low rate of genotypic resistance and high antiviral activity, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has become a preferred drug for both monotherapy and combinationed therapy., Tenofovir disoproksil fumarat, yetişkinlerde HIV (İnsan İmmün Yetmezlik Virüsü) ve hepatit B (HBV) virüslerine karşı kullanılan antiviral bir ilaçtır. Adenozin monofosfatın asiklik nükleosid fosfonat diester analoğudur. Tenofovir bir nükleotid revers transkriptaz inhibitörüdür ve virüslerin kendilerini yeniden üretmesi için esas olan enzimlerin (hepatit B’de DNA polimeraz, HIV’de revers transkriptaz) normal çalışmasını engelleyerek aktivite gösterir. Tenofovir disoproksil fumarat alımını takiben hızla emilerek tenofovire dönüştürülür ve iki saat içinde maksimum konsantrasyona ulaşır. Tenofovir disoproksil fumaratın hücre içi yarı ömrü yaklaşık olarak 17 saat olup glomerüler filtrasyon ve aktif tübüler sekresyon kombinasyonu ile elimine edilir. Tenofovir, düşük genotipik direnç oranı ve yüksek antiviral etkinliği ile monoterapi ve kombine ilaç tedavileri için tercih edilen bir ilaç haline gelmiştir.

A new, substituted 2-[(E)-{[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]imino} methyl]-4-[(E)-(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenol azo-azomethine ligand (mbH) was synthesized from 2-hydroxy-5-[(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]benzaldehyde and 4-benzyloxyanilinehydrochloride in ethyl alcohol solution. These mononuclear Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes of the ligand were prepared and their structures were proposed by elemental analysis, and infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; the proton NMR spectrum of the mbH ligand was also recorded. The azo-azomethine ligand, mbH, behaves as a bidentate ligand coordinating through the nitrogen atom of the azomethine (--CH=N--) and the oxygen atom of the phenolic group. Elemental analyses indicated that the metal:ligand ratio was 1:2 in the metal chelates. Powder X-ray diffraction parameters suggested a monoclinic system for the mbH ligand and its Ni(II), Cu(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) complexes, and an orthorhombic system for the Mn(II) complex. Electrochemical properties of the ligand and its metal complexes were investigated in 1 \times 10-3--1 \times 10-4 M DMF and CH3CN solvent in the range 200, 250, and 500 mV s-1 scan rates. The ligand showed both reversible and irreversible processes at these scan rates. In addition, genotoxic properties of the ligand and its complexes were examined.

A new azo-oxime ligand, 2-[(E)-(hydroxyimino)methyl]-4-[(E)-(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]phenol, (pxoxH(2)) (2), was prepared by condensation of hydroxylamminehydrochloride and 2-hydroxy5-[(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]benzaldehyde (1) with treatment of a solution of diazonium salt of p-nitroaniline and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in ethanol. The 6 coordination compounds, [Mn(pxoxH)(2)(H2O)(2)]center dot H2O (3), [Co(pxoxH)(2)(H2O) (2)]center dot 4H(2)O (4), [Ni(pxoxH)(2)(H2O)(2)]center dot 2H(2)O (5), [Cu(pxoxH)(2)]center dot H2O (6), [Zn(pxoxH)(2)]center dot 6H(2)O (7), and [Cd(pxoxH)(2)(H2O)(2)]center dot H2O (8), were prepared by reacting Mn(II), Ni(II) Cu(II), Co(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) ions with the ligand. The structures of the compounds were elucidated from the elemental analysis data and spectroscopic studies. The azo-oxime metal complexes were also characterized by XRD, magnetic moment, molar conductivity, and thermal analyses. Elemental analyses of the chelates suggested that the metal to ligand ratio was 1:2. It was found that the ligand acts as a bidentate bending through the phenolic oxygen and nitrogen atom of the C=N-OH group similar to most oximes. Upon complexation with the ligand, the Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions formed square planar and tetrahedral structures, respectively, and the Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) ions formed octahedral structures with 2 water molecules as axial ligands. Finally, the ligand and its complexes were assessed for their genotoxicity.

The genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of Aloe vera leaf extract (AV) were investigated using the chromosome aberrations (CAs) test for the bone marrow cells of rats, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and micronucleus (MN) and CAs tests for human lymphocytes, and the Ames Salmonella/microsome test system. In the bone marrow cells of rats, AV extract significantly induced structural and total CAs at all concentrations and in all treatment periods. In human peripheral lymphocytes, AV did not increase the mean SCE; however, it significantly induced the MN frequency and structural CAs. In addition, AV showed a cytotoxic effect by decreasing the replication index (RI), mitotic index (MI), and nuclear division index (NDI) in human lymphocytes and by decreasing the MI in the bone marrow cells of rats. AV did not decrease the genotoxicity or cytotoxicity of urethane (ethyl carbamate, EC) in the bone marrow cells of rats or in the mitomycin-C (MMC) in human lymphocytes. AV was a weak mutagen in the TA98 strain of Salmonella typhimurium in the absence of S9mix; however, AV+NPD (4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine) and AV+SA (sodium azide) exhibited a synergism in increasing the number of revertants for the TA98 and TA100 strains in the absence of S9mix, respectively. © TÜBİTAK.

The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were investigated in 40 patients (20 females aged 21.57 +/- 1.42 and 20 males aged 29.35 +/- 3.59) diagnosed at the Emergency Department with organophosphate poisoning. Chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronucleus (MN), mitotic index (MI), replication index (RI) and nuclear division index (NDI) were evaluated in peripheral bloods of patients. The blood samples were collected from the patients on admission to the emergency department before treatment and after treatment before being discharged from the intensive care unit. The CA, MI and NDI values were increased before the discharge when compared to the levels measured on admission. However, there are no differences in mean SCE, frequency of MN and RI (Tab. 2, Ref. 42).

PubMedID: 19750985 The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were investigated in 40 patients (20 females aged 21.57±1.42 and 20 males aged 29.35±3.59) diagnosed at the Emergency Department with organophosphate poisoning. Chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronucleus (MN), mitotic index (MI), replication index (RI) and nuclear division index (NDI) were evaluated in peripheral bloods of patients. The blood samples were collected from the patients on admission to the emergency department before treatment and after treatment before being discharged from the intensive care unit. The CA, MI and NDI values were increased before the discharge when compared to the levels measured on admission. However, there are no differences in mean SCE, frequency of MN and RI (Tab. 2, Ref. 42). Full Text (Free, PDF) www.bmj.sk.

This study is designed to investigate the genotoxic effect of sodium metabisulphite (SMB), which is used as an antimicrobial substance in foods on bone marrow cells of rats. Four different concentrations of SMB (250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) were given rats (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos) for 6, 12 and 24 hours treatment period by intraperitoneal (IP) and gavage (GV) administrations. In this study, we found that intraperitoneal implement of SMB generally more effective increasing the percentage of abnormal cells and CA/cell in all concentrations and treatment period. In addition, mitotic index (MI) data of intraperitoneal injection are lower than gavage. It can be concluded that potential genotoxic effects of SMB by IP injection is higher than GV injection.

This study is designed to investigate the genotoxic effect of sodium metabisulphite (SMB), which is used as an antimicrobial substance in foods on bone marrow cells of rats. Four different concentrations of SMB (250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) were given rats (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos) for 6, 12 and 24 h treatment period by intraperitoneal (IP) and gavage (GV) administrations. In this study, we found that intraperitoneal implement of SMB generally more effectively increases the percentage of abnormal cells and CA/cell in all concentrations and treatment period. In addition, mitotic index (MI) data of intraperitoneal injection are lower than gavage. It can be concluded that potential genotoxic effects of SMB by IP injection are higher than GV injection. © 2007 Pleiades Publishing, Inc. We are grateful to Eyyüp Rencüzog^ullari, for his contribution to the study. This study was financially supported by the research Fund of Cukurova University (project no: FBE. 2002. D. 36).

WOS: 000238797900008 The mutagenic activity of five food additives (K2S2O5 : potassium metabisulphite, KMB; K2SO4: potassium sulphate, KS; Na2SO3: sodium sulphite, SS; KNO3: potassium nitrate, KN; NaNO3: sodium nitrate, SN) were investigated using histidin auxotrophs TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of S9 mix. The test substances were investigated for their mutagenic effects at non toxic concentrations of 0.83, 1.66, 3.33 and 5.00 mg/plate with and without S9 mix. All the test substances were not mutagenic on TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence or absence of S9 mix except KS and SN. KS and SN showed a weak mutagenic effect on TA100 strain in the absence of S9 mix.

ÖZDOKTORA TEZİSODYUM METABİSÜLFİT'İN SIÇAN KEMİK İLİĞİ HÜCRELERİNDE İNVİVO GENOTOKSİK ETKİLERİAhmet KAYRALDIZÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİFEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜBİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALIDanışman : Prof. Dr. Mehmet TOPAKTAŞYıl : 2005, Sayfa: 67Jüri : Prof. Dr. Mehmet TOPAKTAŞProf. Dr. Rüştü HATİPOĞLUDoç. Dr. Eyyüp RENCÜZOĞULLARIDoç. Dr. Gökhan CORALYrd. Doç. Dr. Hasan Basri İLABu çalışmanın amacı, gıdalarda antimikrobial madde olarak kullanılan SodyumMetabisülfit (SMB)'in sıçan kemik iliği hücrelerinde in vivo genotoksik etkileriniaraştırmaktır.Bu çalışmada SMB, intraperitonal (ip) uygulamada anormal hücre yüzdesini (AH) veKA/hücre genel olarak tüm muamele sürelerinde (6, 12, 24 Saat) ve konsantrasyonlarda(250, 500, 750 ve 1000 mg/kg vücut ağırlığı (v.a.)) kontrole göre önemli ölçüde arttırmıştır.Ancak bu artış pozitif kontrol (Ethyl Carbamate) kadar olmamıştır. SMB, 6 saatlik muamelesüresinde mitotik indeksi (MI) sadece 750 ve 1000 mg/kg v.a. dozlarda kontrole nazaranönemli derecede düşürürken, bu düşüş 12 ve 24 saatlik muamele sürelerinde ise tümkonsantrasyonlarda önemli derecede bulunmuştur.SMB, gavage (gv) uygulamada anormal hücre yüzdesini (AH %) ve KA/hücresayısını 6 saatlik muamele süresinin tüm konsantrasyonlarında hem kontrol hem de pozitifkontrole göre önemli ölçüde arttırmamıştır. Halbuki SMB, 12 saatlik muamele süresinde vetüm konsantrasyonlarda AH %'si ve KA/hücre sayısını kontrole göre önemli ölçüdeartırmıştır. 24 saatlik muamele süresinde ise SMB, AH%'si ve KA/Hücre sadece 750 ve1000 mg/kg v.a. konsantrasyonlarda kontrole göre önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. SMB gavageuygulamada 6 saatlik muamele süresinde sadece 1000 mg/kg v.a. konsantrasyonunda MIpozitif kontrole nazaran düşürürken, 12 saatlik muamele süresinde 250 mg/kg v.a.konsantrasyonu hariç tüm konsantrasyonlarda, 24 saatlik muamele süresinde ise tümkonsantrasyonlarda MI'i hem kontrol hem de pozitif kontrole nazaran önemli ölçüdedüşürmüştür.Anahtar Kelimeler: Gıda Katkı Maddesi, Sodium Metabisülfit, In vivo KromozomAberasyonu, SıçanI ABSTRACTPhD THESISIN VIVO GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF SODIUM METABISULFIT ON BONEMARROW CELLSAhmet KAYRALDIZDEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGYINSTITUTE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCESUNIVERSITY OF ÇUKUROVASupervisor : Prof. Dr. Mehmet TOPAKTAŞYear : 2005, Sayfa: 67Jury : Prof. Dr. Mehmet TOPAKTAŞProf. Dr. Rüştü HATİPOĞLUAssoc. Prof. Dr. Eyyüp RENCÜZOĞULLARIAssoc. Prof. Dr. Gökhan CORALAsist. Prof. Dr. Hasan Basri İLAThe aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of sodiummetabisulphite (SMB), which is used as an antimicrobial substance in foods on bone marrowcells of rats.In this study, SMB increased the percentages of abnormal cells with chromosomalabnormalities and CA/cell in all the concentrations (250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg bodyweight (b.w.)) and treatment periods (6, 12 and 24 h) when compared with control afterintraperitonally administration. However, SMB did not increase the abnormallities as muchas positive control (Ethyl Carbamate). SMB decreased the Mitotic Index (MI) at 750 and1000 mg/kg b.w.concentrations for 6 hour treatment period while SMB decreased the MI inall the concentrations for 12 and 24 hours treatment periods when compared with control.SMB did not increase the percentage of abnormal cells and CA/cell in all theconcentrations for 6h treatment period when compared with control and positive control inbone marrow cells of rats treated with SMB orally (gavage). However, SMB significantlyincreased the abnormallities at all concentrations for 12 hour treatment period whencompared with control. At 24 hour treatment period, SMB increased the abnormalities onlyat 750 and 1000 mg/kg b.w. when compared with control. In all concentrations and treatmentperiods, SMB did not induced the abnormalities when compared with positive controls whenorally administreted. SMB decreased the MI at 1000 mg/kg b.w. for 6 h treatment periodwhen compared with positive control. At all concentrations for 12 h treatment period, SMBsignificantly decreased the MI when compared with control and positive control except 250mg/kg b.w. In addition, SMB significantly decreased the MI at all concentrations for 24 htreatment period according to control and positive control.Key Words: Food Additive, Sodium Metabisulphite, In vivo Chromosomal Aberrations, RatII 80

PubMedID: 15523845 The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo effects of Tetra (Tetralet) antibiotic on the chromosomal aberrations (CA) in bone marrow cells of rats (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos). Tetra antibiotic significantly increased the percentage of abnormal cells and the chromosomal aberrations per cells (CA/cell) in bone marrow cells of rats at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 12 and 24 hours treatment periods for each. In addition, the percentage of abnormal cells and the CA/cell increased dose-dependently for 12 hours treatment period; In contrast, mitotic index (MI) was decreased when compared with negative control and solvent controls for 12 hours treatment period. However, MI increased depend on Tetra antibiotic dose for 24 hour treatment period.

WOS: 000179021800003 PubMed ID: 12395403 The aim of this study was to investigate, by using chromosome aberration (CA) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) tests, whether or not the workers employed in the iskenderun (Turkey) iron and steel factory have any genotoxic risk. The CA and the SCE were investigated in 48 males employed in a coke ovens unit and 8 males employed in a product side unit of the factory and in control groups. The frequency of CA was higher while the frequency of the SCE was not in all the smoker-nonsmoker workers than in smoker-nonsmoker control groups. In addition, there was no significant decrease in the RI, while the MI was significantly lower than in the controls. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The aim of this study was to investigate the indirect genotoxic effect of various doses of gamma rays in human peripheral lymphocytes. For this aim, chromosome mediums were irradiated with various doses (2000, 4000, 8000, 16000 rad) of gamma rays.In this study, we were found that SCE (Sister Chromatid Exchange) was increased by gamma rays doses-dependently. In addition to these, percentages of abnormal cells with chromosomal abnor-malities and CA (Chromosome Aberration) /Cell were increased by all doses of gamma rays com-pared to control. Besides, gamma rays decreased the MI dose-dependently. RI was not also reduced at all concentrations.

PubMedID: 11342236 The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of sodium metabisulfite (SMB) which is used as an antimicrobial substance in food, to induce chromosome aberrations (CA) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human lymphocytes. SMB-induced CAs and SCEs at all concentrations (75, 150 and 300 µg/ml) and treatment periods (24 and 48 h) dose-dependently. However, SMB decreased the replication index (RI) and the mitotic index (MI) at the concentrations of 150 and 300 µg/ml for 24 and 48 h treatment periods. This decrease was dose-dependent as well. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

öz YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ İNSAN PERIFERAL LENFOSİTLERİNDE GAMMA IŞINLARININ İNDİREKT GENOTOKSİK ETKİLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI AHMET KAYRALDIZ ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ BİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI Danışman: Prof. Dr. Mehmet TOPAKTAŞ Yıl: 2000, Sayfa: 64 Jüri: Prof. Dr.Mehmet TOPAKTAŞ Prof. Dr. Rüştü HATİPOĞLU Yrd. Doç. Dr. Eyyüp RENCÜZOĞULLARI Bu çalışmanın amacı, insan periferal lenfositlerinde çeşitli dozlardaki gamma ışınlarının indirekt genotoksik ve sitotoksik etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaç için besi yerleri değişik dozdaki gamma ışınlarıyla ışınlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, KKD'nin gamma işim dozunun artmasına bağlı olarak arttığı bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kromozomal anormalliğe sahip hücre yüzdesi ve KA (Kromozomal Aberasyon)/hücre sayısı tüm gamma ışmı dozlarında kontrole göre önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Bunun yanında gamma ışınlarının indirekt olarak mitotik indeksi (MI) doz artışma bağlı olarak düşürdüğü, replikasyon indeksini (RI) ise etkilemediği saptanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: însan Periferal Lenfositleri, Gamma Işınlan, İndirekt Genotoksik Etki, KKD, KA. `EC YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM KURüUj DOKÜMANTASYON MERKEZİ ABSTRACT MSc THESIS RESEARCH OF INDIRECT GENOTOXIC EFFECT OF GAMMA RAYS IN HUMAN PERIPHERAL LYMPOCYTES AHMET KAYRALDIZ DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY INSTITUTE OF NATURAL AND APPLffiD SCBENCES UNIVERSITY OF ÇUKUROVA Supervisor. Prof. Dr. Mehmet TOPAKTAŞ Yean 2000 Pages: 64 Jury: Prof. Dr. Mehmet TOPAKTAŞ Prof. Dr. Rûştfl HATİPO?LU Yrd.Doç.Dr. Eyyüp RENCÜZO?ULLARI The aim of this study was to investigate the indirect genotoxic and cytotoxic effect of various doses of gamma rays in human peripheral lymphocytes. For this aim, chromosome mediums were irradiated with various doses of gamma rays. In this study, we were found that SCE was increased by gamma ray doses dependent. In adition to these, percentages of abnormal cells with chromosomal abnormalities and CA/cell were increased by all doses of gamma rays compared to control Besides, MI was decreased by gamma ray dose-dependent. RI was not also reduced. Key Words: Human Peripheral Lymphocytes, Gamma Ray, Indirect Genotoxic Effect, SCE, CA. n 64