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This study aims to develop a measurement tool that will enable the determination of school administrators' and teachers' opinions on educational technologies. The items prepared by scanning the literature were presented to the opinions of the experts. Following the opinions, the 51-item trial form was applied to a total of 406 administrators and teachers, 249 women and 157 men working in the project high schools in the central and districts of Izmir in the 2018-2019 spring term for pre-application. The results of the factor analysis showed that the scale had four factors explaining 55.64% of the total variance. The last application was performed with a total of 636 administrators and teachers, including 385 women and 251 men, and the construct validity of the measurement tool was reevaluated. Exploratory factor analysis was applied, and it was deemed appropriate to continue the analysis with 37 variables and six factors consisting of these variables. It was determined that the six factors obtained explained 60.17% of the total variance. The determined factors are; "Concerns about educational technologies", "opinions about the contribution of educational technologies to education", "opinions about the concept of educational technologies", "criticisms about educational technologies", "benefits related to the use of educational technologies in educational environments" and "opinions about the scope of educational technologies". As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis performed with the data set, it seems that the ratio of the scale's Chi-square Test (?[superscript 2]) to degrees of freedom (X[superscript 2]/df) is 4.1; GFI, 0.88; CFI, 0.95; NFI, 0.95; NNFI, 0.95; IFI, 0.95; RMSEA, 0.08; and SRMR, 0.05. Considering the suggested values in the literature, it is seen that GFI is slightly below the limit, RMSEA and ?[superscript 2]/df are acceptable, while other fit indices are excellent. Since the fit indexes should be evaluated as a whole, the scale can be said to have a good structure. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale whose reliability studies were completed was determined as [alpha]=0.89.

Reading is the most basic tool used in learning and acquiring knowledge. Reading skills gained through education plays an active role in gaining different kinds of knowledge and skills in school life. It is very important for students to have sufficient reading skills in the first grades of primary school. Because this skill plays a key role in success when faced with advanced academic education throughout their education. Otherwise, the student is unable to fulfill the overlapping academic responsibilities and develops a negative attitude towards school and education. Qualitative research method was used in the research. The study group consists of 76 classroom teachers working in various primary schools in Izmir in the 2019-2020 academic year. The personal information form questionnaire and open-ended questions developed by the researcher were asked to the study group, the obtained answers were analyzed with the content analysis method and the results were interpreted.

The main purpose of this study is to determine the gifted students' self-efficacy of educational technology for technology and design. It is also aimed to find out whether there is a statistically significant difference in terms of the gender, the special talent area, the type of school, the grade level, the education level and income rate of families, and the preference of using information and communication technologies. In this study quantitative method was preferred and descriptive screening model was used since it was aimed to determine the students' self-efficacy. The research was conducted with 1.376 pupils who were students in twelve Science and Art Centers in different regions of Turkey. As a data collection tool, "The Self-Efficacy of Educational Technologies for Technology and Design Scale" developed by Author (2019) was used. The scale was prepared in 5-point Likert type and consisted of 4 sub-factors with 20 items. It was found that the four-factor structure explained 52.45% of the total variance for the concept to be measured. Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency coefficient value of the scale was a =0.89. According to the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results, the items of the scale were grouped under the title of sub-factors as "Technology and Design", "Problem Solving", "Appropriate Tool Selection and the Use of Technology". The scale was found to be highly compatible in terms of current compliance values. According to the results of the research, it was found that the gifted students' self-efficacy of educational technology for technology and design was at "Good" (x-bar=3.86 / x-bar=77.26). In addition, while there was no significant difference in terms of the gifted students' self-efficacy of educational technologies for technology and design according to the gender variable, statistically significant difference was found according to the special talent area, the type of school, the grade level, the education level and income rate of their families, and the preference of using information and communication technologies. According to the results of the research, it is observed that gifted students were at "Good" level in terms of the results of the sub factors "the Use of Technology", "the Problem Solving Skills and the Appropriate Tool Selection and the Technology and Design". By the way it can be said that the individualized education program and individual talent recognition program that special talented individuals follow in Science and Art Centers generally meet the efficiency gains.

To determine the possible impact of over-exploitation on the genetic structure of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) populations, three natural and three over-exploited (human degraded) populations of the species in the Mediterranean region of Turkey were investigated with Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). With the 80 RAPD primers tested, 12 of them yielded 137 polymorphic RAPD fragments. Four of the studied populations maintained unique fragments. The mean proportion of polymorphic fragments for all populations ranged from 89.8 to 98.9% and there were no significant differences between natural (94.8%) vs. over-exploited populations (92.7%). The estimated heterozygosity values suggested that Turkish red pine maintains high levels of genetic diversity (range 0.24â0.28) though studied populations and grouped ones as natural (H =â0.28) vs. over-exploited (0.27) did not differ significantly. The mean F value indicated that the large portion of the total genetic diversity was within populations (93%), but this value was lower in the natural populations (92%) than in the over-exploited ones (94%). In over-exploited populations, excess of homozygosity was observed (about 6% higher) as compared to natural populations, indicating impacts of inbreeding in P. brutia.eST

In a general sense, psychology is a science that studies human and animal behaviours, and the reasons of these behaviours. The symbolic foundation date of psychology is 1879. In this year, Wilheml Wundt (1832-1920) established a psychology laboratory in Leipzig. Psychology is accepted to have started as a science with the establishment of this psychology laboratory. From the point that started with Wilhelm Wundt and his colleagues on, the period of consciousness has mostly been investigated through the method of introspection and the conscious of human has been tried to be analyzed (Otrar, Eminoglu Küçüktepe, Küçüktepe, 2010). Psychology is a branch of science that aims at examining the interaction between environment, human being and behaviour. This branch of science is divided into sub-fields such as experimental psychology, social psychology, psychometric psychology and applied psychology. [image omitted] There are a lot of sub-branches under applied psychology. One of them is educational psychology. Educational psychology is about implementing the findings of psychology in the field of education. Educational psychology mainly composes two sub-fields. These are developmental psychology and psychology of learning. Developmental psychology is a field of psychology that examines the physical, psychological, cognitive and behavioral changes of a person from the birth to the death. Developmental psychology is one of the basic fields from which educational psychology benefits; because being aware of the developmental features of students' ages ensures an increase in the efficiency of educational period.

Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is a keystone conifer of European montane forest ecosystems that has experienced large fluctuations in population size during during the Quaternary and, more recently, due to land-use change. To forecast the species' future distribution and survival, it is important to investigate the genetic basis of adaptation to environmental change, notably to extreme events. For this purpose, we here provide a first draft genome assembly and annotation of the silver fir genome, established through a community-based initiative. DNA obtained from haploid megagametophyte and diploid needle tissue was used to construct and sequence Illumina paired-end and mate-pair libraries, respectively, to high depth. The assembled A. alba genome sequence accounted for over 37 million scaffolds corresponding to 18.16 Gb, with a scaffold N50 of 14,051 bp. Despite the fragmented nature of the assembly, a total of 50,757 full-length genes were functionally annotated in the nuclear genome. The chloroplast genome was also assembled into a single scaffold (120,908 bp) that shows a high collinearity with both the A. koreana and A. sibirica complete chloroplast genomes. This first genome assembly of silver fir is an important genomic resource that is now publicly available in support of a new generation of research. By genome-enabling this important conifer, this resource will open the gate for new research and more precise genetic monitoring of European silver fir forests.

Distance education is a discipline that offers solutions to some important education problems. Distance education, contribute to the solution to the problems such as; inequality of opportunities, lifelong education, the implementation of a series of individual and social goals that can contribute to and benefit from educational technology and self-learning. In distance education, methods of measurement and assessment must be consistent with the objectives and contents of teaching. A major interest of formative assessment is determining the students' learning level of each behavior in the interested unit. In summative assessment, performances of students on some units are measured broader than formative assessment. A computerized adaptive testing, CAT, is the test managed by computer in which each item is introduced and the decision to stop are dynamically imposed based on the students answers and his/her estimated knowledge level. In CAT applications, students do not take the same test. Despite item numbers and properties of items are different for the students; the precise of measures improves in positioning students on an ability or success continuum in CAT applications. In CAT applications, questions answered by a student depend on the student's ability or learning level. In item response theory, there are some models to estimate a student's ability level, such as three-parameter logistic model. Cheating in exams or other academic assignments can be defined as use resources not allowed to use or having someone else to take exams or assignments. Some precautions must be taken about cheating such as a live proctoring, using web cams, and using a plagiarism detection program.

Effective population size is a crucial concept of conservation biology. It is reduced by biased sex ratio, consequently causing loss of genetic variation. To evaluate genetic diversity related to gender, and investigate the possible effects of biased sex ratio, we analyzed available microsatellite DNA markers from 120 samples of Populus nigra L. (European black poplar) originating from five geographical regions in Turkey. Using 12 microsatellite markers, we detected 60 clones of the same genotype, out of 120 trees. The clone genotype was observed both in males and females, which might suggest that P. nigra deviates from dioecism. Three genetic clusters were detected, two of which possibly correspond to commercially available trees. Overall allelic richness was found to be similar for both genders, whereas heterozygosity was slightly higher in males. Additionally, a simulation software prototype was developed to see the effects of sex ratio on diversity and allele frequency trends in future generations, given the available molecular data. Results showed that if biased sex ratio persists, allele loss and fixation might occur in a higher rate, causing loss of variation. Key words: Populus, microsatellite marker, sex ratio, genetic structure, simulation. La taille effective d'une population est un concept crucial en biologie de la conservation. Elle est reduite par une proportion des sexes biaisee, entrainant une perte de variation genetique. Afin d'evaluer la diversite genetique liee au sexe et examiner les effets possibles d'une proportion des sexes biaisee, les auteurs ont analyse les marqueurs d'ADN microsatellites disponibles de 120 echantillons de Populus nigra L. provenant de cinq regions geographiques de Turquie. A l'aide de 12 marqueurs microsatellites, ils ont detecte 60 clones du meme phenotype, sur 120 arbres. Le genotype du clone etait observe tant chez les males que les femelles, ce qui pourrait suggerer l'existence d'une deviation du dioicisme. Trois grappes genetiques ont ete detectees, dont deux qui correspondent peut-etre a des arbres disponibles dans le commerce. La richesse allelique globale s'averait similaire pour les deux sexes alors que l'heterozygotie etait legerement plus elevee chez les males. Par ailleurs, un prototype de logiciel de simulation a ete developpe pour voir les effets de la proportion des sexes sur les tendances de la diversite et de la frequence des alleles dans les generations futures compte tenu des donnees moleculaires disponibles. Les resultats ont montre que si la proportion des sexes biaisee persiste, la perte et la fixation d'alleles pourraient survenir a un taux plus eleve, provoquant une perte de variation. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : Populus, marqueur microsatellite, proportion de sexes, structure genetique, simulation., Introduction Populus nigra L. (European black poplar) is a widespread dioecious species of ecological and economic value for many countries (Smulders et al. 2008; Kaya et al. 2013). As a [...]

We can call the education offered by using the Internet environment as "teaching through the Internet". Such a teaching contributes to interaction, which is not sufficient in traditional classrooms most of the time. It gives the geographically separated students the opportunity of exchanging ideas and information, collaborative learning, discovering alternatives in learning and developing their own learning styles. In addition, this type of teaching allows learners to see subjects from different perspectives. Groups having special interests can share their own experiences even if they are too far from each other. When we look at the aims of this type of learning that is mostly used in higher education, it is seen that learners are encouraged to learn through distance education. Teaching through distance education can also be done on campus environments. Learners can participate in the courses and discussions whenever and wherever they want except from the pre-scheduled meetings. The Internet-based interactive environments offer the interaction which supports the learners in learning. Being independent of time and place, learners can work with each other, and interact and collaborate with their tutors and classmates. Collaboration brings solidarity with it. The aim of learning through collaboration is to obtain information and use this information to solve a problem. In general, collaborative learning creates a positive social environment and facilitates comprehension. Collaborative learning is based on the idea that learners working in groups towards a common goal can learn better than the students who can work on their own. The aim is to make learners to want each other's success, to motivate each other, and to teach each other in order to achieve the learning objectives. Collaborative learning requires solidarity and reciprocal loyalty. Solidarity and reciprocal loyalty implies the active participation and contribution of each group member to the success of the group. This paper mentions how teaching through distance education happens, interaction in teaching through the Internet, collaborative learning, and how collaborative learning occurs in teaching a second language through the Internet.

In this study, "Needs for the Distance Education", which is the first unit of the "Foundations of the Distance Education" course in Computer and Teaching Technologies Departments, has been prepared in written and this unit has been scripted for a web-based asynchrony presentation. In the preparation of the script a special attention was paid to the related articles of the regulations concerning Higher Education Based on the Inter-universities Web, to the lessons within the content of Higher Distance Education, to the principles of the lessons, programme design and organization, as well as to the peculiarities and approaches related to interactive distance education courses.

The identification of new genotypes tolerant to the boron toxicity is very important for the breeding programs carried out in the arid and semiarid regions of West Asia and North Africa region. This study aims to determine the genotypes tolerant to the boron toxicity in 141 F6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of durum wheat. 141 RILs were characterized in terms of their tolerance to boron toxicity using the parameters: 1–5 scale of symptom score, dry matter yield, biomass reduction, tissue boron concentration. The component of variance varied from 0.69 to 0.95. 22 RILs tolerant for 1–5 scale, 121 RILs ranged from moderately tolerant to tolerant for the biomass reduction, 22 RILs moderately tolerant for the tissue concentration, and 75 RILs varied from moderately tolerant to the most tolerant for the boron content. The B toxicity evaluation parameters used in this study are efficient when they are used all together, and they produced fast and reliable results. However, the principal component analyses displayed that BC, DMY (%) and BR parameters were the most effective and reliable for the evaluation of B toxicity tolerance. The RILs represented a wide range of the genetic variation in response to the B toxicity treatments. The boron toxicity tolerance could be improved by the breeding studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]