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6. Reconnaissance of 2016 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence

Author

Stewart J. P., Zimmaro P., Lanzo G., Mazzoni S., Ausilio E., Aversa S., Bozzoni F., Cairo R., Capatti M. C., Castiglia M., Chiabrando F., Chiaradonna A., D'Onofrio A., Dashti S., De Risi R., De Silva F., Della Pasqua F., Dezi F., Di Domenica A., Di Sarno L., Durante M. G., Falcucci E., Foti S., Franke K. W., Galadini F., Giallini S., Gori S., Kayen R. E., Kishida T., Lingua A., Lingwall B., Mucciacciaro M., Pagliaroli A., Passeri F., Pelekis P., Pizzi A., Reimschiissel B., Santo A., De Magistris F. S., Scasserra G., Sextos A., Sica S., Silvestri F., Simonelli A. L., Spano A., Tommasi P., Tropeano G., DI SARNO, LUIGI, Stewart, J. P., Zimmaro, P., Lanzo, G., Mazzoni, S., Ausilio, E., Aversa, S., Bozzoni, F., Cairo, R., Capatti, M. C., Castiglia, M., Chiabrando, F., Chiaradonna, A., D'Onofrio, A., Dashti, S., De Risi, R., De Silva, F., Della Pasqua, F., Dezi, F., Di Domenica, A., Di Sarno, L., Durante, M. G., Falcucci, E., Foti, S., Franke, K. W., Galadini, F., Giallini, S., Gori, S., Kayen, R. E., Kishida, T., Lingua, A., Lingwall, B., Mucciacciaro, M., Pagliaroli, A., Passeri, F., Pelekis, P., Pizzi, A., Reimschiissel, B., Santo, A., De Magistris, F. S., Scasserra, G., Sextos, A., Sica, S., Silvestri, F., Simonelli, A. L., Spano, A., Tommasi, P., and Tropeano, G.

Subjects
geotechnical, Event (relativity), 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Reconnaissance, earthquake, Italy, central, geotechnical, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Geophysics, damage patterns, Arquata del Tronto, Normal fault, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Sequence (medicine), Central Italy EQs, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Amatrice, reconnaissance of geotechnical aspects, Central Italy earthquake sequence, Italy, earthquake, central, site effects, Geology, Seismology, Reconnaissance, Central Italy EQs, reconnaissance of geotechnical aspects
Abstract

The Central Italy earthquake sequence nominally began on 24 August 2016 with a M6.1 event on a normal fault that produced devastating effects in the town of Amatrice and several nearby villages and hamlets. A major international response was undertaken to record the effects of this disaster, including surface faulting, ground motions, landslides, and damage patterns to structures. This work targeted the development of high-value case histories useful to future research. Subsequent events in October 2016 exacerbated the damage in previously affected areas and caused damage to new areas in the north, particularly the relatively large town of Norcia. Additional reconnaissance after a M6.5 event on 30 October 2016 documented and mapped several large landslide features and increased damage states for structures in villages and hamlets throughout the region. This paper provides an overview of the reconnaissance activities undertaken to document and map these and other effects, and highlights valuable lessons learned regarding faulting and ground motions, engineering effects, and emergency response to this disaster.

Published
2018
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7. Engineering reconnaissance following the August 24, 2016 M6.0 Central Italy Earthquake

Author

Stewart J. P., Lanzo G., Alexander N., Aversa S., Bozzoni F., Castiglia M., Chiabrando F., Chiaradonna A., D'Onofrio A., Dashti S., De Risi R., De Silva F., Di Pietra V., Di Sarno L., Durante M. G., Falcucci E., Foti S., Fragiadakis M., Franke K., Galadini F., Giallini S., Gori S., Grasso N., Katsiveli E., Kayen R. E., Kishida T., Mucciacciaro M., Mylonakis G., Pagliaroli A., Penna A., Psycharis I., Reimschiissel B., Santucci de Magistris F., Scasserra G., Sextos A., Sica S., Silvestri F., Simonelli A. L., Tommasi P., Vintzilaiou E., Zimmaro P., Stewart, J. P., Lanzo, G., Alexander, N., Aversa, S., Bozzoni, F., Castiglia, M., Chiabrando, F., Chiaradonna, A., D'Onofrio, A., Dashti, S., De Risi, R., De Silva, F., Di Pietra, V., Di Sarno, L., Durante, M. G., Falcucci, E., Foti, S., Fragiadakis, M., Franke, K., Galadini, F., Giallini, S., Gori, S., Grasso, N., Katsiveli, E., Kayen, R. E., Kishida, T., Mucciacciaro, M., Mylonakis, G., Pagliaroli, A., Penna, A., Psycharis, I., Reimschiissel, B., Santucci de Magistris, F., Scasserra, G., Sextos, A., Sica, S., Silvestri, F., Simonelli, A. L., Tommasi, P., Vintzilaiou, E., and Zimmaro, P.

Published
2017

8. Engineering Reconnaissance of the 24 August 2016 Central Italy Earthquake. Version 2

Author

Stewart, J. P., Lanzo, G., Aversa, S., Bozzoni, F., Dashti, S., Di Sarno, L., Durante, M. G., Simonelli, A. L., Penna, A., Foti, S., Chiabrando, F., Grasso, N., Di Pietra, V., Franke, K., Reimschiissel, B., Galadini, F., Falcucci, E., Gori, S., Kayen, R. E., Kishida, T., Mylonakis, G., Katsiveli, E., Pagliaroli, A., Giallini, S., Pelekis, P., Psycharis, I., Scasserra, G., Santucci de Magistris, F., Castiglia, M., Fierro, T., Mignelli, L., Sextos, A., Alexander, N., De Risi, R., Sica, S., Mucciacciaro, M., Silvestri, F., D'Onofrio, A., Chiaradonna, A., De Silva, F., Tommasi, P., Tropeano, G., and Zimmaro, P.

Published
2016

9. Seismological and geotechnical aspects of the Mw=6.3 l’Aquila earthquake in central Italy on 6 April 2009

Author

Lanzo G., Di Capua G., Kayen R. E., Kieffer D. S., Button E., Biscontin G., Scasserra G., Tommasi P., Pagliaroli A., Violante C., Simonelli A. L., Puglia R., Mylonakis G., Athanasopoulos G., Vlahakis V., Stewart J. P., SILVESTRI, FRANCESCO, D'ONOFRIO, ANNA, Lanzo, G., Di Capua, G., Kayen, R. E., Kieffer, D. S., Button, E., Biscontin, G., Scasserra, G., Tommasi, P., Pagliaroli, A., Silvestri, Francesco, D'Onofrio, Anna, Violante, C., Simonelli, A. L., Puglia, R., Mylonakis, G., Athanasopoulos, G., Vlahakis, V., and Stewart, J. P.

Abstract

The L’Aquila earthquake occurred on April 6 2009 at 03:32:39 local time. The earthquake (Mw=6.3) was located in the central Italy region of Abruzzo. Much of the damage occurred in the capital city of L’Aquila, a city of approximate population 73000, although many small villages in the surrounding region of the middle Aterno river valley were also significantly damaged. In the weeks following the earthquake, the Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) international team, comprised of members from different European countries and the U.S., was assembled to provide post-earthquake field reconnaissance. The GEER team focused on the geological, seismological, and geotechnical engineering aspects of the event. We describe the principal seismological findings related to this earthquake including moment tensors of the main shock and two triggered events, the aftershock pattern and its variation with time, tectonic deformations associated with the main shock, surface fault rupture, and the inferred fault rupture plane. We describe damage patterns on a village-to-village scale and on a more local scale within the city of L’Aquila. In many cases the damage patterns imply site effects, as neighbouring villages on rock and soil had significantly different damage intensities (damage more pronounced on softer sediments). The April 6 mainshock was the best-recorded event to date in Italy. We present metadata related to the recording sites and then present preliminary comparisons of the data to GMPEs. Those comparisons support the notion of faster distance attenuation in Italy relative to the average for active regions as reflected in NGA GMPEs. Several incidents of ground failure are then discussed, including a number of rockfalls and minor landslides. Perhaps the most significant incidents of ground failure occurred at Lake Sinizzo, for which we describe a number of slumps and spreads around the lake perimeter. This is documented using field observations as well as LIDAR and bathymetric data.

Published
2010

14. New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina. IV: Orleans East Bank (Metro) Protected Basin

Author

Seed, R. B., primary, Bea, R. G., additional, Athanasopoulos-Zekkos, A., additional, Boutwell, G. P., additional, Bray, J. D., additional, Cheung, C., additional, Cobos-Roa, D., additional, Cohen-Waeber, J., additional, Collins, B. D., additional, Harder, L. F., additional, Kayen, R. E., additional, Pestana, J. M., additional, Riemer, M. F., additional, Rogers, J. D., additional, Storesund, R., additional, Vera-Grunauer, X., additional, and Wartman, J., additional

Published
2008
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15. Investigation of Levee Performance in Hurricane Katrina: The New Orleans Drainage Canals

Author

Seed, R. B., primary, Bea, R. G., additional, Athanasopoulos, A. G., additional, Boutwell, G. P., additional, Bray, J. D., additional, Cheung, C., additional, Collins, B. D., additional, Cobos-Roa, D., additional, Cohen-Waeber, J., additional, Harder, L. F., additional, Kayen, R. E., additional, Moss, R. E. S., additional, Pestana, J. M., additional, Porter, J., additional, Riemer, M. F., additional, Rogers, J. D., additional, Storesund, R., additional, Vera-Grunauer, X., additional, and Wartman, J., additional

Published
2007
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16. Investigation of the Performance of the New Orleans Regional Flood Protection Systems during Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned

Author

Yim, S., primary, Wenk, E., additional, Watkins, C. M., additional, Wartman, J., additional, Seed, R. B., additional, Bea, R. G., additional, Abdelmalak, R. I., additional, Athanasopoulos, A. G., additional, Boutwell, G. P., additional, Bray, J. D., additional, Briaud, J.-L., additional, Cheung, C., additional, Collins, B. D., additional, Cohen-Waeber, J., additional, Cobos-Roa, D., additional, Farber, D., additional, Hanenmann, M., additional, Harder, L. F., additional, Inkabi, K. S., additional, Kammerer, A. M., additional, Karadeniz, D., additional, Kayen, R. E., additional, Moss, R. E. S., additional, Nicks, J., additional, Nimala, S., additional, Pestana, J. M., additional, Porter, J., additional, Rhee, K., additional, Riemer, M. F., additional, Roberts, K., additional, Rogers, J. D., additional, Storesund, R., additional, Govindasamy, A. V., additional, and Vera-Grunauer, X., additional

Published
2007
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17. Investigation of Levee Performance in Hurricane Katrina: The Inner Harbor Navigation Channel

Author

Seed, R. B., primary, Bea, R. G., additional, Athanasopoulos, A. G., additional, Boutwell, G. P., additional, Bray, J. D., additional, Cheung, C., additional, Collins, B. D., additional, Cobos-Roa, D., additional, Harder, L. F., additional, Kayen, R. E., additional, Pestana, J. M., additional, Porter, J., additional, Riemer, M. F., additional, Rogers, J. D., additional, Storesund, R., additional, Vera-Grunauer, X., additional, and Wartman, J., additional

Published
2007
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21. Reassessment Of Seismically Induced, Tsunamigenic Submarine Slope Failures In Port Valdez, Alaska, USA.

Author

Lykousis, Vasilis, Sakellariou, Dimitris, Lee, H. J., Ryan, H. F., Haeussler, P. J., Kayen, R. E., Hampton, M. A., Locat, Jacques, Suleimani, E., and Alexander, C. R.

Abstract

The M9.2 Alaska earthquake of 1964 caused major damage to the port facilities and town of Valdez, most of it the result of submarine landslide and the consequent tsunamis. Recent bathymetric multibeam surveys, high-resolution subbottom profiles, and dated sediment cores in Port Valdez supply new information about the morphology and character of the landslide deposits. A comparison of pre- and post-earthquake bathymetry provides an estimate of the net volume of landslide debris deposited in the basin and the volume of sediment removed from the source region. Landslide features include (1) large blocks (up to 40-m high) near the location of the greatest tsunamiwave runup (~50 m), (2) two debris lobes associated with the blocks, (3) a series of gullies, channels and talus, near the fjord-head delta and badly damaged old town of Valdez, and (4) the front of a debris lobe that flowed half-way down the fjord from the east end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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22. Submarine Slope Failures Near Seward, Alaska, During The M9.2 1964 Earthquake.

Author

Lykousis, Vasilis, Sakellariou, Dimitris, Locat, Jacques, Haeussler, P. J., Lee, H. J., Ryan, H. F., Labay, K., Kayen, R. E., Hampton, M. A., and Suleimani, E.

Abstract

Following the 1964 M9.2 megathrust earthquake in southern Alaska, Seward was the only town hit by tsunamis generated from both submarine landslides and tectonic sources. Within 45 seconds of the start of the earthquake, a 1.2-km-long section of waterfront began sliding seaward, and soon after, ~6-8-m high waves inundated the town. Studies soon after the earthquake concluded that submarine landslides along the Seward waterfront generated the tsunamis that occurred immediately after the earthquake. We analyze pre- and post-earthquake bathymetry data to assess the location and extent of submarine mass failures and sediment transport. New NOAA multibeam bathymetry shows the morphology of the entire fjord at 15 m resolution. We also assembled all older soundings from smooth sheets for comparison to the multibeam dataset. We gridded the sounding data, applied corrections for coseismic subsidence, post-seismic rebound, unrecovered co-seismic subsidence, sea-level rise (vertical datum shift), and measurement errors. The difference grids show changes resulting from the 1964 earthquake. We estimate the total volume of slide material to be about 211 million m3. Most of this material was transported to a deep, flat area, which we refer to as "the bathtub", about 6 to 13 km south of Seward. Sub-bottom profiling of the bathtub shows an acoustically transparent unit, which we interpret as a sediment flow deposit resulting from the submarine landslides. The scale of the submarine landslides and the distance over which sediment was transported is much larger than previously appreciated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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23. Grouted sediment slices show signs of earthquake shaking

Author

Atwater, B. F., primary, Burrell, K. S., additional, Cisternas V, M., additional, Higman, B., additional, Barnhardt, W. A., additional, Kayen, R. E., additional, Minasian, D., additional, Satake, K., additional, Shimokawa, K., additional, Haraguchi, T., additional, Takada, K., additional, Baker, D., additional, and Nakata, T., additional

Published
2001
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25. UAV-based reconnaissance and analysis of a large seismic-induced landslide in central Italy

Author

Franke, K. W., Kayen, R. E., Santo, A., Filiberto Chiabrando, Blonquist, J., Barrett, B., Franke, K. W., Kayen, R. E., Santo, A., Chiabrando, F., Blonquist, J., and Barrett, B.

Abstract

Three large earthquakes (Mw 6.0, 5.9, and 6.5) impacted regions of Central Italy August 24, October 26, and October 30 in 2016. Following the Mw6.5 event on October 30, a large wedge-type landslide occurred above the Nera River, approximately 1 kilometer west of Visso. The landslide initiated above the highway Strade Provinciale 209, producing a significant amount of talus that dammed the river and flooded the highway. Because of the challenging site conditions, traditional forms of remote sensing including terrestrial laser scanning were not feasible to perform. This paper presents in innovative solution that was applied for documenting and modeling this landslide. The solution involved the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mounted with a small video camera, and structure from motion (SfM) computer vision image processing for three dimensional point cloud and digital terrain model development. The equipment, methods, and workflow applied in the reconnaissance and modeling of the landslide are described. Results of geostructural and failure mechanism analyses performed on the UAV-based point cloud model are presented. The study ultimately demonstrates the potential usefulness and robustness of UAV-based remote sensing methods

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