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The availability and prevalence of online gambling have significantly increased worldwide in the past 25 years. Connections have been established between online gambling and specific demographic characteristics, as well as gambling problems. In 2017, Pennsylvania legalized online gambling. Following legalization, the state saw a rapid expansion in online gambling availability, expanding into lottery, online casinos, and online sports betting. As part of this legislation, an annual assessment of the population prevalence of online gambling participation in the state of Pennsylvania is to occur. This study represents the first annual assessment of the impacts of legalized online gambling on Pennsylvania residents and establishes the 2020–2021 prevalence rate of online gambling within the state. A Dual Frame Random Digit Dial survey was conducted and 1,158 Pennsylvanians' participated in a 5-min telephone survey. Data were weighted to approximate the population of Pennsylvania. The results showed that approximately 11.1% of Pennsylvanians had engaged in online gambling in the previous 12 months. Furthermore, it was determined that 43.9% of the online gamblers had experienced at least one gambling problem in the previous 12 months. The results of this study have implications for the development of materials for the prevention of problem gambling and public policy for online gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers in the biological and behavioural sciences are increasingly conducting collaborative, multi-sited projects to address how phenomena vary across ecologies. These types of projects, however, pose additional workflow challenges beyond those typically encountered in single-sited projects. Through specific attention to cross-cultural research projects, we highlight four key aspects of multi-sited projects that must be considered during the design phase to ensure success: (1) project and team management; (2) protocol and instrument development; (3) data management and documentation; and (4) equitable and collaborative practices. Our recommendations are supported by examples from our experiences collaborating on the Evolutionary Demography of Religion project, a mixed-methods project collecting data across five countries in collaboration with research partners in each host country. To existing discourse, we contribute new recommendations around team and project management, introduce practical recommendations for exploring the validity of instruments through qualitative techniques during piloting, highlight the importance of good documentation at all steps of the project, and demonstrate how data management workflows can be strengthened through open science practices. While this project was rooted in cross-cultural human behavioural ecology and evolutionary anthropology, lessons learned from this project are applicable to multi-sited research across the biological and behavioural sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fear of failure (FF) energizes individuals to avoid failure because of the learned aversive consequences of failing (e.g., shame). Although FF is socialized in childhood, little is known about the meaning of scores from FF measures used with children and adolescents. This study addresses that void by establishing a preliminary nomological network for FF scores from a younger population than has previously been studied. Girls (N = 97) aged 8 to 18 years (M = 13.2) completed measures of FF, situational motivation, sport anxiety, self-esteem, physical self-concept, and social competence during the first week of a recreational softball league. Results indicated that FF scores were positively associated with age. General FF also was associated with higher levels of sport anxiety and lower levels of self-determined motivation, self-esteem, skill-related physical self-concept, and social competence. Age did not moderate any of these relationships; thus, aspects of the nomological network for interpreting FF scores from the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory can be extended to children as young as age 8. (Contains 2 tables.)

Health and wellness coaching (HWC) is an effective intervention for lifestyle disease such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The evolving HWC profession needs recommendations to guide clinical practice, particularly the appropriate dose of coaching. The purpose of this paper was to systematically review and synthesize HWC literature to derive HWC programming recommendations. Of 102 papers retrieved, 88 were retained with data extracted determining HWC session number, frequency, duration, program length, and total coaching load. Differential analysis yielded no statistical difference in programming variables for randomized control trials and other designs, nor for studies with significant findings v. those not finding statistical significance, allowing these data to be pooled. The HWC intervention for obesity was slightly more intense (15 sessions over 7-8 mo) than the diabetes programming (12 sessions over 9-10 mo). On average, HWC programming applied in the peer-reviewed literature was 12-15 sessions of 35-40 min duration over 7-9 months. These recommendations for HWC programming variables are put forth as initial practice guidelines and should be examined with comparative effectiveness study for optimization. HWC best practice guidelines for other patient groups (e.g., heart disease, cancer, and chronic pain) should also be studied once an adequate literature data base is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the economic impacts of violence can continue long after a relationship has ended and how the family law system is a generally unhelpful tool for financial recovery from abuse. Hurdles in the legal system such as the unavailability of legal aid and the absence of affordable legal representation, lack of legislative reforms in relation to property division in cases of violence, and difficulties in enforcing orders, compound experiences of violence and entrench poverty. Reforms to improve the family law property system for victims of violence are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite emerging evidence of a link between parental involvement and student-athletes' (SA) experiences, and the desire for educational programming for parents of these SAs, previous research has been limited to the Division I level. This has prevented the ability to inform, develop, and deliver parent programming across the NCAA's diverse membership. The present study was designed to descriptively assess SA reports of parental involvement (i.e., support, contact, academic engagement, athletic engagement) across NCAA Division I, II, and III member institutions and examine the potential impact of this involvement on SAs' experiences (i.e., academic self-efficacy, athletic satisfaction, well-being, individuation). Participants were 455 SAs (53% female; 81% Caucasian; Mage = 19.81, SD = 1.65) from DI (30%), DII (37%), and DIII (33%) institutions, who completed an online survey with items assessing parental involvement and SA experiences. Regarding academic classification, 32% were freshmen, 24% sophomores, 22% juniors, and 22% seniors. Results provide novel evidence for an absence of division-wide differences in average levels of involvement and no variability in links between involvement and SA experiences across divisions. Results complement and extend previous research by offering a clearer understanding of differential associations between involvement and SAs' experiences regardless of division, notably that involvement bolstered well-being but also strongly detracted from individuation. Findings highlight the importance of developing programs to promote positive and developmentally-appropriate parental involvement across the spectrum of intercollegiate athletics, especially given the absence of evidence-based resources presently offered by the NCAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Army Family Advocacy Program (Army FAP) strives to prevent family violence and intervene to reduce the deleterious effects of exposure to family violence. This paper examines the individual, family, community, and treatment factors associated with family violence revictimization. Case files of 134 families with substantiated child maltreatment and associated Army FAP interventions that closed in 2013 were coded across risk and protective factors and intervention characteristics and were matched to Army Central Registry files to identify revictimization rates through 2017. Revictimization, experienced by 23% of families, was predicted by community risk and reduced by intervention dose. With the high rates of relocations, housing or neighborhood issues, and the isolation military families experience and the relationship of these concerns to repeated family violence, identifying the impact of community risk is particularly important. Similarly, research that elucidates the effective treatment components is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment that accurately categorizes families' risk for family violence (i.e., intimate partner violence and child maltreatment) and identifies areas of family need is essential for prevention program planning, practice, and resource allocation. The Family Needs Screener (FNS) assesses risk for intimate partner violence and child maltreatment. It is used as a tool to prioritize those who are in the greatest need of services as well as plan prevention efforts in selected prevention services offered to military families. To date, no peer-reviewed studies examine the factor structure of the FNS. In this study, we examined measurement aspects of the FNS as an assessment tool in identifying risk of family violence. Data were drawn from Army families (N = 18,159) who were screened between 2009 and 2013 and matched to substantiated cases of family violence. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was used to examine the factor structure, measurement invariance, and predictive validity of the FNS. Results supported a shortened measure with a five-factor structure and full gender invariance. In particular, relationship issues were predictive of both intimate partner violence and child maltreatment. In addition, family of origin/history of family violence was predictive of substantiated cases of child maltreatment. Findings support the use of the FNS to assess risk, allocate, and plan for services in an Army population. Implications for scale modifications and use, as well as prevention efforts, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a self-report instrument to measure antisocial sport behavior, labeled the Antisocial Sport Behavior Survey (ASBS), among large and diverse samples of athletes is reported. Grounded in the social cognitive theory of moral thought and action (Bandura, 1991) and interpersonal theory (Horowitz, 2004), this instrument was developed and tested in accordance with the traditions of construct validity and classical test theory (Gehlback & Brinkworth, 2011). In Phase 1,272 college-aged competitive sport participants confirmed a theoretical structure of antisocial sport behavior including eight factors (hypercompetitive, intimidating, antagonistic, disrespectful, exploitable, overly accommodating, abetting, and melodramatic). Phase 2 reports on item development and the response structure of the instrument. In Phase 3, evidence of structural validity and external validity for the ASBS was established with 340 college-aged competitive sport participants. The ASBS presents as a promising new instrument to advance understanding of antisocial sport behavior acts committed by competitive athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical fitness and health/wellness coaching (HWC) are emerging health care trends but potential synergistic effects are yet to be studied. Purpose. To determine the impact of integrating HWC within a community-based medical fitness program for patients with chronic health conditions. Methods. A before and after clinical trial, examining 3 frequency levels of coaching sessions, with Journey-to-Wellness (J2W) participants (N = 1306) who were predominately female (76%), aged 12 to 87 years (mean ± SD = 53.54 ± 14.34 years), and referred by their health care provider. Over 3 months, J2W emphasized HWC, exercise, nutrition counseling, and group/interactive events. HWC averaged 4.4 ± 2.5 sessions and was analyzed at 3 levels (0-3; 4-6; 6+ sessions). Pre-post measures were Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Positivity, General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Dartmouth Quality of Life (QoL), Lifestyle Nutrition Behavior (LNB), Pain, exercise minutes, weight, waist circumference, and systolic/diastolic blood pressures. Results. J2W intervention significantly (P <.01) improved all outcomes. Between 20% and 43% improvements were observed for PHQ-9, GAD-7, QoL while LNB improved 7.5%, and biometrics between 1% and 2.2%. Greater frequency of HWC enhanced J2W effect for PHQ-9 and QoL with weight and GAD approaching significance. Conclusion. J2W programming produced measurable improvement in health metrics, with greater HWC frequency adding to these beneficial effects, providing a powerful community-based health intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019 Addendum, in conjunction with the original health and wellness coaching (HWC) Compendium, organizes HWC literature with the aim of assisting researchers while providing a resource for practitioners. The 2019 Addendum to the HWC Compendium extends the initial work by adding HWC-related literature published in the past 2 years. The 2019 Addendum divides articles retrieved into 8 categories, including a new miscellaneous section complementing categories examining HWC effects on cancer, cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, obesity, and wellness. The 2019 Addendum again provides in-depth information about the nature, quality, and results from each article in a detailed spreadsheet provided as an electronic appendix. The 2019 Addendum contributes another 104 peer-reviewed coaching-related articles to the HWC Compendium. This most recent research again describes HWC as a favorable intervention with treatment potential in all categories, though only 3 new cancer articles were included in the 2019 Addendum. Trends in HWC (ie, e-coaching and group coaching) are identified, and there is also discussion of future research needs. In conclusion, the field of HWC continues to grow, as does the research describing this clinical practice; the 2019 Addendum to the Compendium of HWC organizes and assists understanding of this literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the fear of failure and perfectionism constructs by analyzing their latent structure as well as their motivational antecedents and consequences. College students (N = 372) enrolled in physical activity classes completed a battery of questionnaires assessing fear of failure, perfectionism, approach and avoidance motivational temperaments, and 2 x 2 achievement goals. Structural equation modeling revealed that responses were best summarized by two correlated factors representing perfectionistic strivings and concerns. Avoidance temperament was positively associated with both forms of incompetence avoidance; however, approach temperament was positively related only to perfectionist strivings. Perfectionistic concerns were positively related to the adoption of mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance goals and negatively related to the adoption of mastery-approach goals. Perfectionistic strivings were positively associated with both approach goals. These results indicate that strivings to avoid incompetence can be distinguished with respect to their latent structure, temperamental antecedents, and motivational consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research tested a model of social-cognitive influences on situational motivation (i.e., youths' reasons for participating in sport at a given moment in time) via youths' 2 × 2 achievement goals. Boys and girls (N = 165) participating in a summer swim league completed measures of their achievement goals and situational motivation on multiple occasions during a 6-week period; they also rated the coaching climate at the end of the season. All Situational Motivation Scale responses exhibited acceptable levels of longitudinal factorial invariance. Latent growth curve analyses revealed that intrinsic motivation and identified regulation did not appear to change over the course of the season; however, external regulation and amotivation increased significantly during that period. Youths' perceptions of an avoidance-oriented coaching climate predicted corresponding residualized change in their own achievement goals over the season. Additionally, residualized change in youths' mastery-avoidance goals (i.e., focus on avoiding self-referenced incompetence) was positively linked to the rate at which external regulation and amotivation scores changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using self-determination theory and the theory of emerging adulthood as frameworks, the present study investigated dyadic associations for the effect of parental support on college student–athletes' need satisfaction, and the effect of need satisfaction on student–athletes' adjustment. Fifty NCAA Division I student–athletes and a corresponding parent (N = 50) completed online surveys. Student–athletes' and parents reported parental support (i.e., parental responsiveness and basic needs satisfaction) and student–athletes' reported college adjustment (i.e., academic self-efficacy, athletic satisfaction, and individuation). Interpersonal models demonstrated both parent and student–athlete reported parental responsiveness was associated with higher levels of need satisfaction. Student–athlete reports of need satisfaction was related to reduced emotional independence, while parental reports of need satisfaction were related to enhanced academic self-efficacy. Findings support the central role of parental support for student–athletes in college; however, negotiating the balance between providing support and encouraging emotional independence remains a challenge for parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health and wellness coaching (HWC) for lifestyle behavior change is emerging as a practice, role, and profession, in diverse health care, employee wellness, and community settings. Health care professionals apply HWC as a behavior change methodology for the prevention and treatment of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, cancer, and other chronic disorders. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive and organized compendium of HWC literature. To date, extant HWC literature remains scattered with no meaningful summary accessible. Lack of comprehensive summary stems from lack of consensus on HWC definition and standards. We applied a recently proposed, standardized definition of HWC to determine compendium inclusion criteria for peer-reviewed, data-based literature from relevant search engines (ie, PubMed, PsychInfo, and CINAHL). A systematic review process was executed and ultimately yielded 219 articles meeting HWC inclusion criteria. Of these, 150 were data-based and the remainder were expert opinion or review-style articles. A summary of results generally reveals HWC as a promising intervention for chronic diseases though further research is needed in most categories. The resulting HWC compendium organizes and describes the quantity and quality of available literature for the use and benefit of HWC practitioners and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to provide an empirical examination of how complementary medicine practice in Australia is actually regulated under the current national registration model.Methods: Data was obtained from Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) Annual Reports for the years 2011/12-2014/15 and supplemented by the Chinese Medical Registration Board of Victoria (CMRBV) Annual Reports in 2011/12 for Chinese Medicine complaints. The data analysed includes complaint statistics, stage of closure of complaints and the outcome of complaints concerning Chinese medicine, chiropractic and osteopathy under the National Law.Results: During 2014-2015 the number of complaints per 100 registrants for was highest for the medical board (4.4), while much lower for the chiropractic (1.5), osteopath (0.7) and Chinese medicine (0.5) boards. For conventional boards, 58% of complaints were closed at the assessment stage, while 57%, 29% and 16% of complaints to the osteopath, Chinese medicine and chiropractic boards respectively were closed at the assessment stage. The decision to suspend or cancel registration of health professionals was 17% from the Chinese medicine board, 14% from the Osteopathy Board, 1.5% from the chiropractor board and 0.6% from the medical board.Conclusion: It appears that complementary medicine practitioner regulation works at least as well as conventional regulation, and at most complementary medicine boards take a stricter interpretation of misconduct though more research would need to be undertaken to state this definitively. Our findings indicate that the public are using the statutory complaint mechanisms available to them with respect to the three CM groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent concern has focused on the difficulties faced by victims of family violence who are personally cross-examined by the alleged perpetrator of that violence or are required to personally cross-examine the alleged perpetrator of that violence in family law proceedings. Not only can such personal cross-examination be traumatising and intimidating, but it might lead to unsafe consent orders and disadvantageous property settlements. Nor is it likely to produce the high quality evidence required by the court. These concerns are not new and have been the subject of discussion and/or recommendation in several past enquiries. Protections from personal cross examination exist for alleged victims of sexual assault in criminal proceedings in all state and territory jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions provide similar protections to alleged victims of family violence in criminal and civil protection order proceedings. In family law proceedings there are no express protections for victims. On 17 July 2017, the Attorney-General released a Public Consultation Paper and an exposure draft of a Bill to address this gap in family law proceedings. This article analyses the model presented in the Bill. We argue that more detailed exploration of the problem of personal cross-examination and how best to address it in family law proceedings is required before implementing legislative reform in this area. We note that the Australian Institute of Family Studies has recently been commissioned to conduct research in this area that will go some way to addressing gaps in knowledge in this area, however, we also argue that further research needs to be conducted about how the various state and territory approaches to address personal cross-examination operate in practice and how such reforms might be translated to the family law arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of the new 'No Jab, No Pay' and 'No Jab, No Play' laws on future Family Court disputes between parents in relation to immunisation of children. The article reviews previous disputes in relation to immunisation, looking particularly at what evidence has been required by the court in disputes and how the courts have formulated the best interests of the child in these disputes. Given that most cases result in orders for immunisation of children, the article recommends that such cases should be settled without lengthy litigation, but recognises that the entrenched views of the parties in these disputes prevent settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of achievement motivation on precompetitive anxiety was examined in 73 dyads comprising youth athletes and a parent of each athlete. Participants completed questionnaires assessing achievement goals and anxiety. Actor–partner interdependence models were estimated using Mplus 7.11. Parents’ adoption of performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals predicted athletes’ worry (βperformance-approach=.30,p<.01; βperformance-avoidance=.25,p<.05). Athletes’ adoption of any goal predicted parents’ concentration disruption (βmastery-approach=.41; βmastery-avoidance=.30,p<.01; βperformance-approach=.27; βperformance-avoidance=.22,p<.05). Thus, parental definitions of competence held for the child was related to their young athlete's emotional state and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplement use among athletes is predictive of later doping (Backhouse, Whitaker, & Petroczi, 2011; Lucidi, Zelli, Mallia, Gramo, Russo, & Violani, 2008). Thus, understanding predictors of legal supplement use in sports can be useful for potentially reducing later use of illegal, performance-enhancing substances. The purposes of the present study were to examine (1) the frequency of use and main reasons for use and (2) the individual (task and ego orientation) and social (motivational climate and team norms) predictors of use for six substances separately. Male collegiate athletes (N = 141) from four sports completed questionnaires assessing substance use, goal orientation, motivational climate, and team norms regarding use of each substance. Frequency of use as well as main reasons for use varied among the six substances. Team norm approving of the substance was the strongest and most consistent predictor of substance use, predicting higher use of protein powder, caffeine, glutamine, and multivitamins. Higher task orientation predicted lower use of multivitamins, while greater ego orientation and lower performance climate predicted higher use of protein powder. Results emphasize the important role teammates play in predicting athletes’ supplement use. In addition, as results varied from substance to substance, future research should consider substances independently rather than as groups in analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines the results of an Australian study examining the experiences of 40 women who have had to negotiate and facilitate contact arrangements with an ex-partner who has abused them. Those results are supplemented by findings from interviews with 22 individuals and representatives of bodies professionally involved in the process of facilitating the development or implementation of child contact arrangements. It was found that for most of the women the end of the relationship had not meant an end to violence towards them. Much of that violence was linked in some way to the negotiation or exercise of child contact It was also found that the protection of women and children was frequently overlooked in the process of negotiating and implementing child contact arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]