Search

Herein, Cs2AgBiBr6 particles produced by the traditional super-saturation precipitation method were used as precursors to create Cs2AgBiBr6 films by the gas-quenching process under ambient atmospheric conditions. These films were utilized as a light-absorbing layer in hole-transporting free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with carbon electrodes. Furthermore, the incorporation of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6) ionic liquid (IL) at the metal oxide electron transporting layer/perovskite interface resulted in enhanced crystallinity of the perovskite, forming large perovskite grains of up to 800 nm. However, it was discovered that establishing the optimal concentration for passivating surface defects takes precedence over encouraging the growth of larger perovskite grains. The utilization of the optimized BMIMPF6 concentration led to a remarkable increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the cell, with a boost of over 31% to reach 1.67%, when compared to the cell produced without the inclusion of the IL. Our findings underscore that the passivation of surface defects between the TiO2 and perovskite layers holds more importance for enhancing the PCE of Cs2AgBiBr6-based perovskite solar cells than focusing solely on the perovskite morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Veterinary Journal is the property of Sivas Cumhuriyet University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of National Education / Millî Eğitim Dergisi is the property of Milli Egitim Bakanligi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grounded Theory is a methodology that gains systematic dimension through the method of analyzing theoretically collected data in studies conducted in the field of social sciences. In this methodological approach, the inductive reasoning model is used instead of the deductive model as a form of reaching a conclusion. Studies with Grounded Theory predominately start with a question, sometimes even only with the collection of qualitative data. While researchers analyze the collected data, they indicate repetitive thoughts, notions or elements, and these elements are labeled with codes from the data. As more data is obtained and the study is rechecked, the codes can be divided into notions and then categories. Thus, the foundations of a new theory may have been laid. For this reason, the Grounded Theory is quite different from the traditional research model, in which the researcher selects an existing theoretical framework and only then collects data to show how the theory applies or does not apply to the phenomenon which is analyzed. In other words, in cases where the existing theories cannot explain the result obtained in the studies carried out or are insufficient in explaining, a new theory is obtained with the Grounded Theory. In this sense, Grounded Theory appears as a methodological method that prepares the ground for the emergence of a new theory rather than being a theory. In this study, the methodological dimension of Grounded Theory is related to how it can access information; “What is the purpose of the research?/ How should the research method be?/ What is the role of the researcher - what should it be?/ What is the role of dignity?/ What should be the language of the research report?” will be discussed through the answers to the questions. In addition, the history and application of Grounded Theory will be reviewed, and it will be discussed in what way this theory can be carried over to the Sociology of Religion studies. As known, the main two scientific paradigms in social science studies can be referred to as positivist paradigm and interpretive paradigm. Indeed, these two paradigms have different ontological, epistemological and methodological characteristics. The positivist paradigm, which considers social reality equal to natural reality, employs quantitative research methods to access the objective, predictable, and explanatory knowledge of social reality. Thus, it emphasizes the dimensions of social phenomena that can be made tangible and allow numerical explanation. In this context, the positivist approach focuses on methods to measure and explain social phenomena based on assumptions derived from existing theories and statistical data. On the other hand, the interpretive paradigm recognizes the distinction between social reality and natural reality and strives to make the new reality meaningful, which is constructed by individuals. Therefore, it leans towards the dimensions of the social domain that cannot be conveyed through numbers and utilizes qualitative methods to gain an in-depth understanding of these aspects. The methods used in qualitative research aim to explain social phenomena within their natural contexts based on the ontological perspective of the interpretive paradigm. Grounded Theory, which it is trying to address in this study, primarily aims to reach this purpose by developing new concepts and theories. As such, Grounded Theory has become a frequently utilized technique in various fields of study, including economics, religion, education, and health research. Consequently, Grounded Theory is considered a broad working field and treated as a social analysis method. Despite some criticisms that it may ignore previous theories, not clearly express certain terms, and risk falling into empty empiricism, Grounded Theory continues to be accepted among social scientists due to its ongoing relevance. Grounded Theory guides researchers in their efforts to reach unique concepts related to the examined social phenomena. It is based on the idea of continuous change and transformation in knowledge, and the researcher attempts to perceive and interpret this change and transformation. In this regard, Grounded Theory focuses on the relationships between meaning and actions when collecting data from participants. By asserting that meaning is grounded through experiences and emotions, it aims to extract the ground through discourse. The resulting outcomes are then interpreted by the researcher. Achieving the goal of developing a new theory instead of testing an existing one requires systematic and detailed work, as well as patience. In this sense, Grounded Theory offers an opportunity for the study of Religious Sociology and provides researchers with a flexible design. Therefore, Grounded Theory has the potential to open up new possibilities for developing new perspectives and conducting more productive scientific research in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite films, which is considered one of the alternative materials to organic–inorganic Pb‐based perovskites in terms of toxicity and stability, are fabricated by gas‐quenching approach in ambient environment for the first time. Moreover, the study examines the effect of gas flowing rate on the solvent evaporation rate, crystallinity, morphology, and optical properties of the perovskite. The results indicate that the duration of color change from transparent to shiny yellow during gas quenching of Cs2AgBiBr6 films is influenced by the gas flowing rate, and this parameter has a notable impact on the properties of the films. In addition, incorporation of the gas‐quenched Cs2AgBiBr6 thin films in perovskite solar cells leads to 1.47% power conversion efficiency with open‐circuit voltage of 1.04 V, short‐circuit current density of 2.11 mA cm−2, and fill factor of 67.4%. Overall, this study provides a new approach to fabricate Cs2AgBiBr6 thin films in ambient atmosphere for potential optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]