59 results on '"Kaynaklı, Ömer"'
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2. TÜRKİYE’DEKİ TÜM İLLER İÇİN OPTİMUM YALITIM KALINLIĞININ NÜMERİK İNCELENMESİ
- Author
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Türkan, Burak, primary, Canbolat, Ahmet Serhan, additional, Etemoğlu, Akın Burak, additional, and Kaynaklı, Ömer, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. FARKLI İKLİMSEL BÖLGELERDE BULUNAN BİNALARDA YAPILAN YALITIMIN TERMAL VE EKONOMİK ANALİZİ
- Author
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Canbolat, Ahmet Serhan, primary, Kaynaklı, Ömer, additional, Türkan, Burak, additional, Etemoğlu, Akın Burak, additional, and Yamankaradeniz, Recep, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Otomobillerde ısıl konfor parametrelerinin incelenmesi
- Author
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Kaynaklı, Ömer, Yamankaradeniz, Recep, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Isıl konfor parametreleri ,Isıtma ve soğutma ,Mechanical Engineering ,Thermal comfort factors ,Heating and cooling ,Thermal comfort in the automobiles ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Otomobillerde ısıl konfor ,Simulation ,Simülasyon - Abstract
ÖZET Isı ve kütle transferinin önemli uygulama alanlarından biri de ısıl konfordur. Isıl konfor tüm kapalı hacimleri ilgilendirdiğinden çok geniş bir araştırma alanına hitap eder; bu alanlar içinde ev, ofis ve topluma açık kapalı hacimlerin yanında, iç ortam koşullarının hızla değiştiği taşıt ve otomobil kabinleri de sayılabilir. Literatürde ısıl konforla ilgili birçok teorik ve deneysel çalışma mevcuttur ancak, özellikle otomobil iç hacmindeki ısıl konfor koşullarıyla ilgili yürütülen araştırmalar çok kısıtlı sayıdadır. Ülkemizde bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar yok denecek kadar azdır hatta deneysel olarak hiçbir çalışmayla karşılaşılmamıştır. Doktora düzeyinde ise herhangi bir çalışma mevcut değildir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma, kendi alanında bir ilki gerçekleştirmiş ve kapsamlı teorik analizlerin yanısıra deneysel çalışmalarla da ileride yürütülecek araştırmalara bir referans oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmada, ısıl konfor uygulamalarında yaygın olarak kullanılan Sürekli Rejim Enerji Dengesi ve Anlık Enerji Dengesi modelleri kullanılarak, vücutla çevre arasında gerçekleşen ısı ve kütle transferinin ve vücuttaki fizyolojik denetim mekanizmalarının etkilerinin matematiksel modeli oluşturulmuştur. Model, farklı koşulların irdelenebilmesi amacıyla Delphi 7 görsel programlama dili kullanılarak bilgisayar ortamına aktarılmıştır. Yerel konforsuzluğun önemli olduğu otomobillerde daha doğru ve kapsamlı analizlerin yapılabilmesi için vücudu 16 kısma ayırarak, sürekli ve geçici rejimde hazırlanan model geliştirilmiştir. Otomobil içerisinde yürütülen deneysel çalışmalar ısıtma ve soğutma süreçlerini kapsamaktadır. Bu süreçlerde otomobil içinde hızla değişen ısıl şartların, vücut fizyolojisi ve konforu üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenebilmesi için ortam şartlarının ve değişiminin hassas olarak tespit edilmesi gerekir. Bu amaçla otomobil içinde 16 noktada hava sıcaklığı, 6 noktada yüzey sıcaklığı, 4 noktada bağıl nem ve 8 noktada hava hızı ölçümleri alınmıştır. Isıtma ve soğutma süreçlerinde oluşan ısıl şartların vücut fizyolojisi ve ısıl konfor üzerindeki etkileri ise denek üzerinden alman deri sıcaklığı ölçümleriyle denetim altında tutulmuştur. Her iki süreçte de baş, göğüs, sırt, el, önkol, üstkol, pelvis, ayak, baldır ve uyluk olmak üzere toplam 10 bölgeden alınan sıcaklık ölçümleri, iç ortam ısıl şartlarını belirleyen ölçüm parametreleriyle birlikte sürekli olarak kaydedilmiştir.Daha önce yapılan çalışmalardan farklı olarak bu çalışmada, hem ısıtma hem de soğutma süreçlerinde yürütülen deneyler ve teorik analizler birlikte ele alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede yürütülen araştırmanın bir bütünlük gösterebilmesi için otomobil içinde ve denek üzerinden alınan ölçümler, eş zamanlı olarak aynı deney ortamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen sayısal modelden elde edilen sonuçların güvenilirliği, literatürdeki çeşitli teorik ve deneysel çalışmalarla birlikte, tez kapsamında otomobil içinde ve şartlandırma odasında gerçekleştirilen deneylerle karşılaştırılarak ortaya konmuştur. İncelenen süreçlerde vücut kısımlarının deri sıcaklıkları ile bu değerlerle ilişkili olan ve kişinin konforunu önemli ölçüde gösteren ortalama deri sıcaklığı hem deneysel hem de teorik olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca geliştirilen model kullanılarak, vücutla çevresi arasındaki duyulur ve gizli ısı geçişi, solunum kayıpları, deri ıslaklıkları, ortamın nasıl algılandığını gösteren ısıl konfor ölçütleriyle vücuttaki sıcaklık denetim sinyallerinin büyüklüğü, deriye gönderilen kan akış debisi, ter üretimi gibi vücut fizyolojisiyle ilgili birtakım özellikler de hesaplanmış ve elde edilen tüm sonuçlar irdelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Otomobillerde ısıl konfor, Isıl konfor parametreleri, Isıtma ve soğutma, Simülasyon m INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL COMFORT PARAMETERS IN AN AUTOMOBILES ABSTRACT One of the important application fields of heat and mass transfer is thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is a wide investigation field because of concerns all indoor conditions, such as home, office or indoor area, vehicle and automobile cabin in which ambient conditions rapidly vary. In the literature, there are a lot of studies related with thermal comfort, but especially investigations on the thermal comfort conditions in automobiles are very rare. In our country, a few studies consider about this subject; in fact any of the experimental study has been performed yet. Since there are no sufficient studies on thermal comfort in the automobile, this research is good start in this area. For this reason, detailed numerical analyses and experimental studies have been performed in this thesis. In this study, a mathematical model of heat and mass transfer between the body and its environment, and physiological thermoregulatory control mechanisms of the body were performed using the Steady-State Energy Balance and Transient Energy Balance models, which were commonly used in the thermal comfort applications. The presented model was written in Delphi 7 visual programming language for examining thermal comfort under different conditions. Local discomfort is one of the important problems in an automobile. Thus, the human body is divided into 16 sedentary segments and prepared models at the steady-state and transient conditions were developed. This thesis includes experimental studies which are performed during heating and cooling periods in the automobile. Rapid change of thermal conditions of the automobile interior in these periods must be accurately determined for calculating of the effects on the human physiology and comfort. For this reason, air temperature, surface temperature, relative humidity and air velocity measurements were performed at 16, 6, 4 and 8 points in the automobile, respectively. The effects of thermal conditions on the human physiology and comfort were hold under control with taken skin temperature measurements on the test-subject during heating and cooling periods. Temperature measurements on the 10 segments such as head, back, hand, forearm, upperarm, pelvis,IV calf, thigh and foot, together with measurement parameters which were determined interior thermal conditions were continuously registered during both periods. In this study, different from the former studies, theoretical and experimental analyses of both heating and cooling periods have been examined together. Measurements in the automobile and on the test-subject have been simultaneously realized in the same experimental ambient. Results of the developed simulation were compared with the present measurements in the automobile and test chamber and available experimental and theoretical data in the literature, in order to validate the present model. It was shown that the agreement between the model predictions and experimental results is very good. The skin temperatures of body segments, and mean body skin temperature, which is explaining human comfort, related with these temperatures were determined both experimentally and theoretically. Furthermore, by using the developed model, sensible and latent heat exchange between the body and its environment, respiratory losses, skin wettedness, thermal comfort indexes, control signals greatness, and some features related with human physiology such as through blood flow were calculated and all results were discussed. Keywords: Thermal comfort in the automobiles, Thermal comfort factors, Heating and cooling, Simulation 158
- Published
- 2004
5. BENZİN VE GAZ YAKITLAR İÇİN YAĞ FİLMİ KAYNAKLI HC EMİSYONLARININ MATEMATİK MODELLENMESİ
- Author
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Karamangil, M. İhsan, primary, Yenice, Seçkin, additional, Kaynaklı, Ömer, additional, and Sürmen, Ali, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Modelling of Thermal Comfort Conditions at Steady State
- Author
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Kaynaklı, Ömer and Kılıç, Muhsin
- Subjects
Thermal Comfort ,Sürekli Rejim ,Steady State ,Isıl Konfor ,Modelleme ,Isı ve Kütle Geçişi ,Heat and Mass Transfer ,Simulation - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, vücut ile çevre arasındaki ısı ve kütle geçişi hesabı ve ortamın ısıl konfor seviyesinin tespiti için gerekli prosedür tanıtılmış ve mühendislik uygulamalarında kullanıcıya kolaylık sağlayacak bir bilgisayar programı geliştirilmiştir. Hazırlanan bilgisayar programı, ısıl konforla ilgili gerekli çevresel ve kişisel parametrelerin girilmesinin ardından sürekli rejimde vücuttan olan ısı ve kütle geçişi ile ortamın ısıl seviyesini belirlemektedir. Program, görsel bir programlama dili olan Delphi 7 ile hazırlanmıştır. Kullanıcı, giriş verileri arasında yer alan, kişinin hareketlilik düzeyi ve giysi yalıtım değerlerini kendisi girebildiği gibi programda hazır bulunan veri tablolarından da kolaylıkla seçebilmektedir. Aynı zamanda, vücut üzerindeki taşınım katsayısının hesabı için kullanıcı, verilen denklemler arasından kullanım koşullarına bağlı olarak uygun olanı seçebilmektedir., In this study a procedure for the definition of thermal comfort level is established. In the model, heat and mass transfer between the body and the environment is simulated. Also a user-friendly computer program was developed for engineering applications. The environmental and personal thermal factors are the inputs of the program. Outputs are heat and mass transfer rates and thermal comfort level of the ambient at steady state. The computer program has been developed by Delphi 7 visual programming language. User can either choose the inputs such as activity and clothing resistance from data tables or enter them himself from the keyboard easily. Also the user can choose the appropriate correlation for calculation of the convection heat transfer coefficient on the body from a set given by the program for various usage conditions.
- Published
- 2003
7. First and second law analysis of R134A refrigerant water to water heat pump system
- Author
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Müvezzi, Tayfun, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Aksu, Bahri, and Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Heat pump ,Enerji analizi ,Exergy analysis ,Sudan suya ısı pompası ,R134a refregirant ,Isı pompası ,Ekserji analizi ,Water to water heat pump ,Energy analysis - Abstract
Bu çalışmada R134a soğutucu akışkan kullanan sudan suya ısı pompasının termodinamik analizinin yapılması hedeflenmiştir. Bunun için deney düzeneği ile kondenser kapasiteleri sabit kalacak şekilde evaporatörde farklı buharlaşma sıcaklıklarında ve farklı evaporatör su debilerinde deneyler yapılarak sistemin ısıtma tesir katsayısı, kompresör gücü, evaporatör kapasitesi, kondenser kapasitesi ve sistemde bulunan elamanların ekserji yıkımları ile ekserjik verimleri hesaplanmıştır. Deneyler esnasında 7 farklı noktada sıcaklık değerleri ölçümü yapılarak datalogger üzerinden ekranda ölçülen sıcaklıklar kayıt altına alınmıştır. Kondenser su debi değeri (100 l/h) sabit tutulup, evaporatör debileri 200 l/h, 300 l/h, 400 l/h ve buharlaşma sıcaklıkları ise 8 °C, 10 °C ve 12 °C olacak şekilde kademeli olarak değiştirilmiştir. 9 farklı koşulda gerçekleştirilen deneyler sonucunda enerji analizine göre ısı pompasının ısıtma tesir katsayısı (COPHP) değerlerinin 3,24 ile 4,63 arasında olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Isı pompasında en yüksek ısıtma tesir katsayısı değerinin 12 °C buharlaşma sıcaklığı ile 100 l/h kondenser debisi ve 400 l/h evaporatör debisinde COPHP=4,63 olarak gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir. En düşük ısıtma tesir katsayısı değeri 8 °C buharlaşma sıcaklığında ve kondenser su debisi sabit olacak şekilde 200 l/h evaporatör debisinde COPHP=3,24 olarak gerçekleştiği gözlemlenmiştir. Isı pompasının ekserji verimleri ise 0,268 ile 0,331 arasında değişkenlik göstermiştir. Sistemde bulunan elemanlarda meydana gelen en büyük ekserji yıkımı %77’lik oranla kompresörde meydana gelirken en düşük ekserji yıkımı %2’lik oranla genleşme elemanında olmuştur. En yüksek ekserji veriminin 12 °C buharlaşma sıcaklığı ile 100 l/h kondenser debisi ve 400 l/h evaporatör debisinde 0,331 olarak gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir. Evaporatöre gönderilen suyun debisi ve buharlaşma sıcaklıkları arttıkça ısı pompasının ısıtma tesir katsayılarının ve ekserji verimlerinin doğru orantılı olarak arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. In this study, it is aimed to make a thermodynamic analysis of a water-to-water heat pump using R134a refrigerant. For this purpose, the heating effect coefficient of the system, compressor power, evaporator capacity, condenser capacity, exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of the elements in the system were calculated by performing experiments at different evaporation temperatures and different water flow rates in the evaporator, with the experimental setup remaining constant. During the experiments, temperature values were measured at 7 different points and the temperatures measured on the screen were recorded via the datalogger. As a result of the experiments carried out under 9 different conditions, the heating efficiency coefficient (COPHP) values of the heat pump were calculated to be between 3.24 and 4.63 according to the energy analysis. It was determined that the highest coefficient of heating effect in the heat pump was realized as COPHP=4.63 at 12 °C evaporation temperature, 100 l/h condenser flow and 400 l/h evaporator flow. It was observed that the lowest heating effect coefficient value was realized as COPHP=3.24 at 8 °C evaporation temperature and 200 l/h evaporator flow rate with constant condenser water flow. The exergy efficiencies of the heat pump varied between 0.268 and 0.331. It was determined that the highest exergy efficiency was 0.331 at 12 °C evaporation temperature, 100 l/h condenser flow and 400 l/h evaporator flow. It has been observed that the heating effect coefficients and exergy efficiencies of the heat pump increase in direct proportion as the flow rate and evaporation temperatures of the water sent to the evaporator increase.
- Published
- 2023
8. Investigation of the effect of solar radiation on optimum insulation thickness
- Author
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Mohammed, Abdelwahab Hamza Abdellateef, Kaynaklı, Ömer, and Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Heating - cooling energy requirements ,Enerji tasarrufu ,Isıtma - soğutma enerjisi gereksinimleri ,Solar radiation ,Güneş ışınımı ,Optimum thermal insulation thickness ,Energy savings ,Optimum ısı yalıtım kalınlığı - Abstract
Enerji tasarrufu, elektrik tüketiminin bir sonucu olarak oluşan çevre kirliliği nedeniyle günümüzde en önemli konulardan biridir. Bu bağlamda araştırmacılar, özellikle soğuk ve sıcak bölgelerde fazla enerji tüketen konut ve ticari sektörlerde enerji tasarrufu üzerine çalışıyorlar. Bu çalışma, enlem, yükseklik ve çevre koşullarının soğutma ve ısıtma amaçlı enerji gereksinimleri üzerindeki etkisini açıkça göstermiştir. Bu nedenle güneş radyasyonunun etkisi, bina tasarımında ve enerji tasarrufu sağlayan optimum yalıtım kalınlığında çok etkili bir faktör olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, iki farklı iklim koşullarına sahip olan İstanbul ve Hartum şehirleri için derece-gün yöntemi ve yalıtım malzemesi ekstrüde polistren ile yapılmıştır. Güneş radyasyonu etkisi dikkate alınmadığında; İstanbul'da yıllık optimum yalıtım kalınlığı, m2 başına enerji tasarrufu ve geri ödeme süresi sırasıyla 0,054 m, 30,3 USD ve 15 yıl olarak bulunmuştur. Hartum'da ise sırasıyla 0,107 m, 143 USD ve 4 yıl bulunmuştur. Ancak güneş radyasyonu etkisi dikkate alındığında; İstanbul'da bu parametreler duvarın yönüne bağlı olarak sırasıyla 0,051 – 0,056 m, 27,6 – 33,7 USD, 13,6 - 16,4 yıl arasında değişmiştir. Hartum'da ise duvarın yönüne göre sırasıyla 0,112 – 0,125 m, 157 -196 USD ve 5,4 – 6,3 yıl arasında bulunmuştur. Energy conservation is one of the most important issues nowadays due to the appalling deterioration of the environment as a result of power generation. In this context, researchers are working to save energy in the residential and commercial sectors which consume most energy especially in cold and hot regions. This study, clearly showed the influence of latitude, altitude and surrounding environment conditions on energy requirements for cooling and heating purposes. Therefore the effect of solar radiation has emerged as a very influential factor in buildings design and optimum insulation thickness which achieves energy saving. The study was carried out for Istanbul and Khartoum, which have two different climatic conditions with degree-day method and insulation material polyurethane. In Istanbul without solar radiation effect; annual optimum insulation thickness, energy savings per m2 and payback period were found 0,054 m, 30,3 USD ve 15 years respectively. While in Khartoum 0,107 m, 143 USD ve 4 years respectively too. However with solar radiation effect; In Istanbul this parameters vary between 0,051 – 0,056 m, 27,6 – 33,7 USD, 13,6 - 16,4 years respectively depending to wall direction. While in Khartoum between 0,112 – 0,125 m, 157 - 196 USD, 5,4 – 6,3 years respectively depending to wall direction too.
- Published
- 2022
9. Modelling, thermodynamic optimization and exergoeconomic analysis of an ORC aided multifunctional system utilizing geothermal energy for the production of liquid hydrogen
- Author
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Bademlioğlu, Ali Hüsnü, Kaynaklı, Ömer, and Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Exergoeconomic ,System ,Energy ,ORC ,Geothermal ,Eksergoekonomik ,Ekserji ,Exergy ,Enerji ,Jeotermal ,Hidrojen ,Sistem ,Hydrogen - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, sıvı hidrojen üretimi için geliştirilen jeotermal enerji kaynaklı ve alt modül olarak sırasıyla ORC sistemi, yüksek sıcaklıklı elektroliz, absorbsiyonlu soğutma ve hidrojen sıvılaştırma çevrimlerinden oluşan kapsamlı, çok fonksiyonlu bir sistem modellenmiş, modellenen sistemin termodinamik optimizasyonu ve eksergoekonomik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sıvı hidrojen üretimi için modellenen sistemin termodinamik performansı ORC sistemlerinde kullanılan farklı soğutucu akışkanlar (R123, R245fa, R601, n-Hexane) için farklı buharlaştırıcı sıcaklıklarında (100⁰C-150⁰C) incelenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışma kapsamında farklı sıvılaştırma çevrimleri ve absorbsiyonlu soğutma sisteminde kullanılan eriyik çiftleri dikkate alınarak hidrojen üretim sistemi için altı farklı model oluşturulmuştur. Modellerin enerji ve ekserji analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş, sıvı hidrojen üretim performansları karşılaştırılmış ve sistem için optimum çalışma parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Optimum çalışma şartları için eksergoekonomik analizler gerçekleştirilmiş ve sistemi oluşturan komponentlerin eksergoekonomik performansları değerlendirilmiştir. Oluşturulan tüm modeller birlikte ele alındığında, ön soğutmalı Claude sıvılaştırma sisteminin kullanıldığı ve absorbsiyonlu soğutma çevriminde NH3-H2O eriyik çiftinin tercih edildiği Model 2’nin termodinamik performansının diğer modellere kıyasla daha yüksek olduğu ve hidrojen üretim miktarı açısından ise daha kullanılabilir olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sabit çalışma şartlarında, soğutucu akışkan ve buharlaştırıcı sıcaklığına bağlı olarak Model 2’de üretilen hidrojen miktarı maksimum 0,18049 kg/s olarak hesaplanmış, enerji ve ekserji verimi ise sırasıyla maksimum %11,56 ve %35,09 olarak belirlenmiştir. 150⁰C buharlaştırıcı sıcaklığı ve n-Hexane için Model 2’nin eksergoekonomik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve elektroliz ünitesi 441,206 USD/h ile en yüksek yatırım maliyetine sahip komponent olmuştur. Ayrıca sistemde, ekserji yıkım maliyeti en yüksek olan komponentin 61,206 USD/h maliyet ile Claude sıvılaştırma sistemindeki (2) numaralı eşanjör olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sıvılaştırılan hidrojenin birim ekserji maliyeti 11,277 USD/GJ olarak hesaplanmıştır. In this study, a comprehensive, multifunctional system consisting of ORC system, high temperature electrolysis system, absorption refrigeration system and hydrogen liquefaction system, developed for liquid hydrogen production, aided from geothermal energy, was modeled and thermodynamic optimization and exergoeconomic analyzes of the modeled system were performed. The thermodynamic performance of the system modeled for liquid hydrogen production was investigated at different evaporator temperatures (100⁰C-150⁰C) for different refrigerants (R123, R245fa, R601, n-Hexane) used in ORC systems. In addition, within the scope of the study, six different models were created for the hydrogen production system by considering the different liquefaction cycles and the solution pairs used in the absorption refrigeration system. Energy and exergy analyze of the models were performed, liquid hydrogen production performances were compared, and optimum operating parameters were determined for the system. Exergoeconomic analysis were performed for optimum operating conditions, and the exergoeconomic performances of the components that made up the system were evaluated. Considering all created models, it was determined that the thermodynamic performance of Model 2, in which the precooled Claude liquefaction system is used and the NH3-H2O solution pair is preferred in the absorption refrigeration cycle, was higher than the other models and more usable in terms of the amount of hydrogen production. Under constant operating conditions, the amount of hydrogen produced in Model 2 depending on the refrigerant and evaporator temperature was calculated as maximum 0,18049 kg/h, the energy and exergy efficiency was determined as 11,56% and 35,09% respectively. Exergoeconomic analysis of Model 2 for 150⁰C evaporator temperature and n-Hexane was performed and the electrolysis unit became the component with the highest investment cost with 441,206 USD/h. Furthermore, it was determined that the component with the highest exergy destruction cost in the system was the heat exchanger (2) in the Claude liquefaction system with a cost of 61,206 USD/h. The unit exergetic cost of liquefied hydrogen was calculated as 11,277 USD/GJ.
- Published
- 2020
10. Improvement of response time for vehicle thermostats
- Author
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Aydın, Oğuz, Kaynaklı, Ömer, and Bursa Uludağ Üni̇versi̇tesi̇/Fen Bi̇li̇mleri̇ Ensti̇tüsü/Maki̇na Mühendi̇sli̇ği̇ Anabi̇li̇m Dalı.
- Subjects
Vaks tipi termostat ,Emisyon azaltma ,Thermostat ,Termostat tepki süresi ,Thermostat response time ,Termostat ,Emission reduction ,Wax type thermostat - Abstract
Günümüzde yapılan yasal düzenlemeler ile izin verilen emisyon oranları yıldan yıla azalmaktadır. Bu nedenle içten yanmalı motorlardan çevreye salınan zararlı gazların toplam emisyonunun azaltılması çok önemlidir. Motorlar, tasarlanan sıcaklık aralığından farklı sıcaklıklarda çalıştığında, yüksek seviyeli emisyon değerlerinde zararlı gazları çevreye bırakır. Dolayısıyla soğutma sıvısı ve motor sıcaklığının dengelenmesi, verimli yanmayı ve zararlı gaz salınımının azaltılmasını sağlar. Bu nedenle motor ısısının dengelenmesinde zararlı gaz emisyon oranlarının azaltması için tasarım çalışmaları önemli bir konudur. Bu çalışmada termostatın hızla artan motor soğutma suyu sıcaklığına erken tepki verebilmesi için termal eleman mekanik yapısında tasarım değişikliği ile ısı transferinin artması ve içerisinde bulunan parafin vaksın ısıl iletim katsayısının artırılması hedeflenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada farklı tasarımların CFD analizleri ile tepki süresi optimizasyonu yapılmış olup, sonuçların deneysel veriler ile doğrulaması yapılmıştır. Tasarım optimizasyonu için yapılan analizler ANSYS-CFX 12.1 yazılım platformu kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonucuna göre ısı temas yüzeyi artırılan yeni mekanik tasarımın mevcut tasarıma göre daha kısa zamanda ısıyı parafin vaks merkezine ileterek termostatın erken tepki verdiği görülmüştür. Yapılan karışım çalışmasında parafin, sırasıyla ağırlıkça % 5, % 10, % 15, % 20 ve %25 dört farklı ağırlık yüzdesi nano-grafen partikülü ile sentezlenmiştir. Numunelerin ısıl iletkenliği, termal özellikler analizörü yardımıyla ölçülmüştür. Yapılan ölçüm sonucunda nano-grafen partiküllerinin baz parafinin ısıl iletkenliğini büyük ölçüde geliştirdiğini kanıtlamıştır. Yapılan bu yeni mekanik tasarım ve yeni karışımla birlikte montajlanarak prototip üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu prototip üretim ile test çalışmaları yapılmış olup sonuç olarak bu yeni tasarımın tepki süresi geleneksel termostata göre yaklaşık 4 kat arttığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Today, decreasing total emissions of the harmful gases for environment from internal combustion engines is biggest design concerns because of the regulations. In the phases that engines run in different temperatures than the designed temperature range, engines release harmful gases in high level emission values. For this reason to ensure engine run in proper temperature range, stabilising of coolant temperature and engine temperature helps an efficient fuel burning and decreasing harmful gas emission release. In the study performed, CFD analyzes were used to optimize response time and the results were confirmed with experimental data. Analyzes for design optimization were performed using the ANSYS-CFX 12.1 software. According to the CFD results, the new mechanical design, whose heat contact surface was increased, showed that the thermostat reacted early by delivering the heat to the wax center in a shorter time than the current design. In the mixture study, paraffin was synthesized with four different weight percentages of nano-graphene particles, which are 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% respectively. The thermal conductivity of the samples was measured with the help of the thermal properties analyzer. As a result of the measurement, it has proven that nanoparticles greatly improve the thermal conductivity of the base paraffin. Prototype production was realized by assembling with this new mechanical design and new mixture of parafin/nano-grafen. Test studies have been carried out with prototype production and it has been concluded that the reaction time of this new design has increased approximately 4 times compared to the traditional thermostat.
- Published
- 2020
11. Improve chiller efficiency with evaporative cooling
- Author
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Seven, İlhan, Kaynaklı, Ömer, and Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Chiller verimi ,Evaporative cooling ,Evaporatif soğutma ,Soğutma ,Cooling ,Chiller efficiency - Abstract
Türkiye'de enerji tüketiminin giderek arttığı ve önümüzdeki yıllarda daha da artacağı kaçınılmaz bir gerçektir. Enerji tüketimlerinin sürekli artması enerji verimliliğine olan ihtiyacın her geçen gün daha da önemli bir konuma gelmesine neden olmuştur. Enerjide dışa bağlı olmamız, enerji maliyetlerinin sürekli yükselmesi ve rekabet durumları enerji verimliliğinin yeni bir enerji kaynağı olarak düşünülmesi gerektiğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Türkiye'nin 2017 – 2023 ulusal enerji verimliliği eylem planında enerji tüketimlerinin %32,8'i Bina sektöründe, %32,4'ü Sanayi sektöründe gerçekleştiği ve bu alanlarda enerji verimliliği çalışmalarının yapılması gerektiği belirtilmiştir. 2015 yılı itibari ile binalardaki enerji tüketimi sanayideki enerji tüketimini geçmiş bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Bursa ilinde bir ofis binasının soğutma sistemi ele alınmıştır. Tez çalışması deneysel olarak hazırlanmış olup soğutma sisteminin (chiller) verimini artırmak için kondenser ünitesi üzerine su püskürtülerek (evaporatif soğutma yapılarak) kondenser sıcaklığı düşürülmüş ve chiller soğutma sisteminin sağladığı soğutma miktarındaki artışın yanında elektrik tüketimdeki düşüş ile chiller veriminin artırılması sağlanmıştır. Chiller sistemi için kondenser sistemini korozif etkiden koruyacak bir evaporatif soğutma sistemi projesi yapılmış ve uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Proje öncesi mevcut soğutma sisteminin ölçümleri yapılarak gerçek verimi (STK) bulunmuş ardından chiller kondenserinin evaporatif yöntem ile soğutulması sağlanarak verim üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda chiller veriminde %11 artış olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan evaporatif soğutma uygulaması ile yıllık 7450 TL tasarruf edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Enerji maliyetlerindeki artış bu tasarruf miktarının giderek artacağını göstermektedir. Energy consumption in Turkey has increased steadily and is an unavoidable fact that it will increase further in the coming years. The continuous increase in energy consumption has caused the need for energy efficiency to become more and more important. Our external dependence on energy, increasing energy costs and competitiveness reveals that energy efficiency should be considered as a new energy source. Turkey's 2017 - 2023 national energy efficiency action plans, energy consumption is occurring in 32.8% building sector, while 32.4% took place in the industrial sector and should be done in energy efficiency efforts in these areas are indicated. As of 2015, energy consumption in buildings has exceeded industrial energy consumption. In this study, the cooling system of an office building in Bursa is discussed. The thesis was prepared experimentally and water was sprayed on the condenser unit (evaporative cooling) in order to increase the efficiency of the cooling system (chiller). The condenser temperature has been reduced and the chiller cooling system provides an increase in the amount of cooling as well as an increase in the chiller efficiency through a reduction in electricity consumption. An evaporative cooling system project for the chiller system to protect the condenser system from corrosive effect was made and implemented. Before the project, the actual efficiency (COP) of the existing cooling system was measured and then the chiller condenser was cooled by evaporative method and its effects on the efficiency were investigated. As a result of the study, it was seen that the chiller yield increased by 11%. With the evaporative cooling application, it was determined that TL 7450 was saved annually. The increase in energy costs shows that this amount of savings increases gradually.
- Published
- 2020
12. Experimental and numerical investigation into thermal performance optimization of vehicle radiators
- Author
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Canbolat, Ahmet Serhan, Kaynaklı, Ömer, and Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Optimization ,Optimizasyon ,Isı transferi ,Grey relational analysis ,Radyatör ,Taguchi ,Heat transfer ,Gri ilişkiler analizi ,Radiator ,Basınç kaybı ,Pressure drop - Abstract
Taşıt radyatörleri ısı değiştiriciler arasında önemli bir uygulama alanına sahiptir. Taşıtların motor bloğunda oluşan ısının nedeniyle sıcaklığı artan soğutucu akışkan, radyatör vasıtasıyla soğutulmaktadır. Radyatörlerin ısıl performansının belirlenmesi ve iyileştirilmesi için sayısal ve deneysel birçok parametrik çalışma yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak tasarım parametreleri değiştirilerek özel olarak üretilmiş radyatörler ile bir dizi deney yapılarak radyatörün ısı transferi ve basınç kaybı karakteristikleri belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra ısı değiştiricilerinin ısıl analiz ve basınç kaybı çözümlenmesine yönelik tasarım ve işletme parametrelerinin değiştirilebildiği bir program, bilgisayar ortamında oluşturulmuştur. Bu programdan elde edilen çıktılar ile deneysel çalışmanın sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Ardından radyatör ve kanatçık performansına etki eden birçok faktör hesaba katılarak kapsamlı parametrik bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Son olarak radyatörün ısıl performansına ve basınç kayıplarına etki eden temel parametreler belirlenmiş ve bu parametrelerin radyatör performansı üzerindeki etki oranları farklı istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Taguchi, ANOVA ve Gri ilişkiler analiz metodu kullanarak radyatörün termal ve hidrolik performansı üzerindeki etkili parametreler, bu parametrelerin etki ağırlıkları, optimum dizayn ve çalışma koşulları tespit edilmiştir. Vehicle radiators have an important application area among the heat exchangers. The radiator cools refrigerant, which was heated during the transfer of the heat generated in the engine block of the vehicles to the external environment. Several numerical and experimental parametric studies are carried out to determine and improve the thermal performance of radiators. In this study, firstly, different design parameters were changed and a series of experiments were performed with specially produced radiators to determine the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. Then, in computer environment, a program which can change the design and operating parameters, were created using many equations used in the analysis of heat exchangers. The results obtained from this program were compared with the results of the experimental study. Then, a comprehensive, parametric study was carried out taking into account many factors affecting radiator and fin performance. Finally, the fundamental parameters affecting the radiator's thermal performance and pressure drops were determined and the contribution ratios of these parameters on the radiator performance were analyzed using different statistical methods. Effective parameters on the radiator's thermal and hydraulic performance, contribution ratios of these parameters, optimum design and operating conditions were determined using Taguchi, ANOVA and Grey Relational Analysis methods. Kale Oto Radyatör
- Published
- 2020
13. INVESTIGATION OF PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE OPTIMUM THERMAL INSULATION THICKNESS FOR BUILDINGS IN HOT AND COLD CLIMATES
- Author
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Ahmet Serhan Canbolat, Kenan Saka, Ali Husnu Bademlioglu, Ömer Kaynakli, Bademlioğlu, Ali Hüsnü, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Yenişehir Meslek Yüksekokulu/İklimlendirme ve Soğutma Bölümü., Canpolat, Ahmet Serhan, Kenan, Saka, Kaynaklı, Ömer, AAI-8222-2021, and AAH-5303-2021
- Subjects
Roof ,Life cycle ,020209 energy ,Cold climate ,Nuclear engineering ,lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery ,Historic preservation ,02 engineering and technology ,Energy savings ,Heating energy ,taguchi ,Respect ,Heating ,Taguchi methods ,Thermal insulation ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Water cooling ,lcsh:TJ1-1570 ,Hot climate ,External walls ,energy conservation ,Colder climate ,İmpact ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Taguchi ,Heating and cooling ,Walls (Structural Partitions) ,Hot Temperature ,Insulation ,Zone ,Costs ,Energy conservation ,Heating system ,Insulation thickness ,Optimum insulation thickness ,Thermodynamics ,Environmental science ,life-cycle cost ,Cooling energy ,business ,Energy source ,thermal insulation thickness ,Optimisations ,optimization - Abstract
WOS:000543104900020 This paper investigates the factors affecting the optimum insulation thickness and its pay-back period, such as heating and cooling energy requirements of building, lifetime, present worth factor, costs of insulation material and installation, costs of energy sources for heating and cooling, heating and cooling system efficiencies, and solar radiation. For this purpose, by considering two cities characterizing the hot and cold climatic conditions, the optimum insulation thickness and its payback period have been calculated and a detailed parametric analysis has been carried out. To achieve practical results, the ranges of the parameters considered in the study include the values typically reported in the literature. The variations in the optimum insulation thickness and the pay-back period with all parameters are presented in graphical form. Finally, order of importance and contribution ratios of the examined parameters on the optimum insulation thickness are determined with the help of Taguchi method. It is found that heating degree-days is the most efficient parameter on the optimum insulation thickness with an impact ratio of 27.33% of the total effect while the least efficient parameter is the efficiency of heating system with an impact ratio of 3.21%.
- Published
- 2020
14. Multi-objective optimization of parameters affecting Organic Rankine cycle performance characteristics with Taguchi-grey relational analysis
- Author
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Ali Husnu Bademlioglu, Ömer Kaynakli, Ahmet Serhan Canbolat, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği., Canbolat, Ahmet Serhan, Kaynaklı, Ömer, DYA-5407-2022, and DBD-5807-2022
- Subjects
Zeotropic mixtures ,Evaporation and condensation ,Heat exchangers ,020209 energy ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,Solar ,Exergy efficiencies ,Taguchi grey relational analysis ,Grey relational analysis ,Organic rankine cycle ,Taguchi methods ,NTU method ,Analysis of variance (ANOVA) ,Exergy efficiency ,Heat exchanger ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Thermodynamic analysis ,Process engineering ,Condenser (heat transfer) ,Design parameters ,Rankine cycle ,Evaporator ,Mathematics ,Multiobjective optimization ,Organic Rankine cycle ,Energy ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Pinch point ,Performance characteristics ,Energy & fuels ,Green & sustainable science & technology ,Anova ,Energy efficiency ,Optimal evaporation temperature ,Working fluids ,Pinch point temperature differences ,Thermoeconomic optimization ,Taguchi method ,Grey relational analyses ,Rankine Cycle ,Working Fluids ,Waste Heat Utilization ,business ,Grey relational analysis (GRA) ,Waste-heat-recovery ,Evaporators - Abstract
In the literature, energetic and exergetic performance of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) were investigated by various researchers. The working parameters affecting the cycle's performance were determined but the impact weights and the order of importance of these parameters were not discussed with a statistical approach. In this context, nine fundamental process parameters such as working fluid type, pinch point temperature differences in the evaporator and condenser, superheating temperature, evaporation and condensation temperatures, heat exchanger effectiveness, turbine and pump efficiencies have been selected for the statistical evaluation. A comprehensive statistical analysis has been carried out to observe the effect of the parameters on the first and second law efficiencies of the ORC. The impact ratios and order of importance of these parameters on the system's performance indicators have been determined. While Taguchi method is performed to determine the optimum levels of each parameter, ANOVA method is used to obtain the impact weights of the parameters on objective functions. In addition to these methods, Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) method is used to optimize the multi-objective function. Evaporator temperature, turbine efficiency, effectiveness of heat exchanger, condenser temperature are obtained as main process parameters on the multiple performance characteristics of ORC and the impact ratios of these parameters are calculated as 31.37%, 19.53%, 16.64%, and 16.61%, respectively. The best condition for the multiple performance characteristics is determined as A(1)B(1)C(3)D(3)E(3)F(3)G(1)H(3)I(3) and under these operating conditions, the first and second law efficiencies of the system are found as 18.1% and 65.52%, respectively.
- Published
- 2019
15. Tam otomatik çift kompresörlü akıllı aşı ve ilaç dolabı tasarımı
- Author
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Kirbaş, Ali Serhat, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı., and Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Mechanical Engineering ,Dolap ,Çift kompresör ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Aşı ,İlaç ,Özel tasarım evaporator ,Medicine ,Remote access ,Special design evaporator ,Vaccine ,Dual compressor ,Uzaktan erişim ,Cabinet - Abstract
Hastanelerde, tıp merkezlerinde, kan ve embriyo bankalarında, veterinerlerde, eczanelerde ve onkoloji hastanelerinde kullanılan dolaplar ev tipi buzdolaplarıdır. Bazı yerli ve yabancı menşeili firmalar endüstriyel aşı, kan ve ilaç saklama dolapları üretse de bu ürünler herhangi bir teknik arıza durumunda tek kompresörlü olmasının yanı sıra haberleşme yetenekleri kısıtlı olan ürünler oldukları için yetkili kişinin arızayı fark etmesi ve ilgili servisin arızayı giderene kadar geçen süre içinde, dolabın içerisindeki hem hayati önem taşıyan hem de oldukça pahalı ürünler için büyük risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu sebeple bir çok sağlık ürünü nitelikli ekipman sıkıntısı, kullanıcı dikkatsizliği ve servis yetersizliğinden dolayı heba olmaktadır. Günümüzde özel evaporatör sistemi ve çift kompresör ile çalışan, akıllı yönetim ve haberleşme sistemine sahip ürünün emsali ya da üretimi mevcut değildir.Bu tez çalışmasında insan hatası faktörünü azaltmak, kontrol mekanizmasını güçlendirmek, servis gereksinimini minimize etmek, sağlık sektörünün ihtiyacı olan güvenlikli ve akıllı soğutma dolabının tasarımı ve üretimi yapılmıştır.Tez kapsamında, başta aşı ve ilaç dolabının tasarım aşamaları verilmiş ardından ısı kazancı hesapları yapılmıştır. Soğutma elemanları seçimleri yapılmış ve arızaların önüne geçilmesi, arızalara erken müdahale edebilmek için emniyet sistemleri uygulanmıştır.Anahtar kelimeler: aşı, ilaç, dolap, çift kompresör, uzaktan erişim, özel tasarım evaporator The cabinets used in hospitals, medical centers, blood and embryo banks, veterinarians, pharmacies and oncology hospitals are home type refrigerators. Although some domestic and foreign companies produce industrial vaccines, blood and medicine storage cabi-nets, these products are single compressors in case of any technical failures and they are products with limited communication capabilities, so that the authorized person notices the malfunction and the related service resolves the malfunction, it poses a great risk for both vital and highly expensive products inside the cabinet. For this reason, many health products are wasted due to shortage of qualified equipment, user carelessness and lack of service.At present, there is no precedent or production of the product, which operates with spe-cial evaporator system and dual compressor, and has intelligent management and com-munication system.In this thesis, to reduce the human error factor, to strengthen the control mechanism, to minimize the need for service, the design and production of the safe and intelligent cooling cabinet that the health sector needs.Within the scope of the thesis, firstly design stages of vaccine and medicine cabinet were given and then heat gain calculations were made. The selection of cooling elements has been made and safety systems have been implemented in order to prevent faults and to intervene early.Keywords: vaccine, medicine, cabinet, dual compressor, remote access, special design evaporator 63
- Published
- 2019
16. Performance optimization of absorption refrigeration systems using Taguchi, ANOVA and grey relational analysis methods
- Author
-
Ali Husnu Bademlioglu, Nurullah Arslanoglu, Ahmet Serhan Canbolat, Ömer Kaynakli, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Canbolat, Ahmet Serhan, Arslanoǧlu, Nurullah, and Kaynaklı, Ömer
- Subjects
Science & technology - other topics ,Grey relational analysis ,Heat exchangers ,Strategy and Management ,02 engineering and technology ,Efficiency ,Taguchi grey relational analysis ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,law.invention ,Refrigerant ,Engineering ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Thermodynamic performance ,Process engineering ,Desing ,General Environmental Science ,Mathematics ,Taguchi methods ,Energy ,Air ,05 social sciences ,Heat-exchanger ,Anova ,Absorption refrigerator ,Absorption refrigeration system ,Optimum operating conditions ,Performance optimizations ,Evaporators ,020209 energy ,Absorption refrigeration ,Cycle ,Environmental sciences & ecology ,Heat exchanger ,Flat-plate collector ,Thermodynamic analysis ,Condenser (heat transfer) ,Analysis of variance (anova) ,Evaporator ,0505 law ,Cop ,Isentropic process ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Refrigerants ,Absorption Refrigeration ,Solar Cooling ,Cooling Systems ,Engineering, environmental ,eCop ,Performance characteristics ,Green & sustainable science & technology ,Environmental sciences ,Exergy analyses ,Parameters ,050501 criminology ,Taguchi method ,business - Abstract
There are various factors having an impact on the energetic and exergetic performance (i.e., COP and eCOP) of an absorption refrigeration systems (ARS) such as the temperatures of the generator, condenser, evaporator and absorber, effectiveness of solution, refrigerant and solution-refrigerant heat exchangers and isentropic efficiency of the solution pump. Many studies have focused on these process parameters, but the importance order and contribution ratios of the parameters due to thermodynamic performance have not been determined by using statistical methods. Firstly, in this study, cycles’ thermodynamic model is established and the variation of the COP and eCOP are calculated for different working conditions with different parameters ranges. The effects of these parameters on the COP and eCOP are examined separately on a statistical basis. The importance order of the parameters are determined by using Taguchi and ANOVA methods and the results are compared. Optimum operating conditions are determined by means of statistical analysis for the COP and eCOP. Under these operating conditions, the COP and eCOP of the system are calculated as 0.697 and 0.2829, respectively. Furthermore, for the simultaneous maximization of these two performance indicators, Taguchi-Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is used. By using this analysis, importance order of the examined parameters on multiple performance characteristics are determined. The absorber and evaporator temperatures are the most efficient parameters on multiple performance characteristics with a contribution ratio of 29.66% and 26.34% of the total effect while the least efficient parameters are the pump efficiency and effectiveness of solution-refrigerant heat exchanger with a contribution ratio of 0.48% and 2.41%, respectively. For the best condition considering the multiple performance characteristics, COP and eCOP of the system are found as 0.6255 and 0.2829, respectively.
- Published
- 2019
17. Determination of required ınsulation thickness by considering condensation in outer walls: A case study for Bitlis province
- Author
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Bademlioğlu, Ali Hüsnü, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Canbolat, Ahmet Serhat, and Kaynaklı, Ömer
- Subjects
Yoğuşma ,Condensation ,Externally insulated wall ,Insulation thickness ,Bağıl nem ,Temperature ,Sıcaklık ,Dıştan yalıtımlı duvar ,Relative humidity ,Yalıtım kalınlığı - Abstract
Türkiye gibi dış ortam sıcaklıklarının geniş bir aralıkta değişkenlik gösterdiği ülkelerdeki binalarda, kış aylarında ısı kayıplarını, yaz aylarında ise ısı kazançlarını azaltmak için yapılan yalıtım uygulamalarının önemi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Yapılan yalıtım uygulamalarında su buharı hareketlerinin göz önüne alınması yoğuşma riski açısından oldukça önemlidir. Yoğuşma veya terleme olarak adlandırılan bu olay, malzemelerin zarar görmesi, mukavemetin azalması ve toplam ısı transfer katsayısının yükselmesi nedeniyle ısı kayıplarının artması gibi istenmeyen sonuçlar doğurur. Bu çalışmada dıştan yalıtımlı duvar tipi seçilmiş ve Bitlis ili için yapılan yalıtım uygulamasında yoğuşma riski dikkate alınarak, aylara göre gerekli minimum yalıtım kalınlıkları hesaplanmıştır. Yoğuşma riskinin en fazla olduğu ve bu nedenle yoğuşmayı önlemek için gereken yalıtım kalınlığının maksimum olduğu ay olarak şubat ayı belirlenmiştir. Yapı elemanındaki ısı ve kütle transferi hesaplamaları, farklı iç ortam sıcaklıkları ve bağıl nem koşulları için yapılmıştır. Belirlenen çalışma şartlarında, şubat ayı için gerekli minimum yalıtım kalınlığı yaklaşık 0,104 m olarak hesaplanmıştır. In buildings which are located in countries where external ambient temperatures vary in a wide range, such as Turkey, the importance of insulation applications are increasing day by day in order to reduce the heat losses in winter months and the heat gains in summer months. Consideration of water vapor motion in the insulation applications is very important in terms of the risk of condensation. This phenomenon, which is called condensation or sweating, results in undesirable outcomes such as damage to the materials, reduced strength and increased heat losses due to increased overall heat transfer coefficient. In this study, the externally insulated wall type was chosen and the required minimum insulation thickness was calculated according to months considering the risk of condensation in the insulation application for Bitlis province. It was determined February as a month in which the condensation risk is the greatest and therefore the required insulation thickness is maximum to prevent condensation. Heat and mass transfer calculations within the structural component were performed with respect to various indoor temperature and relative humidity values. In the specified working conditions, the required minimum insulation thickness was calculated as 0,104 m for February.
- Published
- 2018
18. Ekonomik parametreler dikkate alınarak bina dış duvarlarına uygulanan ısıl yalıtım kalınlığının optimizasyonu
- Author
-
Erdoğan, Özlem, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı/Termodinamik Bilim Dalı., and Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Reel faiz ,Optimization ,Ömür ,Mechanical Engineering ,Faiz ,Payback period ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Taş yünü ,Inflation ,Glass wool ,Yalıtım kalınlığı ,Optimizasyon ,Cam yünü ,Enflasyon ,Ekonomik parametreler ,Insulation thickness ,XPS ,Economic parameters ,Geri ödeme süresi ,Interest ,EPS ,Rock wool ,Lifetime ,Real interest ,Xopt - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde derece-gün (DG) sınıflandırmasına göre ikinci bölgede yer alan Bursa ili için, reel faizin sıfır ve sıfırdan farklı olması durumlarında farklı yalıtım malzemeleri ve farklı ömür süreleri için optimum ısıl yalıtım kalınlığı (Xopt), yalıtım maliyetinin geri ödeme süreleri ve yalıtım maliyetleri hesaplanmıştır. Bursa ili için güncel dış hava sıcaklık ölçüm verilerinden hareketle hem ısıtma hem de soğutma DG sayıları ve ardından yıllık ısıtma-soğutma enerji gereksinimleri hesaplanmıştır. Bursa için yapılan analizlerde ısıtma enerji gereksiniminin soğutmaya göre yaklaşık 5,5 kat daha fazla olduğu bulunmuştur. Ekonomik parametreler dikkate alındığında (reel faiz % 5, ömür süresi 10 yıl), bugünkü değer analizi kullanılarak Xopt, EPS için 3,8 cm, XPS için 3,05 cm, Cam yünü için 11,54 cm ve Taş yünü için ise 8,44 cm bulunmuştur. Xopt, belirli bir ömür sonunda toplam maliyetin minumum olduğu değerdir. Geri ödeme süreleri de, EPS ve XPS için 7 yıl, Cam yünü için 4 yıl, Taş yünü için 5 yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde, Bursa ili için, bina dış duvarlarına uygulanan yalıtım malzemesi olarak EPS seçilmiştir. Yalıtım maliyetinin peşin ödenmesi ya da kredili olarak bankadan çekilmesi durumunda, geri ödeme süreleri ve farklı ömür süreleri için optimum yalıtım kalınlıklarının değişimi incelenmiştir. Yalıtım yapılmadan önce, yalıtım için ayrılan maliyetin bankaya yatırılmasının, yalıtım yapmaktan daha avantajlı olup olmadığı değerlendirilmiştir. In this study, the calculation of an optimum thermal insulation thickness, payback period of the insulation cost and insulation cost for the different insulation materials and different lifetime period, for Bursa, located in the second degree-day (DD) region in Turkey, was carried out in case of being zero of the rate of real interest and being different from zero of the rate of real interest. Both the heating and cooling DDs and the annual heating and cooling energy requirements were calculated by using the current outside air temperatures for Bursa. It was found that the heating energy requirement was 5.5 times greater than the cooling energy requirement for Bursa. When the economic parameters were considered (the real interest is % 5, the lifetime period is 10 years), the optimum insulation thickness was found as 3,8 cm for EPS, as 3,05 cm for XPS, as 11,54 cm for glass wool and as 8,44 cm for rock wool by using present worth analysis. Xopt is value that total energy cost is minimum at the end of the specific life time. The payback periods has been calculated as 7 years for EPS and XPS, 4 years for glass wool, 5 years for rock wool. When the results were evaluated, EPS was chosen as the insulation material applied to building external walls for Bursa. In the case of prepayment of the insulation cost or withdrawal from the bank with credit, the payback periods and the change in optimum insulation thicknesses for different life time were examined. Before the insulation is made, it has been evaluated whether depositing the insulation cost on the bank is more advantageous than the insulation application. 65
- Published
- 2018
19. Performance analysis of a re-circulating heat pump dryer
- Author
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Ömer Kaynakli, Furkan K. Sokmen, Bilsay Pastakkaya, Salih Coşkun, Nurettin Yamankaradeniz, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Teknik Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu/Elektrik ve Enerji Bölümü., Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik ve Mimarlık Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Uludağ Üniversitesi/Orhangazi Meslek Yüksekokulu., Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Yamankaradeniz, Nurettin, Sökmen, K. Furkan, Coşkun, Salih, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Pastakkaya, Bilsay, R-5685-2016, AAA-1753-2021, and R-2401-2018
- Subjects
System ,Heat pumps ,Materials science ,Heat pump systems ,lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery ,Systems parameters ,Thermodynamics ,dryer ,Pumps ,law.invention ,Refrigerant ,By-pass air ratio ,heat pump ,Heat pump dryer system ,law ,Air flow rate ,Relative humidity ,lcsh:TJ1-1570 ,drying ,heat pump assisted dryer ,Dryers (equipment) ,bypass air ratio ,Steady state ,Moisture ,Refrigerants ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Air ratio ,Drying Apparatus ,Drying ,Exergy ,Drying process ,By pass ,Transient (oscillation) ,Simulation-model ,%moisture ,Heat pump ,Bar (unit) - Abstract
A re-circulating heat pump dryer (HPD) system was designed, constructed and tested at steady state and transient conditions. Refrigerant 134a was used as a refrigerant in this system. The tests were performed to observe behavior of HPD system. So, changes of temperature and relative humidity of drying air through the dryer and heat pump operating temperatures were observed during the drying process and effects of bypass air ratio (BAR) on the system?s parameters as system performance and specific moisture extracted ratio (SMER) at steady state were investigated. The HPD system was also tested to investigate temperatures and relative humidity changes of drying air during drying process on the system?s parameters depend on time. Air flow rate circulated through the HPD system was 554m3/h during the all tests. According to test results, the system?s parameters did not change up to 40% of BAR. Then the COP and SMER values were decreased after 40% of BAR. While SMER values changed between 1.2 and 1.4, COPsys changed between 2.8 and 3.3 depend on BAR. As well as during the drying process, the COP and SMER values were also affected and decreased depend on time.
- Published
- 2016
20. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE BASED ON THE PINCH POINT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
- Author
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Bademlioğlu, Ali Hüsnü, Yamankaradeniz, R., Kaynakli, O., Bademlioğlu, Ali Hüsnü, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makina Mühendisliği/Termodinamik Bölümü., Yamankaradeniz, Recep, Kaynaklı, Ömer, and Yurtiçi
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Exergy ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Mühendislik ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,Organic rankine cycle ,Parametric optimization ,Refrigerant ,Engineering ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Heat recovery ventilation ,Thermodynamic analysis ,021108 energy ,Process engineering ,Selection ,Geothermal gradient ,Evaporator ,Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Organic Rankine cycle ,Geothermal source ,business.industry ,Pinch point ,Performance analysis ,Building and Construction ,Pinch point temperature ,Exergy Analysis ,Heat ,Organic Rankine Cycle,Exergy Analysis,Pinch Point Temperature,Refrigerant,Geothermal Source ,Exergy analysis ,Organic Rankine Cycle ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Working fluids ,Orc ,Power ,Exergy efficiency ,Thermodynamics ,Environmental science ,Rankine Cycle ,Working Fluids ,Waste Heat Utilization ,business ,Pinch Point Temperature ,Geothermal Source - Abstract
WOS:000461154100006 Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a system that uses working fluids with hydrocarbon components instead of water and generates power from the heat recovery of different heat sources. In this study, the exergy analysis of a simple ORC, which produces electrical energy with the help a geothermal source (125 degrees C), was performed. R123, R152a, R245fa and R600a were determined as the fluids to be used in the Cycle. In this analysis, which was carried out according to the pinch point temperature differences (5-20 degrees C) in the evaporator, the exergy performance of the cycle components was evaluated for the geothermal resource unit flow rate and the variation of the exergy efficiency of the system was calculated. With the increase of the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator, the decrease of the system's exergy efficiency became maximal (11.7%) with the use of R152a as a refrigerant and the loss in the system's exergy efficiency became minimal (9.03%) with the use of R123 as a refrigerant.
- Published
- 2017
21. Soğutma grubu performansının iyileştirilmesi
- Author
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Bozer, Gökhan, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Enerji verimliliği ,Medium voltage speed driver ,Soğutma grubu sistem performans katsayısı (COP) ,Parallel variable-frequency pump performance ,Energy efficiency ,Evaporatör pompası ve tesisat karakteristiği ,Mechanical Engineering ,Paralel değişken-frekanslı pompa performansı ,Co-efficient of performance ( COP) of chiller ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Orta gerilim hız sürücü ,Evaporator pump and installation characteristics - Abstract
Sanayi, konut , hizmet v.b. sektörlerde yaygın olarak kullanılan ve çok fazla enerji tüketen soğutma gruplarının sistem performansının iyileştirilmesi ile yüksek miktarda enerji tasarrufu yapılabilmektedir. Özellikle sanayide yapılacak her türlü enerji verimliliği, büyük miktarlara karşılık geldiğinden çok değerli anlam taşımaktadır. Tez kapsamında, KORTEKS Mensucat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.'de çalışan her biri 12.560 KW soğutma gücüne sahip ve yine her biri yaklaşık 3.435 kWh enerji tüketen 5 adet soğutma grubundan oluşan sistemin mevcut performansı incelenerek, enerji verimliliği çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma ihtiyacı, firmanın soğutma sistemi içinde yer alan 5 adet soğutma grubu sisteminin yılın tamamında tam kapasitede ve yükte çalışmaması nedeniyle evaporatör pompalarındaki gereksiz enerji tüketiminin tespit edilmesi ile ortaya çıkmıştır.Sistemin enerji verimlilik analizi için mevcut sistemin soğutma çevrimi performans katsayısı ölçüm ve hesaplama ile tespit edilmiştir. Soğutma sisteminin evaparatör su tesisat hattı karakteristiği, ölçümler sonucunda sürtünmeli akışkanların analizi hesaplamaları ile tespit edilmiştir. Soğutma sisteminin evaporatör su pompalarının tek ve çift paralel çalışma karakteristiği tespit edilerek pompa motoruna orta gerilim (6.600 Vollt) hız sürücü uygulaması analizi yapılmıştır. Bu enerji verimliliği uygulamasında, pompa-tesisat karakteristik eğrilerine göre paralel olarak çalışan pompaların her ikisine de frekans sürücü uygulanıp, frekansların eşit olarak düşürülmesi enerji tüketiminin en az olduğu çalışma şekli olarak görülmüştür. Anahtar kelimeler: Enerji verimliliği, soğutma grubu sistem performans katsayısı (COP) , evaporatör pompası ve tesisat karakteristiği, orta gerilim hız sürücü, paralel değişken-frekanslı pompa performansı. We can save a great deal amount of energy by improving the performance of cooling systems which are used widely in industrial, housing and service sectors and consumes too much energy. It becomes meaningful particularly in industrial use when the energy savings are equivalent to large amount of savings.In Thesis context, we have carried out energy efficiency study by investigating the current performance of a system that consist of 5 different cooling groups. These are the groups which are installed in KORTEKS Mesucat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. and each has got cooling capacity of 12,560 KW and each almost consumes 3.435 kwh of energy. THe need for this study has risen due to determination of unnecessary energy consumption in evaporator pumps as a result of these 5 cooling groups not working in full capacity and loading.The energy efficiency analysis of the system determined by measuring and calculating the co-efficient of cooling cycle performance of the current system. The characteristics of evaporator's water installations of the whole cooling system determined as a result of calculations of friction fluids analysis. Application of the velocity driver analysis at medium voltage (6.600 Volt) carried out by determination of characteristics of single and double parallel working of evaporator water pumps in the cooling system. In this application of energy efficiency, we applied a frequency driver to both pumps working parallel to pump-installation curve characteristics, thus we observed that lowering the frequencies equally is the least energy consumption in working.Keywords: Energy efficiency, Co-efficient of performance ( COP) of chiller, evaporator pump and installation characteristics, medium voltage speed driver, parallel variable-frequency pump performance. 79
- Published
- 2017
22. Bir üçlü üretim sisteminin termoekonomik analizi
- Author
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Şen, Yakup, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Brayton cycle ,Termoekonomik analiz ,Thermoeconomic analysis ,Trigeneration ,Mechanical Engineering ,Brayton çevrimi ,Absorpsiyonlu soğutma ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Üçlü üretim ,Rankine çevrimi ,Rankine cycle ,Absorption cooling - Abstract
Ülkemiz, enerji kaynaklarında %70'ten fazla dışa bağımlıdır. Bu nedenle, enerji kaynaklarının bilinçli ve daha verimli kullanılması oldukça önemlidir. Enerji kaynaklarından etkin bir biçimde yararlanma yöntemlerinden biri de ısı ve güç üretiminin birleşik olduğu (kojenerasyon, trijenerasyon gibi) sistemlerdir. Bir trijenerasyon (üçlü üretim) sisteminde enerji kaynağı (örneğin doğalgaz) kullanılarak elektrik, ısıtma ve soğutma gibi üç farklı enerjiye geçiş sağlanabilmekte ve oluşan kayıplar minimize edilerek enerjinin faydalı kullanımı artırılabilmektedir.Bu tezde, üçlü üretim sisteminin enerji ve ekserji analizleri yapılarak bir termodinamik model oluşturulacaktır. Termodinamik yöntemler arasında önemi sürekli artan termo-ekonomik değerlendirmede, ikinci yasaya göre sistem analizine dayanan ekonomik bir analiz ve optimizasyon söz konusudur. Termo-ekonomik analizin ilk aşaması sistemin ikinci yasaya dayalı ekserji analizinin kapsamlı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmesidir. Böylece tüm alt sistemler ve ekipmanlar için elde edilen ekserji kayıplarının sisteme getirdiği maliyetler ele alınabilmekte ve sistemin kayıplarının minimize edilecek şekilde tasarlanması ve optimize edilmesi mümkün olmaktadır. Termodinamik analizlerin ardından sistemde yer alan komponentlerin yatırım ve sistemin işletme masrafları dikkate alınarak ekonomik değerlendirme yürütülecektir. İncelenen sistemlerin sürdürülebilirliği ve toplam maliyeti, bu analizler yardımıyla ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır. Gaz ve buhar çevrimlerinin yanı sıra soğutma amacıyla kullanılacak absorpsiyonlu çevrim için, üçlü üretim sisteminin ısı ve elektrik yüklerine göre en uygun çalışma koşulları tespit edilecektir. Our country is foreign dependent in energy sources at a rate of above 70 percent. Therefore, it is very important to use the energy sources consciously and more efficiently. Among the methods for effectively utilizing the energy sources are the use of trigeneration system and cogeneration system combining the heat and power production. In a trigeneration system, transmission to three different energies such as electricity, heating and cooling can be provided and the occurring loss is minimized, thereby advantageous use of energy can be increased with the use of energy source (for instance, natural gas).In this thesis, by considering different scenarios, a thermoeconomic model will be formed by performing the energy, exergy and economic analysis of a trigeneration system including all the sub-cycles thereof. In the thermoeconomic evaluation, the importance of which is continuously increasing in thermodynamic methods, an economic analysis and optimization based on the system analysis according to the second law are mentioned. The first stage of the thermoeconomic analysis is to perform the exergy analysis of the system based on the second law extensively. Thus, the costs brought to the system by the loss of exergy obtained for all the sub-systems and equipment can be discussed and it is possible to design and optimize the system in a manner to minimize its loss. Subsequent to the thermodynamic analysis, an economic evaluation will be performed by considering the investment expenses of the components in the system and operating expenses of the system. Sustainability and total cost of the systems examined will be attempted to be presented by means of these analyses. Optimum operating conditions will be detected for the absorption cycle to be used for cooling in addition to the gas and steam cycles according to the heat and electricity loads of the trigeneration system. 89
- Published
- 2017
23. A thermodynamic evaluation on high pressure condenser of double effect absorption refrigeration system
- Author
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İbrahim Halil Yılmaz, Ömer Kaynakli, Kenan Saka, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Yenişehir Meslek Yüksekokulu/İklimlendirme ve Soğutma Bölümü., Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Saka, Kenan, Kaynaklı, Ömer, and AAH-5303-2021
- Subjects
Irreversibility ,Low pressures ,Condensation ,Nuclear engineering ,Performance ,02 engineering and technology ,Double effect absorption ,Pressure effects ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Performance assessment ,law ,Refrigeration ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0601 history and archaeology ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,Water/lithium bromide ,Theoretical-analysis ,Energy ,060102 archaeology ,Chemistry ,Temperature ,06 humanities and the arts ,Liquefied petroleum gas ,Pollution ,Energy & fuels ,General Energy ,Absorption refrigerator ,Low pressure generator ,Performance evaluation ,Thermodynamics ,Water absorption ,Energy source ,Alternative energy ,Water vapor ,Double-effect absorptions ,Chemical compound ,High pressure effects ,020209 energy ,Absorption refrigeration ,Flow (psychology) ,Absorption ,Numerical model ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,High pressure condenser ,Condenser (heat transfer) ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Low pressure ,Lithium bromide ,Mechanical Engineering ,Absorption Refrigeration ,Solar Cooling ,Cooling Systems ,Building and Construction ,Thermoanalysis ,Exergy analysis ,High pressure ,Energy transfer - Abstract
One of the parameters affecting the COP of the absorption system can be considered as the thermal balance between the high pressure condenser (HPC) and the low pressure generator (LPG) since heat rejected from the HPC is utilized as an energy source by the LPG. Condensation of the water vapor in the HPC depends on the heat removal via the LPG. This circumstance is significant for making an appropriate design and a controllable system with high performance in practical applications. For this reason, a thermodynamic analysis for the HPC of a double effect series flow water/lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system was emphasized in this study. A simulation was developed to investigate the energy transfer between the HPC and LPG. The results show that the proper designation of the HPC temperature improves the COP and ECOP due its significant impact, and its value necessarily has to be higher than the outlet temperature of the LPG based on the operating scheme. Furthermore, the COP and ECOP of the absorption system can be raised in the range of 9.72–35.09% in case of 2 °C-temperature increment in the HPC under the described conditions to be applied.
- Published
- 2016
24. Isıtma, soğutma ve yıllık enerji ihtiyaçları dikkate alınarak dış duvarlar için optimum yalıtım kalınlıklarının belirlenmesi
- Author
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Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Uludağ Üniversitesi/ Gemlik Asım Kocabıyık Meslek Yüksek Okulu., Kaynaklı, Ömer, and Kaynaklı, Faruk
- Subjects
Hacimsel ısıtma-soğutma ,Güneş-hava sıcaklığı ,Space heating-cooling ,Insulation thickness ,Sol-air temperature ,Yalıtım kalınlığı - Abstract
In this study, optimization of thermal insulation thickness applied to the external walls of buildings has been carried out comparatively based on the seasonal (space-heating and cooling) and the annual energy requirements considering solar radiation effect. This study has been performed for four degree-day regions of Turkey, namely, Iskenderun (in the first region), Istanbul (in the second region), Ankara (in the third region) and Ardahan (in the fourth region). By determining the sol-air temperatures for each region and maximizing the present worth value of seasonal and annual energy savings, the optimum thermal insulation thicknesses have been calculated. The effects of solar radiation on heatingcooling energy requirements, the variation of optimum insulation thicknesses and payback periods with respect to degree-day regions, the differences between the analyses based on seasonal and annual have been presented in tabular and graphical form. Bu çalışmada dış duvarlara uygulanan yalıtım kalınlığının optimizasyonu, güneş radyasyonu etkisiyle birlikte hacimsel ısıtma, soğutma ve yıllık enerji gereksinimleri dikkate alınarak yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki 4 derece-gün bölgesinde yer alan iller için yürütülmüştür: İskenderun (1. bölgede), İstanbul (2. bölgede), Ankara (3. bölgede) ve Ardahan (4. bölgede). Her bölge için güneş-hava sıcaklıkları belirlenerek sezonluk ve yıllık enerji tasarrufunu maksimize ederek optimum yalıtım kalınlıkları hesaplanmıştır. Güneş radyasyonunun ısıtma-soğutma enerji yüklerine etkisi, derece-gün bölgelerine göre optimum yalıtım kalınlıklarının ve geri ödeme sürelerinin değişimi, sezonluk ve yıllık analizler arasındaki farklar tablolar ve şekiller yardımıyla sunulmuştur.
- Published
- 2016
25. Parametric Investigation of Optimum Thermal Insulation Thickness for External Walls
- Author
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Ömer Kaynakli, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., and Kaynaklı, Ömer
- Subjects
Coefficient of performance ,Payback period ,Turkey ,Permafrost ,Lifecycle costs ,lcsh:Technology ,Respect ,energy savings ,Building walls ,Thermal insulation ,Cost benefit analysis ,Water cooling ,Composite material ,Total life cycle costs ,Thermal insulation materials ,Parametric statistics ,Life cycle cost analysis ,Zones ,jel:Q0 ,Structural engineering ,Parametric investigations ,jel:Q4 ,Energy & fuels ,Walls (Structural Partitions) ,Rockwool ,Insulation ,Regions ,Impact ,Thermal conductivity ,Insulation thickness ,Optimum insulation thickness ,life-cycle cost ,Walls (structural partitions) ,thermal insulation thickness ,optimization ,Cooling degre days ,Control and Optimization ,Materials science ,Life cycle ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Radiation ,Energy conservation ,Dynamic insulation ,jel:Q40 ,jel:Q ,jel:Q43 ,Loads ,jel:Q42 ,jel:Q41 ,jel:Q48 ,jel:Q47 ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Investments ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,jel:Q49 ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Incident solar radiation ,Saving ,lcsh:T ,Economic analysis ,Costs ,Energy consumption ,Cooling systems ,Insulating materials ,business ,Energy (miscellaneous) - Abstract
Numerous studies have estimated the optimum thickness of thermal insulation materials used in building walls for different climate conditions. The economic parameters (inflation rate, discount rate, lifetime and energy costs), the heating/cooling loads of the building, the wall structure and the properties of the insulation material all affect the optimum insulation thickness. This study focused on the investigation of these parameters that affect the optimum thermal insulation thickness for building walls. To determine the optimum thickness and payback period, an economic model based on life-cycle cost analysis was used. As a result, the optimum thermal insulation thickness increased with increasing the heating and cooling energy requirements, the lifetime of the building, the inflation rate, energy costs and thermal conductivity of insulation. However, the thickness decreased with increasing the discount rate, the insulation material cost, the total wall resistance, the coefficient of performance ( COP ) of the cooling system and the solar radiation incident on a wall. In addition, the effects of these parameters on the total life-cycle cost, payback periods and energy savings were also investigated.
- Published
- 2011
26. An experimental investigation on interior thermal conditions and human body temperatures during cooling period in automobile
- Author
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Ömer Kaynakli, Muhsin Kilic, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Kılıç, Muhsin, Kaynaklı, Ömer, and O-2253-2015
- Subjects
Parks ,Meteorology ,Sensation ,Thermal comfort ,Mechanics ,Conditioning units ,Temperature measurement ,Air velocities ,Thermal ,Relative humidity ,Human body temperature ,Human subjects ,Airconditioning systems ,Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Heat-transfer ,business.industry ,Air ,Thermal condition ,Skin temperatures ,Cabin ,Human bodies ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Comfort ,Driving safety ,Summer season ,Air conditioning ,Surface temperature measurement ,Thermal Comfort ,Air Conditioning ,HVAC ,Thermodynamics ,Thermal sensations ,Environmental science ,Transient (oscillation) ,Cooling ,business ,Experimental investigations ,Marine engineering - Abstract
Determining the thermal conditions in an automobile and their effects on the driver is an important issue from both thermal comfort and driving safety points of view. Especially in hot summer season, the interior thermal conditions in automobile change rapidly when the air conditioning unit runs. In this study, standard air conditioning system is switched in an automobile parked in the sun and then the interior thermal conditions of the automobile are determined in detail during the 1-h cooling period. During the period, relative humidity, air velocity, air and surface temperature measurements are taken at numerous locations in the automobile. Moreover, in order to evaluate the effects of transient interior thermal conditions on the occupant, the skin temperatures of human body are measured at nine points. In addition to this, the thermal sensation of the human subject is also questioned during the cooling period. Subjective thermal comfort data is recorded using a questionnaire. The series of tests are conducted on two different automobiles, and the experimental results for both automobiles are presented and scrutinized. FIAT TOFAS Automobile Company
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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27. İki kademeli soğurmalı soğutma sistemlerinin I. ve II. kanun analizleri
- Author
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Saka, Kenan, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
İki kademeli soğurmalı soğutma sistemleri ,Different heat sources ,Mechanical Engineering ,Second stages absorption refrigeration systems ,Farklı ısı kaynakları ,Ekserji ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Absorption cooling systems ,Su – lityum bromür çözeltisi ,Water – lithium bromide solutions ,Exergy - Abstract
Bu çalışmada iki kademeli soğurmalı soğutma sistemlerine ait termodinamiğin birinci ve ikinci kanun analizlerine yer verilmiştir. Soğurmalı soğutma sistemleri güneş enerjisi kaynaklı ya da endüstriyel atık ısı ile çalışabilen ve ozona zararlı olabilecek akışkanlara bünyelerinde yer olmayan çevre dostu sistemlerdir. Çalışmada DELPHI programı yardımıyla su – Lityum Bromür çözeltisi ile çalışan seri akışlı bir sisteme ait oluşturulan simülasyon üzerinde analizler yapılmıştır.Bu çalışmada özgün olarak incelenen yönlerden biri sistemin enerji ihtiyacının sıcak su, kızgın su buharı ve sıcak hava ile karşılanarak enerji ve ekserji analiz sonuçlarının gösterilmesidir. Sistem elemanlarının farklı çalışma şartlarına bağlı olarak sistem performans katsayısındaki değişim, yüksek basınçlı kaynatıcıya ait kapasite değeri, ekserji kayıpları ve ısı kaynağına ait debi miktarı her bir kaynak türü için şekiller üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Sistem içerisinde yer alan eşanjörlerin de sistem üzerindeki etkilerinin incelendiği çalışmada eşanjörler aktif ya da devre dışı olduğu durumlarda sistem performans katsayısındaki değişim gösterilmiştir. Sistem içerisindeki ısı dengesinin dikkate alındığı analizlerde yüksek basınçlı yoğuşturucu sıcaklığına bağlı olarak sistem performans katsayısının değişimi hesaplanmıştır. Tezde incelenen diğer bir yön ise sistemin mevsimsel performansıdır. Buna bağlı yapılan analizde absorber ve yoğuşturucu atmosfere açık olarak Bursa ili şartlarında yıl boyu incelenmiştir. Mevsimsel analiz sonucunda sistemdeki ekserji kayıpları değişimi ve ısı atımı için gerekli hava debisi değişimi şekiller üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca son olarak enerji analizine bağlı ekonomik analizde çalışma kapsamına dâhil edilmiştir. Geliştirilen ekonomik yaklaşımda birim maliyet değeri bilinen sistem elemanlarının kapasiteye bağlı yatırım ve işletme maliyetleri hesaplanarak sistem elemanlarının farklı çalışma şartları altında maliyet değişimi gösterilmiştir. In this study, the first and the second law analyses of thermodynamics are presented for double-effect absorption refrigeration systems. The absorption refrigeration systems are the systems which operate with solar energy assisting or industrial waste heat, and involving environmental friendly working fluids not leading ozone depletion. In the study, the analyses made on the simulation built in DELPHI program regarding a system operating on series flow water – Lithium Bromide are performed.One of the distinction points investigated in this study is the illustration of the energy and exergy results of the system energy demand to be met by hot water, superheated vapor and hot air. Depending on the different operating conditions of the system components, the variation in the coefficient of performance, the capacity of the high pressure generator, exergy losses and flow rate of the heat source based on each source are depicted on figures. Additionally, the effects of the heat exchangers on the system to be investigated in the study, it is demonstrated that the variation in the coefficient of performance in case the heat exchangers are active or passive. The variation in the coefficient of performance is calculated in the regarded analyses where the heat balance based on the high pressure condenser temperature. Another point of distinction examined in this thesis is the seasonal performance of the system. The analyses performed on this subject are investigated for the conditions of Bursa through the year as the absorber and condenser is open to the atmosphere. As a result of the seasonal analysis, the variations of the exergy losses and the heat rejected for required air flow rate change in the system are shown on figures. Furthermore, an economic analysis based on energy analysis is included ultimately into the scope of the study. It is shown that the cost variation of the system under different operating conditions depending on the investment and operating costs of the each system components is calculated by the presented economic approach. 146
- Published
- 2016
28. Otomotiv LED aydınlatma ürünlerinin soğutma sistemlerinin tasarımı ve ısıl analizlerinin yapılması
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Düzyer, Efecan, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
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Otomotiv aydınlatma ,Design ,Automotive lighting ,Mechanical Engineering ,LED ,Soğutma ,Engineering Sciences ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Tasarım ,Cooling ,Mühendislik Bilimleri - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, otomotiv LED aydınlatma ürünlerinde oluşan ısının, sistem dışına atılabilmesi için, farklı tip ve boyutlarda soğutucu sistem kanatçık tasarımları ele alınmıştır. Kanatçık tip ve boyutlarının soğutmaya etkisi nümerik ve deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Ürün olarak otomotiv aydınlatma sis lambası incelenmiştir. Soğutucu sistem olarak farklı tipte, boyutta ve sayıda iğne ve düzlem kanatçık tasarımları oluşturulmuş ve bilgisayar destekli ısıl analizleri tamamlanmıştır. Analizler sonucu farklı tip ve boyutta kanatçıkların LED birleşim noktası sıcaklığında etkisi gözlemlenmiş ve yeterli soğutmayı gerçekleştiren kanatçık tasarımlarının prototipleri üretilerek, sıcaklık testleri tamamlanmıştır. Son olarak, sıcaklık testleriyle doğrulanan ürün, nihai ürün olarak seçilmiş ve ulaslararası standartlara uygunluğu kontrol edilmiştir. In this study, cooling system heatsink designs with different type and dimensions were discussed in order to remove the heat from the system which was generated in automotive LED lighting products. The effect of the heatsink type and sizes to the cooling were examined numerically and experimentally. An automotive fog lamp was examined as a product. Different types, sizes and number of pin fin and plate heatsink designs were created as a coolling system and their computer aided thermal analyses were completed. At the end of analyses the effect of heatsinks with different type and sizes to the LED junction temperature were observed and prototypes of the heatsink designs with adequate cooling were produced and their temperature tests were completed. Finally, the confirmed product by the temperature tests was selected as a final product and its compliance with international standards has been checked. Magneti Marelli Mako T.C. Bilim, Teknoloji ve Sanayi Bakanlığı
- Published
- 2016
29. Effects of radiant temperature on thermal comfort
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Abdulvahap Yigit, İbrahim Atmaca, Ömer Kaynakli, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü., Atmaca, İbrahim, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Yiğit, Abdulvahap, and C-4999-2016
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Interiors (building) ,Environmental Engineering ,Materials science ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Wall ,Thermodynamics ,Thermal comfort ,Radiance ,Ceiling (cloud) ,Radiation ,Air temperature ,Interior surface temperatures ,Thermal ,Solar radiation ,Building ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Engineering, civil ,Radiant temperature ,Radiant heating ,Engineering, environmental ,High temperature effects ,Architectural design ,Building and Construction ,Mechanics ,Computer simulation ,Surface temperature ,Construction & building technology ,Thermal interactions ,Bus Drivers ,Low Energy Building ,Thermal Comfort ,Simulation - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the local differences between body segments caused by high radiant temperature, and to analyze the interior surface temperatures for different wall and ceiling constructions with their effect on thermal comfort. For the segment-wise thermal interactions between human body and its surrounding, simulations have been conducted by appropriately modifying Gagge 2-node model to multi-segment case to demonstrate the local differences. Simulation results are found to be in good agreement with experimental and simulation results reported in the literature. To calculate the interior surface temperatures of the wall and ceiling, the sol–air temperature approach is used for convenience. It is shown in the paper that the body segments close the relatively hot surfaces are more affected than others and interior surface temperatures of un-insulated walls and ceilings exposed to a strong solar radiation reach high levels, all of which cause thermal discomfort for the occupants in buildings.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Energy and exergy analysis of a double effect absorption refrigeration system based on different heat sources
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Kenan Saka, Ömer Kaynakli, Faruk Kaynakli, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Uludağ Üniversitesi/Yenişehir Meslek Yüksekokulu/İklimlendirme ve Soğutma Bölümü., Uludağ Üniversitesi/Gemlik Meslek Yüksekokulu/Makine Bölümü., Kaynaklı, Ömer, Saka, Kenan, Kaynaklı, Faruk, AAH-5303-2021, and AAG-6158-2021
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Chiller ,High pressure effects ,Nuclear engineering ,Absorption refrigeration ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Double effect absorption ,Mechanics ,High-pressure generators ,High pressure generator ,Solar energy ,Refrigeration ,2. law analysis ,Waste heat ,Air source heat pumps ,Thermodynamic analysis ,Mass transfer ,Exergy ,Libr/h2o ,Copper in heat exchangers ,Energy ,Waste management ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,Heat pump and refrigeration cycle ,Absorption Refrigeration ,Solar Cooling ,Cooling Systems ,Temperature ,Water ,Energy & fuels ,Heat capacity rate ,Lithium-bromide ,Industrial refrigeration ,Environmental-friendly ,Fuel Technology ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,Energy and exergy analysis ,Heat recovery steam generator ,Absorption refrigeration system ,Thermodynamics ,Water absorption ,First law of thermodynamics ,Specific heat ,Coefficient of Performance ,Double-effect absorptions - Abstract
Absorption refrigeration systems are environmental friendly since they can utilize industrial waste heat and/or solar energy. In terms of heat source of the systems, researchers prefer one type heat source usually such as hot water or steam. Some studies can be free from environment. In this study, energy and exergy analysis is performed on a double effect series flow absorption refrigeration system with water/lithium bromide as working fluid pair. The refrigeration system runs on various heat sources such as hot water, hot air and steam via High Pressure Generator (HPG) because of hot water/steam and hot air are the most common available heat source for absorption applications but the first law of thermodynamics may not be sufficient analyze the absorption refrigeration system and to show the difference of utilize for different type heat source. On the other hand operation temperatures of the overall system and its components have a major effect on their performance and functionality. In this regard, a parametric study conducted here to investigate this effect on heat capacity and exergy destruction of the HPG, coefficient of performance (COP) of the system, and mass flow rate of heat sources. Also, a comparative analysis is carried out on several heat sources (e.g. hot water, hot air and steam) in terms of exergy destruction and mass flow rate of heat source. From the analyses it is observed that exergy destruction of the HPG increases at higher temperature of the heat sources, condenser and absorber, and lower temperature of the HPG, LPG and evaporator. This destruction is maximized when hot air heat source is used and minimized with utilizing hot water heat source.
- Published
- 2015
31. Determination of required core temperature for thermal comfort with steady-state energy balance method
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Recep Yamankaradeniz, Ömer Kaynakli, Muhsin Kilic, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Kılıç, Muhsin, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Yamankaradeniz, Recep, and O-2253-2015
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Convection ,Materials science ,Respiratory mechanics ,Steady-state energy method ,General Chemical Engineering ,Evaporation ,Energy balance ,Thermodynamics ,Thermal comfort ,Radiation ,Core temperature ,Mechanics ,Heat radiation ,Human-body ,Biomechanics ,Heat convection ,Mathematical models ,Steady state ,Heat losses ,Temperature ,Skin temperature ,Computer simulation ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Thermal Comfort ,Air Conditioning ,HVAC ,Automobile ,Model - Abstract
In this study, apart from the other studies related to thermal comfort, it is combined that the fundamental equations given in the steady-state energy balance and the empirical relations expressing effects of the thermoregulatory control mechanisms of the body. In the first section of this simulation, body core temperature is calculated by using the equations expressing thermoregulatory control mechanism, the required skin temperature and sweat rate values. Variation of the calculated body core temperature is investigated with the activity level based on required skin temperature and sweat rate values. In the second section of the simulation, heat losses from the body (convection, radiation, evaporation, and respiration) and ratio of the each heat loss mechanism to total heat loss are calculated and discussed in detail.
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- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Thermal comfort during heating and cooling periods in an automobile
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Ömer Kaynakli, Erhan Pulat, Muhsin Kilic, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Kaynaklı, Ömer, Pulat, Erhan, Kılıç, Muhsin, and O-2253-2015
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Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Meteorology ,Computer simulation ,business.industry ,Passive cooling ,Mechanical engineering ,Thermal comfort ,Mechanics ,Condensed Matter Physics ,law.invention ,Air conditioning ,law ,Thermal ,HVAC ,Ventilation (architecture) ,Thermodynamics ,Environmental science ,Clothing insulation ,business - Abstract
Most vehicles have a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) device to control the thermal environments of interior of the vehicle. But, under hot summer season or cold winter conditions, it is difficult to achieve and maintain thermal comfort in an automobile from the start up to the steady-state conditions. During these transition periods, an understanding of human thermoregulatory processes facilitates the design and development of improved heating and cooling systems. This study presents a model of thermal interactions between a human body and the interior environment of an automobile. The model is based on the heat balance equation for human body, combined with empirical equations defining the sweat rate and mean skin temperature. Simulation has been performed by the use of transient conditions. The effects of both heating and cooling processes on the thermal comfort inside the automobile are investigated. Results are compared with the present measurements and available experimental data in the literature. It is shown that the agreement between the experimental data and the model is very good.
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- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Evaluating thermal environments for sitting and standing posture
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Ömer Kaynakli, Muhsin Kilic, Ümit Ünver, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Kaynaklı, Ömer, Ünver, Ümit, Kılıç, Muhsin, C-5274-2015, and O-2253-2015
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Velocity measurement ,General Chemical Engineering ,Mechanical engineering ,Mechanics ,Sitting ,Air temperature ,Environmental impact ,Heating ,Heat balance ,Heat transfer ,Thermal ,Heat balance equation ,Atmospheric humidity ,Parametric statistics ,Temperature measurement ,Steady state ,Thermal comfort ,Humidity ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Cooling systems ,Thermal Comfort ,Air Conditioning ,HVAC ,Thermodynamics ,Environmental science ,Ergonomics - Abstract
The human thermal environment can be represented by the air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, humidity, clothing and activity. This has implications for health, comfort and performance. An understanding of human thermoregulatory processes facilitates the design and development of improved heating and cooling systems. This study presents a computational model of thermal interactions between a human and the interior environment. The model is based on the heat balance equation for human body with different types of clothing ensembles, combined with empirical equations defining the sweat rate and mean skin temperature. Simulation has been performed by the use of steady state conditions, and two different posture positions, namely sitting and standing, are considered in this study. Results are in good agreement with available experimental data. The parametric studies show that the methodology described can provide an effective means for simulating thermal comfort level.
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- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Three-dimensional air distribution analysis of different outflow typed operating rooms at different inlet velocities and room temperatures
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Hande Ufat, Nurettin Yamankaradeniz, Recep Yamankaradeniz, Ömer Kaynakli, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Ufat, Hande, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Yamankaradeniz, Nurettin, Yamankaradeniz, Recep, AAA-1753-2021, and AAK-4166-2021
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System ,Materials science ,Particle number ,Meteorology ,lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery ,020209 energy ,Engineering, mechanical ,Air distribution ,Numerical simulation ,02 engineering and technology ,Computational fluid dynamics ,Thermal comfort ,Engineering ,Contamination ,Ventilation performance ,Validation ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,lcsh:TJ1-1570 ,Theater ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Indoor environment ,Mechanics ,Flow unit ,Inlet ,Quality ,Airborne Infection ,COVID-19 ,Operating Rooms ,Jet ,Room air distribution ,Total air temperature ,Thermodynamics ,Laminar air flow unit ,Airborne infection ,Outflow ,Operating room air conditioning ,business - Abstract
It is important to provide a regular unidirectional air distribution in an operating room to reduce the number of particles. Measurements were taken in the one of the operating rooms at Uludag University Medical School, with laminar air flow unit and two-cornered outlet which was thought to have some airflow problems. Moreover, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model has been developed where the measurements were taken in. The distributions of air velocity, temperature, and relative humidity have been examined and compared with the measurements to validate the computational fluid dynamics analyses. In addition to present model, four-cornered outlet operating room has been analyzed and compared with the results of two-cornered one. It is concluded that the case of four-cornered outlet provides more suitable thermal distribution, which results in a reduction of the particle numbers in the interior. Although there is no significant change in temperature and relative humidity in the operating room, air distribution changes dramatically.
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- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Economic thermal insulation thickness for pipes and ducts: A review study
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Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü. and Kaynaklı, Ömer
- Subjects
Optimization ,Paper ,Energy & Fuels ,Resistance model ,Ducts ,Energy conservation ,Regular polygonal pipe ,Industrial economics ,Building walls ,Effective parameters ,Heat transfer ,Economic considerations ,Thermal insulation ,Thermoeconomic ,Phase-change ,External walls ,Pipe ,Different geometry ,Heat-transfer characteristics ,Water piping systems ,Thermal performance ,Walls (Structural Partitions) ,Hot Temperature ,Insulation ,Economic analysis ,Moisture transfer ,Green & sustainable science & technology ,Energy-conservation ,Application examples ,Insulation thickness ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Optimization procedures ,Heat transfer equations ,Thermal insulation thickness - Abstract
Energy conservation has become an increasingly important issue for all sectors, particularly in industry. Therefore, the thermal performance of insulation systems and their influence on heat loss/gain in various applications in addition to economic considerations have received increased attention in recent years. In this study, a literature review of papers that addressed the optimum economic thickness of the thermal insulation on a pipe or duct with different geometries used in various industries was carried out The studies related to determining the critical insulation thickness for different geometries including circular shapes were investigated. The heat transfer equations, the basic results, the optimization procedures and the economic analysis methods used in the studies were presented comparatively. Additionally, a practical application example based on optimizing the insulation thickness on a pipe was performed, and the effective parameters of the optimum thickness were investigated.
- Published
- 2014
36. Duvarlarda yoğuşma dikkate alınarak yalıtım kalınlığının belirlenmesi
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Bademlioğlu, Ali Hüsnü, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Bina duvarı ,Yoğuşma ,Condensation ,Insulation thickness ,Mechanical Engineering ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Building wall ,Yalıtım kalınlığı - Abstract
Bu tez çalışmasında yoğuşma dikkate alınarak bina dış duvarlarında kullanılacak ısıl yalıtım kalınlığının optimizasyonu yapılmıştır. Bina yapı elemanı içerisinde yoğuşmanın başlamaması için gerekli minimum yalıtım kalınlığı belirlenmiştir. Yapı elemanında ısı ve kütle transferi hesaplamaları, farklı iç-dış ortam sıcaklığı ve bağıl nem koşulları için yapılmış ve sonuçlar grafik yardımıyla aktarılmıştır. Genel olarak, gerekli yalıtım kalınlığı iç ortam sıcaklığı ve bağıl neminin artmasıyla artarken, dış ortam sıcaklık ve bağıl neminin artmasıyla azalmaktadır. Duvar yapı malzemesinden geçen su buharı miktarı ise iç ve dış koşulların yanı sıra kullanılan yalıtım kalınlığıyla da değişmektedir. In this study, condensation has been taken in to consideration to optimize for the thickness of the thermal insulation which is essential for external walls. In order not to start condensation inside the building, minimum thickness of insulation is calculated. Heat and mass transfer in building material has been calculated for internal-external temperature and relative humidity conditions and results has been shown with graphics.When there is increased in internal temperature and relative humidity, the thickness of insulation also increased. However, when there is increased in external temperature, the thickness of insulation decrease. The amount of water vapor transfer changes not only according to internal-external conditions but also the thickness of insulation. 49
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- 2014
37. Optimum thermal insulation thicknesses and payback periods for building walls in Turkey
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Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü. and Kaynaklı, Ömer
- Subjects
Consumption ,Engineering, mechanical ,Optimum thermal insulation thickness ,Energy savings ,Environmental-impact ,Respect ,Heating energy requirement ,Residential buildings ,Engineering ,Hong-kong ,Sustainable development ,Thermodynamics ,Degree-days ,Savings ,Cooling degree-days ,External walls - Abstract
In this study, a procedure for optimizing the thermal insulation thickness for external walls has been presented and the optimum insulation thicknesses, energy savings and payback periods based on heating and cooling energy requirements have been calculated separately and also together for each city in Turkey. By considering the energy costs for heating and cooling, insulation material and installation costs, the optimum insulation thicknesses have been determined on the basis of life-cycle cost analysis over a building lifetime of 20 years. The results shows that the optimum thermal insulation thicknesses for only heating energy vary between 4.7 and 16.6 cm, vary between 0 and 3.8 cm for only cooling energy, and vary between 5.7 and 16.6 cm for total annual (heating + cooling) energy depending on the city. On the other hand, the payback periods in Turkey vary between 3.85 and 16.25 years when considering the total annual energy requirements. Furthermore, a parametric analysis has been also performed in order to investigate the effective parameters on the optimum insulation thickness and energy savings.
- Published
- 2013
38. Isıtma sistemleri için yalıtım kalınlığı ve boru çapının termoekonomik optimizasyonu
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Yıldız, Dildar, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Termodinamik Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Enerji tasarrufu ,Installation isolation ,Energy saving ,Insulation thickness ,Mechanical Engineering ,Boru çapı ,Termoekonomik optimizasyon ,Thermoeconomic optimisation ,Tube diameter ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Tesisat yalıtımı ,Yalıtım kalınlığı - Abstract
Günümüzde artan nüfus ve sanayileşme gibi etmenler enerjinin daha verimli olarak kullanılması ve maksimum enerji tasarrufu sağlanmasının gerekliliğini doğurmuştur. Türkiye? de kullanılan enerjinin % 37?si konutlarda ısıtma için harcanmaktadır. Uygulanacak bazı enerji tasarruf yöntemleri ile enerji daha az kullanılarak enerjiden aynı fayda sağlanmaktadır.Bu çalışmanın giriş bölümünde tezin konusu ile ilgili genel bilgiler verilmiştir. Ayrıca tezin amacından ve kullanılacak yöntemden bahsedilmiştir.İkinci bölümde; ayrıntılı literatür çalışması yapılarak konuyla ilgili kaynak özetleri sunulmuştur. Isı yalıtımının tanımı yapılmış, önemi ve faydaları anlatılmıştır. Ayrıca tesisat yalıtımı iki başlıkta incelenip, ısıtma ve soğutma tesisatlarının yalıtım detayları verilmiştir. Son olarak ısı yalıtımı ile ilgili standart ve mevzuatlardan bahsedilmiştir.Üçüncü bölümde; çalışmada kullanılacak yöntem ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Bu yöntemi kullanırken uygulanacak formüller verilmiş ve uygulamaya ait bir örnek hesap yapılmıştır.Dördüncü bölümde; uygulanan yöntemin bilgisayar ortamına nasıl aktarıldığı ve nasıl sonuç elde edildiği açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca bilgisayar programından elde edilen sonuçlar grafikler ve tablolar yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir ve çalışmada kullanılan parametreler değiştirilerek elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılmıştır.Beşinci bölümde; çalışmadan elde edilen sonuç verilmiş, çalışmanın enerji tasarrufu açısından önemi değerlendirilmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: Tesisat yalıtımı, termoekonomik optimizasyon, enerji tasarrufu, boru çapı, yalıtım kalınlığı Nowadays, the reasons like population increases or industrilisation are bringing the necessities of thinking how to use energy more efficiantly and how to save energy more. In Turkey, 37% of the total energy is used for the heating systems of houses. . By applying some energy saving methods energy providing the same benefits by using less energy. In the introduction part of this study the general informations regarding the topic of study is given. Additionally, the purpose of the study and methods used in the thesis are explained in detail.In second section, by making detailed review of the literature, provided summaries of relevant resources. Additionally instollation isolation has been grouped into two and isolation details of both cooling and heating explained remarkebly. Finally standards and legislations were mentioned with heat insulation.In the third part, the methodology of study was explained in detail. The formulas which will be used during that methodology are given and an example calculation was also located in.The fourth section, how to implemented method transfer to a computer and how the results were obtained were described. Additionally the results received from the computer programme analyzed according to the indicator graphics and schemes. And the results were compared with changing the parameters intentionally.And in the fifth part, the result which could be obtained from that study explained and the importancy of the study regarding the energy saving, mentioned.Keywords: Installation isolation, thermoeconomic optimisation, energy saving, tube diameter, insulation thickness 82
- Published
- 2013
39. Determination of heating-cooling periods and annual energy requirements variations with respect to years
- Author
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Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü. and Kaynaklı, Ömer
- Subjects
Energy utilization ,Consumption ,Engineering, chemical ,Base temperature ,Heating season ,Air temperature ,Length of season ,Atmospheric temperature ,Heating ,Engineering ,Building walls ,Total energy ,Cooling energy ,Heating and cooling periods ,Outdoor-air temperature ,Savings ,Cooling degree-days ,Degree-day ,External walls ,Building sectors ,Temperature ,Engineering, environmental ,Zone ,Environmental-impact ,Energy & fuels ,In-buildings ,Walls (Structural Partitions) ,Rockwool ,Insulation ,Different climatic regions ,Optimum insulation thickness ,Heating period ,Energy requirements ,Cooling ,Heating degree-days - Abstract
Building sector has a large share of the global energy consumption, and the energy requirements for space heating-cooling of a building has the highest share of all which is about 50% of total energy consumed in buildings. The meteorological air temperatures highly affect the annual (heating and cooling) energy consumption. The purpose of this study is on the basis of the temperatures, to determine the starting-ending days of heating-cooling seasons, the variation of these periods during years and the annual energy requirements. The degree-days concept was used to estimate the annual heating and cooling energy requirements. Considering the long-term outdoor air temperatures, the degree-days were calculated in addition to the lengths of seasons with the base temperatures from 14 to 18 C for heating period and from 20 to 24 C for cooling period. As expected, when the base temperature increases, the degree-days for heating season increase while they decrease for cooling season. Moreover, the yearly fluctuation in the energy requirement reaches 30% during the considered years. Generally, although there is a vague relationship, the cooling degree-days tend to be high when the heating degree-days are low.
- Published
- 2012
40. Güneş ışınımı ve duvar yönü di̇kkate alınarak opti̇mum ışıl yalıtım kalınlığının beli̇rlenmesi̇
- Author
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Uludağ Üniversitesi/ Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliǧi Bölümü., Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Otomotiv Mühendisliǧi Bölümü., Kaynaklı, Ömer, Özdemir, Sevcan, Karamangil, Mehmet İhsan, and AAH-8619-2019
- Subjects
Optimization ,Inflation rates ,Energy ,Turkey ,Life cycle cost analysis ,Solar-air temperature ,Sun ,Wall orientation ,Zone ,Optimum thermal insulation thickness ,Solar-radiation fluxes ,Engineering, multidisciplinary ,Respect ,Atmospheric temperature ,Average air temperature ,Walls (Structural Partitions) ,Rockwool ,Insulation ,Engineering ,Building walls ,Insulation thickness ,Vertical surface ,Solar radiation ,Degree-days ,Walls (structural partitions) ,Outside-air temperature ,External walls - Abstract
This study focuses on the optimization of the thermal insulation thickness applied to external walls of a building. Different from other studies in the literature, taking into account the incident solar radiation on a wall, the variation of optimum thermal insulation thickness in respect to the wall orientation has been investigated. By using the measured average air temperatures and the calculated solar radiation flux, the optimum insulation thicknesses have been determined for different orientations of a building wall (east, west, north, south). The life cycle cost analysis, which considers lifetime, discount and inflation rates, and based on the degree-days (DD) has been used for the optimization. As a result, while the total DDs based on only the outside air temperature data is 1827, the total DDs considering solar radiation are 1633, 1628, 1719 and 1535 for east-, west-, north- and south-facing vertical surfaces, respectively. Accordingly, the optimum insulation thicknesses for these surfaces have been calculated as 4.8 cm, 4.8 cm, 5.2 cm and 4.3 cm respectively.
- Published
- 2012
41. Experimental analysis of a solar absorption system with interior energy storage
- Author
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Nurettin Yamankaradeniz, Recep Yamanakaradeniz, Ömer Kaynakli, Bilsay Pastakkaya, Salih Coşkun, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Orhangazi Meslek Yüksekokulu., Uludağ Üniversitesi/Teknik Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu., Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Pastakkaya, Bilsay, Yamankaradeniz, Nurettin, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Coşkun, Salih, Yamanakaradeniz, Recep, AAA-1753-2021, and R-2401-2018
- Subjects
Absorption Refrigeration ,Solar Cooling ,Lithium Bromide ,Materials science ,General Computer Science ,Nuclear engineering ,solar energy ,Energy storage ,law.invention ,Absorption system ,Solar energy ,law ,lcsh:TJ163.26-163.5 ,Absorption heat pump ,Cooling tower ,Heat storage ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,solar cooling ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,Solar cooling ,business.industry ,Coefficient of performance ,Cooling system ,Energy & fuels ,heat storage ,General Energy ,lcsh:Energy conservation ,Air conditioning ,absorption system ,Absorption refrigerator ,business ,Simulation - Abstract
This study examines experimentally the cooling application of a solar absorption system with interior energy storage that uses two different auxiliary systems. The experiments were performed at Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey on the 3rd and 4th of August 2010 that had the approximately same average outdoor temperature, 31°C. A solar hot water was delivered via a 40 m2 array of flat plate solar collectors that drove a lithium chloride (LiCl) absorption heat pump with a cooling power peak of 20 kW. A solar-powered air conditioning system was designed for heating and cooling in a test room that had a total floor space of 30 m2. Chilled water produced in the evaporator was supplied to the fan coil units, and the heat of condensation and absorption was rejected by means of a wet cooling tower. An electric heater and an air source heat pump were used as auxiliary systems for the absorption cooling application for two different cases when the solar energy was insufficient. Temperature variations were recorded for the absorption machine components, the test room, and the outdoors. The cooling energy, thermal energy, and daily average coefficient of performance (COP) of the absorption system were calculated for two days. Solar absorption cooling was considered for two different auxiliary systems and is presented in this manuscript. The results showed that the daily average COP of the absorption system was 0.283 for Case 1 and 0.282 for Case 2. For both cases, the interior energy storage of the absorption system enabled it to satisfy the cooling demand during the night while solar energy was not available.
- Published
- 2012
42. Technical and economic analysis of the problems observed in diesel engines with common rail injection systems in Turkey
- Author
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Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi/Otomotiv Mühendisliği Bölümü., Karamangil, Mehmet İhsan, Erkuş, Barış, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Sürmen, Ali, and AAH-8619-2019
- Subjects
Diesel engine ,Fuel pumps ,Biodiesel ,Poly(Beta-D-Mannuronate) Lyase ,Micro-Hydro ,Fuel quality ,Performance ,Diesel vehicles ,Automotive markets ,Engineering, chemical ,Fuels ,Common rail injection system ,Diesel fuels ,Exhaust-gas recirculation ,Injection pressures ,Engineering ,Nozzle geometry ,Noise abatement ,Strength of materials ,Future ,Faulty operations ,Technical problems ,Egr ,Diesel engines ,Engineering, environmental ,Economic analysis ,Energy & fuels ,Impact ,Automobile manufacture ,Turkishs ,Common rail ,Emissions ,Biofuels ,Production tolerance ,Automotive manufacturers ,Diesel fuel ,Sulfur - Abstract
The ultimate goal of automotive manufacturers is the development of more powerful, economical and environmentally friend internal combustion engines. Also of note is the importance of noise reduction by increasing the fuel injection pressure to unsatisfactory levels. Obviously, higher injection pressures require materials of higher strength and lower production tolerances. However, one of the main issues regarding the use of these high-pressure fuel systems is their dependency on fuel quality. Therefore, concurrent efforts to improve diesel fuel quality are supremely important. In this study, we discuss the earliest engine problems commonly encountered in new generation diesel engines and their economical consequences for vehicle owners and the Turkish automotive market. We found that most of the problems in connection with the Common Rail (CR) systems emerged from inadequate fuel quality. In Turkey did not proceed at the same rate as the increase in diesel vehicle sales, because the improvement of fuel quality. Other reasons for the problems include faulty operation, lack of necessary knowledge particular to CR technology and late response to a problem by the drivers.
- Published
- 2012
43. Bir konutun ısıtılması ve soğutulmasında güneş enerjisi kaynaklı absorbsiyonlu sistemlerin kullanılması
- Author
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Pastakkaya, Bilsay, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
Absorption heat pump ,Heat pump ,Energy ,Solar energy systems ,Mechanical Engineering ,Energy storage system ,Isıtma-soğutma ,Absorbsiyonlu ısı pompası ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Konutsal uygulama ,Enerji ,Residential application ,Heating-cooling ,Solar energy ,Güneş enerjisi ,Solar power - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, konutların güneş enerjisi kaynaklı absorbsiyonlu sistemlerle ısıtma ve soğutma ihtiyacının karşılanması deneysel ve sayısal olarak incelenmiştir. Binaların ısıtılması ve soğutulması için kullanılan enerji miktarı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Enerji kullanımı ile ilintili çevresel ve ekonomik sorunlar, enerji ihtiyacının temiz ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından sağlanmasını daha önemli hale getirmektedir. Bu noktada güneş enerjisi kaynaklı absorbsiyonlu sistemler, kullanımlarının yaygınlaşması ile birlikte, söz konusu sorunların çözümünde önemli rol oynamaktadır.Literatürde yapılan çalışmalardan farklı olarak bu çalışma kapsamında, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi'nde kurulan deney tesisatında, bir test odasının, dâhili enerji depolamalı, LiCl-Su akışkan çiftli bir absorbsiyonlu ısı pompası ile ısıtılması ve soğutulması sağlanmıştır. Absorbsiyonlu sistem için gereken termal enerji, düz tip güneş kolektörlerinden oluşan güneş kolektör sistemi ile elde edilmiştir. Güneş enerjisinin yeterli olmadığı durumlarda yardımcı sistem olarak, elektrikli ısıtıcı ve hava kaynaklı ısı pompası kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca sistemde, yapının sıcak kullanım suyu ihtiyacının karşılanması da sağlanmıştır. Deneysel çalışma dâhilinde, örnek günler için sistemin çalışma performansı ve performansa etki eden parametreler incelenmiştir. Sistemin sayısal analizinde TRNSYS simülasyon programı kullanılarak, deneysel sonuçlar ile simülasyon sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Deney tesisatı için yapılan yıllık simülasyon sonuçları çalışma dâhilinde sunulmuştur. Ayrıca örnek bir konut tasarımı esas alınarak, Türkiye'de farklı iklimsel ve coğrafi şartlara sahip on farklı il için yapılan yıllık simülasyon sonuçları karşılaştırılmalı olarak sunulmuş, sonuçlar teknik ve ekonomik açıdan analiz edilmiştir.Çalışma dahilinde gerçekleştirilen deneysel ve sayısal analiz uygulamalarında benzer sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Sistemin dâhili enerji depolama özelliğinin teknik ve ekonomik açıdan önemli faydalar sağladığı görülmüştür. Sistemde yardımcı enerji kaynağı olarak elektrikli ısıtıcı kullanımının, alternatiflerine göre daha avantajlı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Absorbsiyonlu sistem veriminin ısı atım ve ısı dağıtım sisteminin çalışma özelliklerinden önemli ölçüde etkilendiği görülmüştür. Örnek bir konut için yapılan simülasyon uygulamalarında, güneş enerjisi kullanımının CO2 salınımındaki azalma ve işletim maliyetlerinde sağladığı kazançlarla büyük faydalar sağladığı ve sistemin uygulanabilir nitelikte olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Güneş enerjisi eldesi yüksek olan bölgelerde sistemin sağladığı faydaların daha fazla, geri ödeme süresinin daha kısa olduğu tespit edilmiştir. In this study, heating and cooling of buildings with solar absorption systems were investigated experimentally and numerically. The usage of energy for heating and cooling of the buildings is increasing. Many problems have arisen from the increased usage and demand of energy; therefore, the use of clean and renewable energy sources is becoming more important. Widespread use of solar absorption systems is important to address environmental and economical problems.Unlike other studies in the literature, in this study, a lithium chloride absorption heat pump with interior energy storage was used for heating and cooling a test room located in Uludag University, Bursa. Thermal energy was delivered via a solar collector system that consists of flat plate solar collectors to drive the absorption system. An electric heater and an air source heat pump were used as auxiliary systems when the solar energy was insufficient. Energy demand for domestic hot water was also satisfied by solar energy. System performance and the parameters that have an impact on the system performance were investigated for typical days in experimental studies. TRNSYS simulation programme was used in numerical analysis. Experimental and numerical results were compared. The annual simulation results for the experimental facility were presented in this study. In addition to that, the annual simulations were performed for a typical residence located in ten different regions in Turkey with different geographical and climatic conditions, and the results were analyzed technically and economically.Similar results were obtained both in experimental and numerical analysis. The results showed that interior energy storage of the absorption system provided technical and economical benefits. It was concluded that, using electric heater as an auxiliary energy system had more advantages than its alternatives. Absorption system efficiency was affected significantly by heat distribution and heat rejection systems? performance. In numerical analysis for typical residence, it was confirmed that using the solar power provided considerable benefits by reducing CO2 emission and operation costs. It was also deduced that using solar power in the regions that gain more solar energy, provides more benefits and less pay back periods for the solar system. 218
- Published
- 2012
44. A review of the economical and optimum thermal insulation thickness for building applications
- Author
-
Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü. and Kaynaklı, Ömer
- Subjects
Optimization ,Energy utilization ,Science & technology - other topics ,Literature reviews ,Building envelopes ,Flat roofs ,Historic preservation ,Energy conservation ,Multilayer walls ,Heating energy requirement ,Residential buildings ,Residential sectors ,Effective parameters ,Thermal insulation ,Natural-convection ,Climatic regions ,Thermal insulation materials ,External walls ,Economic analysis ,Environmental-impact ,Energy & fuels ,Difference tetd values ,Green & sustainable science & technology ,Optimum thickness ,Walls (Structural Partitions) ,Rockwool ,Insulation ,Insulation thickness ,Building materials ,Optimum value ,Thermal performance of buildings ,Periodic-solution ,Optimization procedures ,Thermal insulation systems ,Thermal insulation thickness - Abstract
Energy conservation is an increasingly important issue for the residential sector. Therefore, attention towards the thermal performance of building materials, particularly thermal insulation systems for buildings, has grown in recent years. In this study, a literature review on determining the optimum thickness of the thermal insulation material in a building envelope and its effect on energy consumption was carried out. The results, the optimization procedures and the economic analysis methods used in the studies were presented comparatively. Additionally, a practical application on optimizing the insulation thickness was performed, and the effective parameters on the optimum value were investigated.
- Published
- 2012
45. A simulation study of performance evaluation of single-stage absorption refrigeration system using conventional working fluids and alternatives
- Author
-
Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi/Otomotiv Mühendisliği Bölümü., Uludağ Üniversitesi/Teknik Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu/İklimlendirme ve Soğutma Teknolojisi Programı., Karamangil, Mehmet İhsan, Coşkun, Salih, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Yamankaradeniz, Nurettin, AAA-1753-2021, and AAH-8619-2019
- Subjects
Absorption Refrigeration ,Solar Cooling ,Lithium Bromide ,Science & technology - other topics ,Heat exchangers ,Absorption refrigeration ,Water solutions ,Cycle ,Thermodynamic properties ,Refrigerant/absorbent couples ,Refrigeration ,Driven ,Ammonia-water ,Performance of systems ,Alternative solutions ,Fluids ,Refrigerants ,Temperature ,Thermoanalysis ,Heat ,Evaporator temperature ,Energy & fuels ,Green & sustainable science & technology ,Solutions ,Lithium-bromide ,Cooling systems ,User-friendly-software ,Selection of working fluids ,Absorption refrigeration system ,Thermo dynamic analysis ,Generator temperatures ,Simulation ,Evaporators - Abstract
This study presents a literature review, especially in recent years, on the absorption refrigeration systems (ARSs), the currently used refrigerant-absorbent pairs and their alternatives. Additionally, in this study, the thermodynamic analysis of ARS using commonly encountered solution pairs in the literature was carried out, and a user-friendly software package including visual components was developed. The effects of operating temperatures, the effectivenesses of solution, refrigerant and solution-refrigerant heat exchangers (SHE, RHE, SRHE), and selection of working fluid pair on the system performance were examined by using the developed package. It was concluded that performances of the cycles improve with increasing generator and evaporator temperatures, but reduce with increasing condenser and absorber temperatures. The performance of system was affected from the SHE more than the RHE and SRHE. While the use of SHE improves the system COP up to 66%, RHE and SRHE have an effect of only 14% and 6%, respectively. For that reason, the SRHE may not be considered practically significant. Suitable solutions depending on operating conditions showed variations with respect to generator and evaporator temperatures.
- Published
- 2010
46. Tek kademeli absobrsiyonlu soğutma sisteminin termodinamik analizi
- Author
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Saka, Kenan, Kaynaklı, Ömer, Makine Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Uludağ Üniversitesi/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü/Makine Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
- Subjects
First law analysis of thermodynamic ,Birinci kanun analizi ,Entropi ,Entropy ,Mechanical Engineering ,İkinci kanun analizi ,Absorption refrigeration system ,Ekserji ,Makine Mühendisliği ,Second law analysis of thermodynamic ,Exergy ,Absorbsiyonlu soğutma sistemi - Abstract
ÖZETDünya genelindeki enerji ihtiyacının hızlı bir şekilde arttığı günümüzde, yeni enerji kaynakları arayışlarının yanı sıra var olan enerji kaynaklarının da en verimli şekilde kullanılması için araştırmalar devam etmektedir. Bu yüzden endüstriyel tesislerdeki atık ısı, güneş enerjisi ve jeotermal enerji kaynakları ile çalışabilen ve ozon tabakasına zarar vermeyen akışkanlar ile çalışan absorbsiyonlu sistemler cazip hale gelmişlerdir.Bu çalışmada Su- LiBr eriyiği kullanan tek kademeli absorbsiyonlu soğutma sisteminin, termodinamiğin birinci ve ikinci kanun analizleri ve bu analizler doğrultusunda çıkan sonuçların karşılaştırmaları yapılmıştır. Sistemin belirli noktalarındaki sıcaklık, basınç, entropi vb. değerleri gösterilmiştir. Sistem elemanlarının termodinamik analizleri yapılarak farklı çalışma şartlarında sistemin verimi grafik ve tablolar yardımıyla gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca sistemin verimini etkileyen eşanjör etkenlikleri hesaplara dâhil edilerek sonuçlar kıyaslanmıştır. Bütün analiz modellemelerinde Delphi bilgisayar programı kullanılmıştır.ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Birinci Kanun Analizi, İkinci Kanun Analizi, Entropi, Ekserji, Absorbsiyonlu Soğutma Sistemi ABSTRACTWorldwide energy consumption increasing fast, due to this reality new studies continue about to use more efficiency for present energy sources plus searching of new energy source. Absorption refrigeration systems can use industrial waste heat, solar energy and geothermal energy as energy source and they use ozone friendly solutions as coolant fluid.In this study, thermodynamic analysis of single stage absorption refrigeration system is carried out which use Water- LiBr is used widely in absorption refrigeration systems. Firstly, first law of thermodynamic analysis done with used thermodynamic properties of Water-LiBr solution then in the light of entropy generation and exergy analysis second law of thermodynamic analysis done. Performance and exergy destruction calculations compared on graphics for different component temperatures and exchangers efficiency calculations added to the calculations. Delphi computer program is used for modeling analysis.KEY WORDS: First law analysis of thermodynamic, Second law analysis of thermodynamic, Entropy, Exergy, Absorption refrigeration system, 54
- Published
- 2010
47. A study on residential heating energy requirement and optimum insulation thickness
- Author
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Ömer Kaynakli, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., and Kaynaklı, Ömer
- Subjects
Engineering ,Engineering drawing ,Computation theory ,Turkey ,Consumption ,Total cost ,Nuclear engineering ,Life cycle ,Energy conservation ,Energy requirement ,Air temperature ,Degree hour ,Heating ,Building walls ,Thermal insulation ,Sustainable development ,Prospects ,Savings ,Heating energy requirements ,Energy ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Heat losses ,Architectural design ,Infiltration ,Fuel ,Energy & fuels ,Green & sustainable science & technology ,Walls (Structural Partitions) ,Rockwool ,Insulation ,Glazing ,Heating energy ,Optimum insulation thickness ,business ,Cooling degree-hours - Abstract
Heat loss from buildings has a considerable share in waste of energy especially in Turkey since no or little insulation is used in existing and new buildings. Therefore, energy savings can be obtained by determining of heat loss characteristics with using proper thickness of insulation. For this purpose, in this study, calculations of optimum insulation thickness are carried out on a prototype building in Bursa as a sample city. Considering long term and current outdoor air temperature records (from 1992 to 2005), degree-hour (DH) values are calculated, and the variation of annual energy requirement of the building is investigated for various architectural design properties (such as air infiltration rate, glazing type, and area). Then, the effects of the insulation thickness on the energy requirement and total cost are presented. Based on life cycle cost (LCC) analysis, the optimum insulation thicknesses are determined for different fuel types. As a conclusion, the length of the heating period is average 221 days, and the mean heating DH value is found as 45 113.2 besides changing between 38 000 and 55 000. The optimum insulation thicknesses for Bursa vary between 5.3 and 12.4 cm depending on fuel types. In addition to this, the variation in Turkey is more dramatically.
- Published
- 2008
48. The first and second law analysis of a lithium bromide/water coil absorber
- Author
-
Ömer Kaynakli, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., and Kaynaklı, Ömer
- Subjects
Exergy ,Absorption Refrigeration ,Solar Cooling ,Lithium Bromide ,Performance ,Thermodynamics ,Cooling water temperature ,Lithium ,Flow rate ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Absorption ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mass transfer ,Heat transfer ,Water cooling ,Absorption-refrigeration system ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Chemistry ,Lithium bromide ,Concentration (process) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Flow of water ,Lithium compounds ,Building and Construction ,Pollution ,Laws of thermodynamics ,Heat ,Energy & fuels ,Volumetric flow rate ,Exergy analysis ,General Energy ,Water cooling systems ,Electromagnetic coil ,Power ,Bromide ,Exergy efficiency ,Water coil absorber ,Cooling ,Countercurrent - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the irreversibilities in a coil absorber using lithium bromide solution and to determine the variation of the second law efficiency with some variables such as cooling water flow rate, solution flow rate, cooling water temperature and solution concentration. The influence of absorber performance parameters is examined on the basis of the first and second laws of thermodynamics for parallel and counter-current types. In this regard, the heat and mass transfer, the second law efficiency, the magnitude and place of exergy losses in two types of absorbers are estimated and discussed comprehensively. The results showed that increasing the cooling water flow rate and decreasing the cooling water inlet temperature increase the heat and mass transfer, and decrease the second law efficiency. The effect of the solution concentration on the efficiency in general is small. Whereas the irreversibility for the counter-current mode is greater than that of the parallel-current mode, the heat-mass transfer 3–19% and the second law efficiency 1–12% are higher.
- Published
- 2008
49. Thermodynamic analysis of absorption refrigeration system based on entropy generation
- Author
-
Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü., Kaynaklı, Ömer, and Yamankaradeniz, Recep
- Subjects
Optimization ,Absorption Refrigeration ,Solar Cooling ,Lithium Bromide ,Coefficient of performance ,Absorption refrigeration ,Performance ,Simulatıon ,Entropy generation ,2nd Law ,Multidisciplinary sciences ,Cycles ,Thermodynamic analysis ,Lithium bromide-water ,Ammonia-water ,Exergy ,Science & technology - Abstract
In this study, the first and second law thermodynamic analysis of a single-stage absorption refrigeration cycle with water/lithium bromide as working fluid pair is performed. Thermodynamic properties of each point in the cycle are calculated using related equations of state. Heat transfer rate of each component in the cycle and some performance parameters are calculated from the first law analysis. From the second law analysis, the entropy generation of each component (S-j) and the total entropy generation of all the system components (S-i) are obtained. Variation of the performance and entropy generation of the system are examined at various operating conditions. The results show that high coefficient of performance (COP) value is obtained at high generator and evaporator temperatures, and also at low condenser and absorber temperatures. With increasing generator temperature, total entropy generation of the system decreases. Whereas maximum entropy generation occurs in the generator at various operating conditions, entropy generation in the refrigerant heat exchanger, expansion valve and solution pump is negligibly small.
- Published
- 2007
50. Theoretical study on the effect of operating conditions on performance of absorption refrigeration system
- Author
-
Ömer Kaynakli, Muhsin Kilic, Uludağ Üniversitesi/Mühendislik Fakültesi/Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü., Kaynaklı, Ömer, Kılıç, Muhsin, and O-2253-2015
- Subjects
Optimization ,Absorption Refrigeration ,Solar Cooling ,Lithium Bromide ,Heat exchangers ,Evaporation ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Thermodynamics ,Aqueous ternary hydroxide ,Ambient-temperature ,Cycle ,Mechanics ,law.invention ,Absorption ,Refrigerant ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fluid dynamics ,law ,Refrigeration ,Heat exchanger ,Condenser (heat transfer) ,Water/lithium bromide ,Evaporator ,Energy ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Lithium bromide ,Lithium compounds ,Coefficient of performance ,Solution heat exchanger (SHE) ,Energy & fuels ,Fuel Technology ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,chemistry ,Absorption refrigerator ,Efficiency ratio ,Simulation - Abstract
In this study, a detailed thermodynamic analysis of the water/lithium bromide absorption refrigeration cycle is performed. The influences of operating temperature and effectiveness of heat exchanger on the thermal loads of components, coefficients of performance (COPc, COP) and efficiency ratio (eta) are investigated. It is concluded that the COPc and COP values increase with increasing generator and evaporator temperatures but decrease with increasing condenser and absorber temperatures. The eta value varies with these temperatures. Also, the effects of solution and refrigerant heat exchangers on the performance, efficiency ratio of the system and fluid temperatures are compared. As a result, it is found that the solution heat exchanger (SHE) has more effect on the investigated parameters than the refrigerant heat exchanger (RHE). While the SHE increases the COP value up to a maximum 44%, the RHE has an effect of only 2.8%.
- Published
- 2007
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