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Objectives: To investigate biocompatibility and bone contact area of FRC and woven coated FRC (FRC-C) in rats.Materials and methods: Sixty rats were allocated to three groups: FRC(n=20), FRC-C(n=20), and control group(n=20). Subgroups were determined as 4th(n=10) and 12th weeks(n=10) . The specimens were placed in the femur of rats. In the control group, the bone defects were left empty and sutured. Four and 12 weeks after implantation, the rats were sacrificed. Histopathological examinations were performed semi-quantitative manner. Twenty rats(n=20) were used for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. Bone contact surfaces were calculated in SEM analysis.Results: No statistical difference was detected between the 4th and 12th weeks in the quality of bone union. Quality of bone union was lower in FRC compared to the control group at the 4th week (p=0.012) and the 12th week (p=0.017). The periosteal reaction at the 12th week was lower in FRC than in the control group(p=0.021). Bone contact of FRC and FRC-C were 85.5% and 86.3%, respectively. Conclusions: FRC and FRC-C were biocompatible and showed no inflammation. The woven coating did not increase the quality of bone union and bone contact area, while not reducing biocompatibility.Clinical relevance: The woven glass fiber net that its biocompatibility and good bone response were demonstrated has the potential as a scaffold for the augmentation of alveolar bone deficiencies and for the reconstruction of maxillofacial defects.

Nikel titanyum şekil hafızalı alaşımlar, üstün mekanik özelliklerinin yanında, süper elastiklik ve şekil hafızası gibi akıllı malzeme özellikleri de gösterirler. Bu alaşımlar, endüstride birçok alanda kullanılmakta ve bilimsel çalışmalarda araştırılmaktadır. Ancak bu malzemenin talaşlı imalat ile işlenebilirliği oldukça güçtür. Öte yandan talaşlı imalat süreçlerinin, malzemenin fonksiyonel özellikleri üzerinde bazı olumsuz etkilerinin olduğu da bilinmektedir.Bu çalışmada, çeşitli kesici uç malzemeleri kullanılarak, torna ve freze talaşlı imalat yöntemlerinde, nikel titanyum alaşımının işlenebilirlik davranışları araştırılmıştır. Geniş bir kesme hızı yelpazesi kapsamında geleneksel ve yüksek sertlikteki kesici takım malzemeleri deneysel olarak araştırılmıştır. Değerlendirilen işlenebilirlik davranışları, takım aşınması, takım ömrü, yüzey pürüzlülüğü, mikroyapı, mikrosertlik ve termal faz değişim özellikleridir. Elde edilen veriler göstermiştir ki kesme hızı ve kesici uç malzemesinin işlenebilirlik parametreleri üzerinde büyük bir etkisi vardır. Uygun kesme hızı ve kesici takım malzemesi seçimi ile bu alaşımların yüksek kesme hızlarında işlenmesinin mümkün olduğu görülmüştür. Öte yandan talaşlı imalatın fonksiyonel özellikler üzerindeki etkilerini en aza indirmek için yüksek hızlarda işleme yapılması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Nickel-titanium shape memory alloys display super elasticity and shape memory properties in addition to their superior mechanical properties. This alloy is employed in many fields in the industry and investigated in scientific studies. However, the machinability of this material is quite difficult. Furthermore, it is known that the machining process has some negative effects on the functional properties of this material.In this study, machinability behaviors of nickel-titanium alloy were investigated using various cutting tool materials in turning and milling process. A wide range of cutting speed values was experimentally investigated using conventional and high hardness cutting tool materials. The evaluated machinability behaviors are tool wear, tool life, surface roughness, microstructure and thermal phase transformation properties. The obtained data showed that cutting speed and cutting tool material have great influences on machinability parameters. It is seen that it is possible to machine this alloy at high cutting speeds if proper cutting speed and cutting tool material is selected. Moreover, it is concluded that high-speed machining is required in order to minimize the negative effects of machining on functional properties. 207

Durgunsu kayak sporunda temel amaç, yarış mesafesini en hızlı şekilde kat etmektedir. Bunun için gerekli kuvvet sporcu tarafından kürek kullanılarak suya aktarılmaktadır. Küreğin bağımsız değişkenleri olan kürek boyu ve kürek palası alanı parametrelerinin belirlenmesi konusunda bir kural kısıtlaması olmadığı gibi literatürde detaylı bilgiler de yoktur. Ancak, kayak teknesinde elde edilecek hız doğrudan bu iki parametrenin, sporcu ve tekne hareket sistemi üzerinde meydana getirdiği mekanik etkilere bağlıdır.Bu çalışmada, durgunsu kayak sporunda kürek boyu ve kürek palası alanı değişimlerinin, kassal aktivasyon örüntüleri üzerinde meydana getirdiği değişimler araştırılmıştır. Bu araştırma, su üzerinde gerçekleştirilen kassal aktivasyon analizleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Harekete dahil olan kasların aktivasyonu kaydedilmiş ve sporcuların alışageldikleri kürek boyu ve pala alanı kullanırken elde edilen kassal aktivasyon verileri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları göstermiştir ki kürek boyu veya kürek palası alanı değişimi ile sporcuların kassal aktivasyon oranları değişim göstermiştir. Öte yandan, kassal aktivasyon verileri bir bütün olarak karşılaştırıldığında, hareketin kinematik değişkenlerinde de değişimler olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.Anahtar Sözcükler: Durgunsu kano, Kassal aktivasyon, Kürek, Biyomekanik, EMG The main aim of flatwater kayaking is to cover the race distance in least possible time. The force required for this task is transferred to water by paddler. There are no limiting rules regarding determining paddle length or paddle blade area, which are independent variables of the papddle, nor is there any detailed information for these variables in the literature. The kayak boat speed depend on mechanical effects on paddler and boat system, which are generated by these two parameters.In this study, effects of paddle length and paddle blade area on muscle recruicment patterns in flatwater kayaking were investigated. These investigations were ensured by on water muscle activation analysis. Activation of the muscles which take part in kayak motion was recorded and compared to that under usual paddle length and blade area of the paddlers. The results showed that change of paddle length or paddle blade area resulted in variations in muscle recruitment ratios. Moreover, when muscle activation data were evaluated as a whole, it was concluded that there may also be alterations in kinematic variables of the kayaking motion.Keywords: Flatwater kayaking, Muscular activation, Paddle, Biomechanics, EMG, 110

WOS: 000426085700011, Nickel based superalloys offer high strength, corrosion resistance, thermal stability and superb thermal fatigue properties. However, they have been one of the most difficult materials to machine due to these properties. Although we are witnessing improved machining strategies with the developing machining, tooling and inspection technologies, machining of nickel based superalloys is still a challenging task due to in-process strains and post process part quality demands. Selecting optimum machining parameters for quality, productivity and profitability is of paramount importance. Many studies have been conducted on various aspects of machinability of nickel based superalloys including defining the optimum cutting parameters, to develop a better understanding of machining them. The recent studies suggest new findings, and discuss previously reported results, related to the concerns of superalloy machining. This review presents the influences of the most significant cutting parameters on various machinability characteristics with respect to the recent studies as well as the previous ones. The reviewed machinability characteristics may be listed as: tool wear, cutting forces and surface integrity.

Objective: The objective of this study was to histologically and histomorphometrically evaluate the efficacy of the new formulations of eggshell-derived calcium carbonate in rats. Study Design: The study was conducted on 30 adult male rats. Four standardized and circular intrabony defects were created in the both maxilla and mandibula of each animal. Three different graft materials were prepared as follows: 1) Material A: Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate combined with carrageenan gel, 2) Material B: Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate combined with xanthan gum gel, and 3) Material C: Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate powder. The right mandibular defect sites were grafted with Material A in all animals, and defects on the left were grafted with Material B. Defects on the right side of maxilla were received Material C in all animals, and all left maxillary defects were remained untreated as controls. The animals were sacrificed either postoperatively on the 15th day, postoperatively on the 30th day or postoperatively on the 45th day. Histomorphometric measurements were made of the areas of newly formed bone, necrotic bone, fibrous tissue and residual graft material. Results: Material A exhibited the highest level of osteoid formation followed by Material B and Material C on the 45th day. In terms of osteoid formation, statistically significant differences were observed between graft materials and controls at 45th day compared to 15th and 30th day (p

Ülkemiz sünger faunası açısından oldukça zengin bir coğrafyada bulunmaktadır. Bu sebeple birçok sektörde kullanılabilen süngerler ile ilgili yapılan araştırmalar gün geçtikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar; sünger faunası tür tayinleri, sünger yetiştiriciği ve biyoaktif maddeler üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Süngerlerin içerdiği besin kompozisyonları birçok bilimsel çalışmada ve çeşitli alanlarda hammadde olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Çanakkale Boğazı ve Kuzey Ege Denizi'nde yoğun olarak bulunan ekonomik ve biyoteknolojik açıdan önemi olan Spongia officinalis, Aplysina aerophoba ve Axinella polypoides sünger türlerindeki (porifera) toplam protein, yağ, kül ve nem içeriklerinin istasyonlara ve derinliklere göre değişimlerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. 3 sünger türünün besin kompozisyonu bulguları karşılaştırıldığında toplam protein açısından en yüksek oran Spongia officinalis'de, en yüksek yağ ve kül oranı Aplysina aeropohba'da ve en yüksek nem oranı da Axinella polypoides'te tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan Tek yönlü Varyans Analizine göre, belirlenen 14 istasyondan 2-29m arası derinliklerden SCUBA ve serbest dalış metoduyla alınan 3 ayrı sünger türünde (Spongia officinalis, Aplysina aerophoba ve Axinella polypoides) protein, yağ, kül ve nem değerlerinin ortalamaları arasındaki farklılıkların istasyonlara göre dağılımları istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Our country has a rich geography in terms of the sponge fauna. Therefore, researches on the sponge which can be used in many sectors are gaining importance day by day. The researches have been focused on identification, culture of sponges and its' bioactive compounds. Nutritional compositions of the sponges have been used in many scientific studies and in various fields. In this study, we aimed to investigate of changes in total protein, lipid, ash and moisture contents of the sponge species, Spongia officinalis, Aplysina aerophoba and Axinella polypoides – having an economic and biotechnological importance, according to the different stations and depths.According to the comparison of the data, Spongia officinalis has the highest content of total protein; Aplysina aerophoba has the highest lipid and ash content and Axinelal polypoides has the highest ratio of moisture. According to the One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), differences of protein, lipid, ash and moister contents of 3 different sponge species ((Spongia officinalis, Aplysina aerophoba and Axinella polypoides) sampled from 14 sampling stations at the depths between 2 – 29 m by SCUBA are found significant. 67

The influence of p38 mitogen-activated proteinkinase (MAPK) expression in the development and progression of periodontal disease is currently under investigation. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the p38 MAPK expression in gingival tissues correlates with IL-1β levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Twenty patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), 15 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) and 10 healthy subjects (H) were enrolled in the study. Clinical data, gingival tissue biopsies and GCF samples were collected. The expression of p38 was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The levels of IL-1β inGCF were measured using ELISA. Mean clinical parameters and GCF volumes were statistically higher in patients with GAgP and GCP compared to H subjects. Higher levels of IL-1β were found in both periodontitis groups. The p38 expression was significantly increased in inflamed gingival tissues. There were no statistically significant differences in levels of IL-1β and p38 expression between subjects with GAgP and GCP. Our data support the hypothesis that MAPK signaling pathway is an additional player in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This is the first report to evaluate the involvement of p38 MAPK in patients with GAgP and GCP which might be, in part, considered of value in understanding disease mechanisms. Copyright © by BIOLIFE, s.a.s.

WOS: 000312047200012, PubMed ID: 22795567, Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alendronate on osseous wound healing in an experimental model. Methods: Critical size defects were created in calvaria of 40 male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals each: autogenous bone graft group; autogenous bone graft with systemic alendronate group (0.01 mg /kg body weight per day for 8 weeks); autogenous bone graft with local alendronate group (1 mg/mL for 5 min); non-treatment (control) group. Animals were sacrificed after 8 weeks; osteoblast number, lamellar bone formation, and area of newly formed bone were analysed. Results: The osteoblast number significantly increased in the autogenous bone graft with local alendronate group compared to the autogenous bone graft group (p < 0.05). Both systemic and local application of the alendronate significantly increased the new bone formation compared to the autogenous bone graft group (p < 0.05) with no significant difference between local or systemic use (p > 0.05). Local alendronate and autogenous bone graft use significantly increased the total bone area compared to autogenous bone graft alone (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Alendronate enhances the new bone formation by autogenous bone graft in the rat calvarial defect model suggesting that the inhibition of the osteoclastic activity allows an increased rate of bone apposition, which could be applicable to the inflammation-induced destruction of the periodontal tissues during disease. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The influence of p38 mitogen-activated proteinkinase (MAPK) expression in the development and progression of periodontal disease is currently under investigation. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the p38 MAPK expression in gingival tissues correlates with IL-IP levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Twenty patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), 15 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) and 10 healthy subjects (H) were enrolled in the study. Clinical data, gingival tissue biopsies and GCF samples were collected. The expression of p38 was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The levels of IL-IP inGCF were measured using ELISA. Mean clinical parameters andGCFvolumes were statistically higherin patients with GAgP and GCP compared to H subjects. Higher levels of IL-IP were found in both periodontitis groups. The p38 expression was significantly increased in inflamed gingival tissues. There were no statistically significant differences in levels of IL-IP and p38 expression between subjects with GAgP and GCP. Our data support the hypothesis that MAPK signaling pathway is an additional player in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This is the first report to evaluate the involvement of p38 MAPK in patients with GAgP and GCPwhich might be, in part, considered of value in understanding disease mechanisms

WOS: 000311369000021, PubMed ID: 23063391, Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the relative efficacy of systemic and local alendronate treatment of synthetic bone graft in a rat calvarial defect model. Study Design. Forty Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: experimental animals received alendronate systemically or locally combined with micro-macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate (MBCP) graft material. In the control group, the defect was left empty. On each animal, a 5-mm standardized bone defect was created with a standard trephine bur in calvarium. All animals were killed after 8 weeks. The number of osteoclasts, osteoclast morphology, resorption lacunae, osteoblastic activity, and lamellar bone formation were histopathologically evaluated and the newly formed bone area was analyzed histomorphometrically. Results. Eight weeks after surgery, the number of osteoclasts and the resorption lacunae in the MBCP group using systemic alendronate therapy was significantly higher than those of the other groups (P < .05). Osteoblast number in the MBCP group using systemic alendronate treatment was significantly increased (P < .05). No significant difference was found among all MBCP groups using local or systemic alendronate treatments with regard to new bone formation (P > .05). Conclusions. Within the limits of the study, alendronate, when administered systemically or locally, did not increase bone regeneration with MBCP graft in the rat calvarial defect model. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012;114(suppl 5):S146-S152)

WOS: 000265227800017, PubMed ID: 19335088, Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphometric and histopathologic changes associated with experimental periodontitis in rats in response to systemic administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Methods: Forty-three Wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups: non-ligated (NL) group (n = 10), ligature only (LO) group (n = 10), and groups that were administered NAC systemically (7, 35, or 70 mg/kg body weight per day [NAC7, NAC35, and NAC70 groups, respectively]; n = 8, 9, and 6). Silk ligatures were placed at the gingival margin of the lower first molars in a mandibular quadrant. The study duration was 11 days, and the animals were sacrificed at the end of this period. Changes in alveolar bone levels were measured clinically and tissues were histopathologically examined to assess the differences among the study groups. Results: At the end of 11 days, the alveolar bone loss was significantly higher in the LO group compared to NL, NAC7, NAC35, and NAC70 groups (P0.05), whereas the effect of NAC was dose-dependent. Conclusion: NAC prevented alveolar bone loss in the rat model, in a dose-dependent manner, when administered systemically. J Periodontol 2009;80:672-678.

WOS: 000256646500019, PubMed ID: 18533788, Background: Propolis collected by honeybees from various plant sources is a resinous hive product possessing a broad spectrum of biologic activities. Propolis has been used extensively in the diet to improve health and prevent disease. The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphometric and histopathologic changes associated with experimental periodontitis in rats in response to the systemic administration of propolis. Methods: Forty Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: non-ligated (NL; IN = 10); ligature only (LO; N = 10); and systemic administration of ligature and propolis (100 mg/kg body weight per day [Pro100; N = 10] or 200 mg/kg body weight per day [Pro200; N = 10]). Silk ligatures were placed at the gingival margin of the lower first molars in both mandibular quadrants. The study duration was 11 days, and the animals were sacrificed at the end of this period. Changes in alveolar bone levels were clinically measured, and tissues were histopathologically examined to assess the differences among the study groups. Results: At the end of 11 days, alveolar bone loss was significantly higher in the LO group compared to the NL, Pro 100, and Pro200 groups (P0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study provide morphologic and histologic evidence that propolis, when administered systemically, prevents alveolar bone loss in the rat model.

WOS: 000255700800007, PubMed ID: 18371054, Aim:The aim of this study was to examine the effect of phase I periodontal treatment on the levels of interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-1ra, and IL-10 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (G-AgP). Material and Methods: Data were obtained from 15 patients with aggressive periodontitis and 15 healthy controls. GCF was collected from at least four pre-selected sites (one shallow, at least two moderate, or at least one deep pockets) in patients with G-AgP. In the healthy group, GCF samples were collected from one site. The cytokine levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Probing depth, clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival and plaque indices, and bleeding on probing were measured. The GCF sampling and clinical measurements were recorded at baseline and 6 weeks later after periodontal treatment. Results: IL-1 beta levels were significantly higher at the moderate and deep pocket sites compared with the shallow sites (p < 0.05). After periodontal therapy, IL-1 beta levels were significantly reduced in the moderate and deep pocket sites (p

A study was conducted to evaluate using SEM the earliest events of initial blood clot formation on periodontally diseased root surfaces given various treatments. Six teeth with periodontal disease were extracted from six different subjects and were studied in two individual groups. In the first group the root surfaces were divided into three individual treatment areas: (a) intact periodontal ligament, (b) planed, (c) planed and also treated with 1% citric acid. The root surfaces in the second group were likewise divided into three treatment areas: (a) intact periodontal ligament, (b) planed, (c) planed and topically conditioned with tetracycline HCl. All the roots were reinserted into the original extraction sites, and then removed at either "zero" (less than 5 s), one or 3 min and prepared for SEM evaluation. It was observed that organized clot formation occurred more rapidly in the treatment areas where both root planing and topical conditioning with tetracycline HCl had been done.

iiÖZETPestisidler, ürün kalitesi ve verimliliği artırmak, tarımdaki zararlı populasyonu kontrolaltına almak amacıyla kullanılan toksik maddelerdir. Tarımda yaygın olarak kullanılanpestisidler, hidrojen peroksit (H2O2), süperoksit (O2-.) ve hidroksil (.OH) radikali gibireaktif oksijen türlerinin oluşumuna yol açarak insan sağlığını olumsuz yöndeetkilemektedirler. Bu radikaller, biyolojik makromoleküllerle reaksiyona girebilirler,enzim inaktivasyonuna ve DNA hasarına neden olabilirler, yağlı dokularda birikerekçoklu doymamış yağ asitlerinin (PUFA) peroksidasyonunu başlatabilirler. Bu oksidanlar,antioksidan savunma sistemi tarafından uzaklaştırılamazlarsa oksidatif strese nedenolurlar. Oksidatif stres sonucu, DNA hasarı ve kanser oluşumları gibi patolojik durumlargözlenir.Bu çalışmada; oral olarak farklı dozlarda klorprifos ve deltamethrin verilen yetişkinratların, kan ve beyin lipid peroksidasyon ve antioksidan enzim aktivitelerine etkileriincelenmiştir. Kan örneklerinde, SOD, CAT ve GSH-Px gibi antioksidan enzimaktivitileri ile MDA düzeyleri, düşük doz klorprifos (Grup II), yüksek doz klorprifos(Grup III), düşük doz deltametrin (Grup IV), yüksek doz deltametrin (Grup V) ve düşükdoz klorprifos + düşük doz deltametrin karışımı (Grup VI) uygulanan gruplarda kontrolgrubuna (Grup I) kıyasla düşüş göstermiştir. Beyin dokusunda ise kontrol grubunakıyasla, düşük doz deltametrin (Grup IV) uygulanan grupta MDA düzeyi anlamlı ölçüdeartarken CAT aktivitesi düşmüş; düşük doz klorprifos + düşük doz deltametrin karışımı(Grup VI) uygulanan grupta ise MDA seviyesi düşmüş CAT aktivitesi artış göstermiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: Serbest radikal, antioksidan enzim, lipid peroksidasyonu,klorprifos, deltametrin iiiABSTRACTIn agriculture, pesticides are commonly used for achieving better quality pruducts,increased production rate and controling pest population. However, they are alsotoxic substances. These pesticides lead to generation of reactive oxygen species suchas hydrogene peroxide( H2O2), superoxide(O2-â¢), and hydroxyl (â¢OH), which haveharmful effect on human health. The reactive oxygen species may react withbiological macromolecules, cause enzyme inactivation, DNA damage and initiatelipid peroxidation in tissue by accumulating in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Ifthese oxidants can not be removed by antioxidant defense systems they causeoxidative stress. As a result of oxidative stress, pathological formations like DNAdamage and cancer are observed.In this study, the effects of the rats that were exposed to chlorpyrifos anddeltamethrin in various doses orally to the brain and blood lipid peroxidation andantioxidation enzyme activities were investigated. In blood samples, antioxidationenzyme activities like SOD, CAT and GSH-Px and MDA levels showed a relativedecrease in groups that were exposed to low dose chlorpyrifos (group II), high dosechlorpyrifos (group III), low dose deltamethrin (group IV), dose deltamethrin (groupV), mixture low dose chlorpyrifos + low dose deltamethrin (group VI) compared tothe control group (group I). When compared to the control group (group I) in braintissue, with the increasing MDA level in group which was exposed to low dosedeltamethrin (group IV), CAT activity decreased; and in group that was exposed tomixture low dose chlorpyrifos + low dose deltamethrin (group VI) MDA leveldecreased and CAT activity showed an increase.Key words: Free radical, antioxidant enzyme, lipid peroxidation, chlorpyrifos,deltamethrin 69

ÖZET KÖMÜRDEKİ DOĞAL RADYONÜKLİD İÇERİĞİNİN FARKLI OCAKLARA GÖRE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ EREN (KAYA), Elif Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Fizik Bölümü Tez Yöneticileri: Doç. Dr. N. Füsun ÇAM, Doç. Dr. Günseli YAPRAK Ekim 2005, 69 sayfa Kömür yakıtlı termik santraller teknolojik olarak zenginleşmiş radyoaktivitenin en önemli kaynağı olarak gösterilmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, Batı Anadolu termik santrallerini `Yatağan, Yeniköy, Kemerköy, Soma, Orhaneli, Seyitömer, Tunçbilek` besleyen linyitlerin radyolojik karakteristMerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İnceleme altındaki termik santrallere gelen linyitlerin doğal radyonüklid emisyon karakteristikleri gama spektrometrik olarak saptanmıştır. Termik santrallerden alman 1 12 linyit örneğinde saptanan 226Ra, 232Th ve *°K aktivite konsantrasyonları ortalamaları sırası ile; Yatağan için 55±6 Bq/kg, 33±2 Bq/kg ve 136±30 Bq/kg, Yeniköy için, 128±8 Bq/kg, 9±2 Bq/kg ve 39±28 Bq/kg, Kemerköy için, 213±61 Bq/kg ve 17±9 Bq/kg ve 40K için ND, Soma için, 134±15 Bq/kg, 27±3 Bq/kg ve 28±16 Bq/kg, Orhaneli için, 80±11 Bq/kg, 31±7 Bq/kg ve 130±30 Bq/kg, Seyitömer için, 24±3 Bq/kg, 25±2 Bq/kg ve 174±12 Bq/kg ve Tunçbilek için, 108±7 Bq/kg, 56±3 Bq/kg ve 185±19 Bq/kg olarak saptanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar linyitlerle yapılan çalışmalarda gözlenen aktiviteler ile örtüşmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: linyit, çevresel radyoaktivite, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K VII ABSTRACT EVALUATION OF NATURAL RADIONUCLIDE CONTENT IN COAL ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT MINES EREN (KAYA), Elif MSc in Physics Supervisors: Assoc. Prof. Dr. N. Füsun ÇAM, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Günseli YAPRAK October 2005, 69 pages Coal-fired power plants are thought to be the most important source of technologically enhanced radioactivity. Thus, the aim of mis thesis is to determine the radiological characteristic of lignites feeding the western Anatolian power plants (Yatağan, Yeniköy, Kemerköy, Soma, Orhaneli, Seyitömer, Tunçbilek). The natural radionuclid emission characteristics of lignites used in these power plants were determined by gamma spectrometric method. The average 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentrations of 112 lignite samples collected from these power plants are; 55±6 Bq/kg, 33±2 Bq/kg 136±30 Bq/kg for Yatağan, 128±8 Bq/kg, 9±2 Bq/kg, 39±28 Bq/kg for Yeniköy, 213±61 Bq/kg, 17±9 Bq/kg and ND for 40K, 134±15 Bq/kg, 27±3 Bq/kg, 28±16 Bq/kg for Soma, 80±11 Bq/kg, 31±7 Bq/kg, 130±30 Bq/kg for Orhaneli, 24±3 Bq/kg, 25±2 Bq/kg, 174±12 Bq/kg for Seyitömer and 108±7 Bq/kg, 56±3 Bq/kg, 185±19 Bq/kg for Tunçbilek. These results are similar to the observed activities obtained in other lignite used studies. Key words: lignite, environmental radioactivity, ^^Ra, 232Th, '`'K 86

ÖZETBu çalışmada nükleer tıp alanında çalışan personelin, tıbbi uygulamalar sırasında maruzkaldığı iyonlaştırıcı radyasyon ve kimyasal ajanların toplam etkisi, bir biyolojik dozimetriyöntemi olan mikronukleus (MN) analiz yöntemi ile belirlendi.Biyolojik dozimetri, genel anlamı ile kişilerin soğurduğu radyasyon dozunun biyolojikbelirleyiciler kullanılarak tespit edilmesidir. Biyolojik dozimetri olarak kullanılanyöntemlerde, biyolojik belirleyici olarak beyaz kan hücreleri (lenfositler) kullanılmaktadır.MN analiz yönteminde, steril kültür laboratuarında bölünmeye teşvik edilen lenfosit hücreleri,bölünmenin 48. saatinde bir kimyasal madde ile ikinci mitoz bölünmenin interfaz evresindebloke edilmektedirler. Bu evrede bloke edilerek oluşturulan hücrelere binukleat hücreleri adıverilmektedir. Binükleat hücrelerdeki MN'ların kaydedilmesi ve elde edilen değerlerin doz-cevap eğrileri kullanılarak doz değerlendirilmesi yapılabilmektedir. Mikronukleuslarsitoplazma içinde, ana çekirdeğin dışında fakat çekirdekle aynı şekil, yapı ve boyanmaözelliklerini yansıtan küçük küresel yapılardır.Bu amaçla, nükleer tıp merkezlerinde çalışan personelden alınan kan örnekleri rutin tekniğeuygun olarak kültüre alınarak MN sayımları yapılmış ve vücuda aktarılan aktiviteye karşılıkgelen doz değerleri belirlenmiştir.Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda, literatürde yer alan insan dolaşan kanlenfositlerinde MN tekniğinin sitogenetik etkilerin araştırılmasında oldukça kolay ve hassasbir yöntem olduğu sonucu desteklenmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: Biyolojik dozimetri, Mikronukleus (MN) ABSTRACTIn this thesis, the total effect of ionic radiation and chemical agent which staff who study inthe area nuclear medicine was exposed to has been observed through micronucleus (MN)analytical technique which was a biological dosimetry method.Micronucleus analysis method is one of the most widely used cytogenetic techniques fordetermining the chromosome defects in lymphocytes. Because MNi are expressed in cells thathave completed nuclear division, they are ideally scored in the binucleated stage of the cellcycle. Micronuclei (MNi) are small, spherical structure in cytoplasm, outside the mainnucleus but demonstrating the same shape and structure, but smaller than the main nuclei inthe cell, and painting properties with the nucleus.With this purpose, the blood samples taken from the employees working in the nuclearmedical centers were cultured according to the routine technique. After this, their MNcounting was performed and the dosage value gained in return of the activity transferred in tothe body was determined.In the direction of the results obtained in this study, the result that MN technique, which isused for human blood lymphocytes in literature, is an easy and sensitive method for studyingcytogenetic effects has been reinforced.Keywords: Biological dosimetry, micronucleus (MN) 106

Periodontal disease results from the interaction of the host defence mechanisms with the microbial dental plaque. Analysis of gingival crevicular Huid (GCF) provides a non-invasive means of evaluating the role of the host response in periodontal disease. Based on our previous study, demonstrating increased levels of neopterin in GCF and saliva from patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP), the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on the levels of neopterin in GCF, saliva and urine of patients with AgP. Pre-treatment values of neopterin in GCF were 4.04 ± 0.86 nmol/ml for the AgP group (n=8) and 2.68 ± 0.90 nmol/ml fyr the control group (n=8; difference not significant). After periodontal treatment, the level of ncoptei in was found 2.38 ± 0.72 nmol/ml in the patient group which did not differ f r om pre-treatment levels. The salivary neopterin concentration was higher in both AgP groups (14.14 ± 2.85 nmol/1 and 8.02 ± 3.12 nmol/1, before and after periodontal treatment) than in controls (2.58 ± 0.3 nmol/1; both p Concentrations of urine neopterin in patients before treatment were 188.5 ± 30.98 μηιοί neopterin/mol creatinine and 168.1 + 20.21 μηιοί in controls (difference not significant). Following periodontal treatment, the urinary neopterin levels (310.1 ± 39.82 μηιοί neopterin/mol creatinine) were higher when compared to the baseline levels and to controls (p Our results suggest that neopterin in saliva and GCF might be associated with the periodontal diseases process.

Background: Neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activation, is produced by human macrophages after induction by interferon gamma that is secreted by T lymphocytes. Neopterin concentrations in diverse body fluids have been reported to increase in parallel with bacteria in the clinical course of infections. Therefore, determination of neopterin in body fluids was thought to be useful for predicting the prognosis and diagnosis of aggressive forms of periodontal disease, in which the cell-mediated immune response plays an important role in immunopathogenesis. The aim of the present study was to observe the role of neopterin in the pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Methods: Thirteen individuals who were systemically and periodontally healthy and 16 systemically healthy individuals diagnosed with AgP were recruited for this study. Mixed saliva and urine samples were collected from each subject. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained from 6 teeth with ≥5 mm probing depth (PD). After evaluation of GCF amount from paper strips, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to determine the amount of neopterin in urine, saliva, and GCF. Results: The amount of neopterin in urine and saliva measured 235.77 ± 405.31 µmol neopterin/mol creatinine and 9.85 ± 7.66 nmol/l, respectively, for the AgP group and 225.45 ± 100.72 µmol neopterin/mol creatinine and 5.25 ± 5.76 nmol/l, respectively, for controls. The present data demonstrate that, while salivary neopterin levels were found to be significantly different between periodontitis and control subjects, there were non-significant differences in urine neopterin levels. The amount and concentration of neopterin in GCF measured was 18 ± 12.75 nmol/l and 3.67 ± 2.40 nmol/ml for the AgP group and 2.51 ± 1.72 nmol/l and 3.88 ± 4.50 nmol/ml for the control group. When total amounts of neopterin are taken into consideration, a significant difference between AgP and controls is shown; however, no significant difference in net concentration of neopterin was found between both groups. Conclusions: This study is the first report to evaluate the involvement of neopterin in AgP and this might be considered of value in understanding periodontal disease mechanisms.

Neopterin, which is a pyrazino-(2,3-d) pyrimidine compound, belongs to the class of pteridines. Although no clearly known physiological role has been attributed to this substance that occurs ubiquitously in living cells, it is an indicator for the activation of cell mediated immune reactions (1). Thl cells produce IL-2 and IFN-γ promoting defense reactions that are mediated by macrophages and T cells. Determination of neopterin concentrations in diverse body fluids such as urine, saliva, synovial fluids, cerebrospinal fluids have been done by many researchers, may be an early diagnostic and prognostic parameter in periodontal diseases as well as various pathologies (2), but there has been no data so far in GCF neopterin in normal and pathologic conditions. However, bacteria and their byproducts are the principle etiological agents in inflammatory status of periodontal disorders. The inflammatory reaction spreads to involve the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone and to the soft tissue that separates from the tooth surface causing pocket formation (3). In periodontal disease, the products of inflammatory response taking place within the periodontium can be found in GCF (4, 5, 6). Therefore, the main aim of this study is to establish a method for the determination of neopterin levels in GCF as well as in urine and saliva, and determine whether there is a correlation among these biological materials.

During the last few years, there has been increasing interest in buccal epithelial cells for cytogenetic evaluation of different materials. In the present study, the use of these cells and peripheral lymphocytes for cytogenetic evaluation of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) with comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis, or SCGE) is reported. This technique detects DNA strand breaks in individual cells in alkaline conditions. Thirteen volunteers were requested to rinse their mouths with 0.12% CHX solution for 18 days. Buccal epithelial cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from all participants at baseline and the end of the experimental period. One hundred cells per subject were analysed for the DNA damage. A statistical increase was observed in the damaged buccal and blood cells after the CHX application. The mean grade of damage in buccal cells was statistically different from that in blood cells. Due to minimal absorption of chlorhexidine into the tissues and low concentrations of free chlorhexidine in the oral cavity, the DNA damage produced by chlorhexidine in lymphocytes was lower than in buccal epithelial cells. As chlorhexidine does not accumulate in the body, the frequencies of DNA damage could be transient. Detected DNA damage after CHX use might be the indication of an earlier effect, before DNA repair begins, and could be reversible.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Anabilim Dalı, 2006., Kaynakça var.

Durgunsu kayak sporunda temel amaç, yarış mesafesini en hızlı şekilde kat etmektedir. Bunun için gerekli kuvvet sporcu tarafından kürek kullanılarak suya aktarılmaktadır. Küreğin bağımsız değişkenleri olan kürek boyu ve kürek palası alanı parametrelerinin belirlenmesi konusunda bir kural kısıtlaması olmadığı gibi literatürde detaylı bilgiler de yoktur. Ancak, kayak teknesinde elde edilecek hız doğrudan bu iki parametrenin, sporcu ve tekne hareket sistemi üzerinde meydana getirdiği mekanik etkilere bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada, durgunsu kayak sporunda kürek boyu ve kürek palası alanı değişimlerinin, kassal aktivasyon örüntüleri üzerinde meydana getirdiği değişimler araştırılmıştır. Bu araştırma, su üzerinde gerçekleştirilen kassal aktivasyon analizleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Harekete dahil olan kasların aktivasyonu kaydedilmiş ve sporcuların alışageldikleri kürek boyu ve pala alanı kullanırken elde edilen kassal aktivasyon verileri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları göstermiştir ki kürek boyu veya kürek palası alanı değişimi ile sporcuların kassal aktivasyon oranları değişim göstermiştir. Öte yandan, kassal aktivasyon verileri bir bütün olarak karşılaştırıldığında, hareketin kinematik değişkenlerinde de değişimler olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.