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Objective: Focal intracranial infections (epidural abscesses, subdural empyemas, and intraparenchymal abscesses) are uncommon complications of sinusitis and otitis media but can be associated with significant morbidity. Treatment typically requires neurosurgical and otolaryngological interventions in combination with antibiotic treatment. Historically, children have presented to the authors' pediatric referral center with sinusitis- or otitis media-related intracranial infections in low numbers. However, since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence of intracranial pyogenic complications has increased at this center. The objective of this study was to compare the epidemiology, severity, microbial causes, and management of pediatric sinusitis- and otitis-related intracranial infections in the periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: All patients 21 years of age or younger who presented with an intracranial infection in the setting of sinusitis or otitis media and who underwent neurosurgical treatment at Connecticut Children's from January 2012 to December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were systematically collated, and variables before and during COVID-19 were compared statistically., Results: Overall, 18 patients were treated for sinusitis-related (n = 16) or otitis media-related (n = 2) intracranial infections during the study period. Ten patients (56%) presented from January 2012 to February 2020, none from March 2020 to June 2021, and 8 (44%) from July 2021 to December 2022. There were no significant demographic differences between the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 cohorts. The 10 patients in the pre-COVID-19 cohort underwent a total of 15 neurosurgical and 10 otolaryngological procedures, while the 8 patients in the COVID-19 cohort underwent a total of 12 neurosurgical and 10 otolaryngological procedures. Surgically obtained wound cultures yielded a variety of organisms; Streptococcus constellatus/S. anginosus/S. intermedius were more prevalent in the COVID-19 cohort (87.5% vs 0%, p < 0.001) as was Parvimonas micra (62.5% vs 0%, p = 0.007)., Conclusions: At an institutional level, there has been an approximately threefold increase in cases of sinusitis- and otitis media-related intracranial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multicenter studies are needed to confirm this observation and to investigate whether the mechanisms of infection are related directly to SARS-CoV-2, changes in the respiratory flora, or delayed care. The next steps will include expansion of this study to other pediatric centers throughout the United States and Canada.

Objective: To assess global trends in otolaryngologic and non-otolaryngologic education in response to COVID-19, specifically with regard to surgical simulation and personnel reallocation needs in case of patient demand., Study Design: Online survey., Methods: A multiple-choice survey regarding operative caseload and impact on resident education was sent to Otolaryngology residents and Pediatric Otolaryngology faculty globally. The survey was open for responses for ten days in March 2020., Results: A total of 96 completed surveys were received across 22 countries. 87.5% of respondents reported that no supplementary operative education is being provided. Despite 71.43% of responses indicating that simulation was useful for all levels of residents, 20.95% of responses indicated that simulation is not possible at their institution, with the majority of these being skewed toward responses from South America., Conclusion: Despite the majority of respondents stating that simulation was helpful, there were disparities in access to simulation seen across countries. The results inform the need for a coordinated effort to expand educational efforts outside of the operating room and clinical environment. A major limitation of this study is the low domestic response rate., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objectives: Simulation education is increasingly used in otolaryngology training. The objective of this pilot study is to describe a mixed web-based and haptic modular platform for pediatric airway conditions., Methods: A web-based modular case presentation and evaluation system were developed to correspond to a pediatric laryngeal condition represented on the haptic models created using 3D printing and silicone elastomer. The haptic microlaryngoscopy simulation training and web module were evaluated by participants using a Likert scale. The mixed modular apparatus systematized the open web platform and haptic simulator, videos, text, questions, and evaluation to provide a more comprehensive simulation experience., Results: Seventeen otolaryngology trainees participated, each completing a post-simulation survey. All participants responded 4 or higher (agree or strongly agree) on the Likert scale that the virtual training and case presentations improved their understanding of the pediatric laryngeal conditions presented., Conclusion: A modular system constitutes a variety of web-based cases for evaluating, diagnosing, and performing procedures on a haptic surgical simulator taking the physician in training from diagnosis to treatment thereby expanding our current use of haptic simulators in surgical education to include case based learning and decision making., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This pilot project was designed to (1) implement a mindfulness-based wellness curriculum for otolaryngology residents, (2) determine the impact of a mindfulness-based curriculum on resident mood, and (3) examine the use of mindfulness among otolaryngology residents. Otolaryngology residents participated in a 6-week course guided by the Headspace mindfulness mobile application. Resident use of mindfulness was measured by the validated Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Changes in mood before and after each session were assessed using the validated Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PNAS). Residents reported a statistically significant decrease in postsession negative affect scores ( P < .001). A moderate positive correlation was noted between mindfulness scores and presession positive mood (Pearson r = 0.597, P < .001). This pilot study supports the feasibility and impact of including mindfulness training as part of a resident wellness curriculum., (© The Authors 2020.)

Objective: To implement a surgeon led initiative for tracheostomy education for non-surgical pediatric first responders in the hospital setting and to assess its efficacy., Methods: A prospective, observational study conducted from September 2018 to March 2019. All pediatric residents at a tertiary care children's hospital were invited to participate. An objective knowledge test and self-assessment comfort questionnaire was completed before and after the intervention and at 6-month follow up. Educational sessions involved a targeted, interactive program with a didactic presentation and case-based simulation., Results: Forty-four pediatric residents participated. Residents had limited experience with tracheostomy intervention with only one reporting personally resolving a tracheostomy issue. However, tracheostomy complications were relatively common with 43% reporting having watched another specialty intervene on a tracheostomy issue during an airway related emergency. The objective knowledge test results significantly increased; from pre-knowledge test percent mean of 61.25 (SD = 13.52) to post-knowledge test percent mean of 81.25 (SD = 10.57) [t(39) = -8.144, p < 0.001]. Comfort levels questionnaire median (IQR) results were also significantly higher than pre-intervention [3.70 (3.20-3.88) vs. 2.65 (2.13-3.00), Z = 780, p < .001]., Conclusion: We demonstrated improved knowledge among pediatric residents after a surgeon-led module for tracheostomy care and emergency management. A targeted tracheostomy education program may fill a gap in pediatric resident emergency resuscitation education., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Resident wellness is increasingly recognized as critically important in otolaryngology education, and well-being education is now a requirement for all residencies. The objectives of this pilot study are to (1) perform a needs assessment to determine the wellness topics most important to the residents, (2) determine systemic barriers to wellness through a structured focus group, and (3) describe a new method to approach resident well-being. An anonymous survey needs assessment, adapted from a published wellness curriculum, was administered to otolaryngology residents. Residents underwent a structured, anonymous focus group applying Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The focus group highlighted resident priorities and defined an action plan for the program. This method allows for an individual and systems approach to resident wellness. Involving residents may increase engagement, and this approach can identify barriers to wellness and provide the groundwork for a formal resident wellness curriculum.

Objectives: Surgical simulation models have been shown to improve surgical skill and confidence for surgical residents before real life procedures. Surgical simulators can be similarly applied in undergraduate medical education as a tool to introduce students to the field of otolaryngology., Methods: Ear models were created using 3D printing and high-performance silicone. Twenty medical students participated in a slide presentation and a myringotomy tube simulation station, each completing a pre- and post-survey using a 5-point Likert scale., Results: A previously validated 3D myringotomy simulator was used. Twenty medical student volunteers participated in the simulation including 14 first-year and 6 s-year medical students. None of the participating students reported observing myringotomy and placement of tympanostomy tubes before the session. Medical student participants rated their knowledge of the steps of the procedure and where to insert the tympanostomy tube at 2 (2 = disagree) or below with a mean of 1.35 SD = 0.47 and 1.2 SD = 0.41 respectively. At the completion of the educational session, the medical students rated their knowledge of the steps of the procedure as significantly improved at 4.45 SD = 0.6 (p = 0.00001)., Discussion: We found that medical students with no prior exposure to ear anatomy or surgical training were able to use the simulator as an introduction to the specialty. There was a perceived improvement in their medical knowledge and basics of a procedural skill., Conclusion: Medical schools can provide an inexpensive, safe, procedural practice tool using 3D printing as an introduction for students interested in surgical procedures., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Open airway reconstruction is a highly specialized skill. Simulation affords the opportunity to practice surgical skills in a low stakes environment which is particularly important for a high acuity, low frequency operation. Although animal models have been described, these present ethical and financial barriers, and therefore are not ideal to expose residents to airway reconstruction techniques. To our knowledge there is not a commercially available simulator for laryngotracheal reconstruction., Objectives: This study describes a novel, low-fidelity simulation technique for laryngotracheal reconstruction using a cartilage graft., Methods: We designed a low-fidelity simulator to represent the trachea, esophagus, and cartilage graft using tubing from a Luken's trap, vinyl backwash hose, and pig's ears from a non-specialty grocery store. The model was evaluated with a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree)., Results: Twelve participants attended simulation sessions. Participants reported a mean score (+/-SD) 4.25 ± 0.75 that the tissue characteristics were adequate and 4.50 ± 0.79 that sutures could be placed. There was universal strong agreement that the tissue could be manipulated appropriately (5 ± 0). The cost per resident was less than 4 dollars., Conclusion: We present a readily available, easy to construct, and low cost simulation model for open airway reconstruction that can be used as a stand-alone simulator or in preparation for an animal dissection course. Our participants reported that the model had acceptable tissue characteristics to practice performing laryngotracheal reconstruction with a cartilage graft., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Dysphonia is common in pediatrics and affects individuals from infancy through their teenage years. Pediatric dysphonia has a variable impact on children, ranging from no impact to a severe social barrier. Although most etiologies are benign, potentially life-threatening causes must be ruled out by direct examination of the larynx. The most common benign lesions of the larynx in pediatrics are vocal nodules, vocal fold polyps, cysts, granulomas, ectasias, sulcus vocalis, and vascular lesions, including hemangioma and postcricoid cushion. Treatment of benign vocal lesions should be tailored to the individual patient and the perceived impact., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To perform a needs-based assessment for tracheostomy care education for nonsurgical first responders in the hospital setting and to implement and assess the efficacy of a targeted tracheostomy educational program., Methods: A prospective observational study conducted between October 2017 and May 2018 including emergency medicine (EM) residents, internal medicine (IM) residents, and intensive care unit (ICU) advanced practice providers at 2 tertiary hospitals. Needs-based assessments were conducted, leading to specialty specific curricula. One-hour educational sessions included didactics and case-based simulation. A pre- and posttest objective knowledge quiz and self-assessment were administered, and a posttest was repeated at 6 months., Results: There were 85 participants (13 ICU, 40 EM, 32 IM). Significant improvement ( P < .05) in mean objective knowledge score was seen across all groups between pre- and postintervention assessments with relative but not significant improvement at 6 months. There were significant increases in comfort level from pre- to postintervention. At 6-month follow-up, comfort level remained significantly increased for the majority of questions for the EM group and for select questions for IM and ICU advanced practice provider groups., Discussion: Nonsurgeons are often first responders to critical airway situations yet receive limited formal education regarding tracheostomy. We demonstrated improvement in knowledge and comfort after a targeted educational module for tracheostomy care and management., Implications for Practice: Although tracheostomy care is multidisciplinary, specialty-specific education may provide a more relevant foundation on which to build skills. Prompt and effective management of tracheostomy emergencies by first responders may improve patient safety and reduce mortality.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of Shortwave infrared (SWIR) otoscopy in a pediatric population and establish differences with visible otoscopy., Methods: Pediatric patients 3 years of age and older seen in the otolaryngology clinic with an audiogram and tympanogram obtained within a week of the visit were recruited for video otoscopy using visible light otoscopy and SWIR otoscopy. Videos were rated by two otolaryngologists based on ability to identify the promontory, ability to identify the ossicular chain and presence or absence of middle ear fluid., Results: A total of 74 video recordings of ears were obtained in 20 patients. We obtained interpretable images in 63/74 (85.1%) ears. There was no statistical significance between ability to perform SWIR otoscopy versus white light video otoscopy as indicated by a p-value of 0.376. There was high inter-rater agreement for identification of both the promontory and the ossicular chain with Kappa values of 0.81 and 0.92 respectively. There was statistical significance between SWIR otoscopy and visible otoscopy in the ability to image the promontory (p = 0.012) and the ossicular chain (p = 0.010). Increased contrast of middle ear fluid was seen in SWIR otoscopy when compared to visible otoscopy., Conclusion: SWIR otoscopy is feasible in a pediatric population and could offer some advantages over visible light otoscopy such as better visualization of the middle ear structures through the tympanic membrane and increased contrast for middle ear effusions., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: The Critical Airway Risk Evaluation (CARE) system is an airway classification system we designed to improve handoffs between caregivers by describing the risk of a patient's airway above the tracheotomy tube, and therefore the correct resuscitation maneuvers in the event of an airway emergency. It is designed to quickly communicate 3 categories: 1-easily intubatable; 2-intubatable with specialized techniques or equipment; or 3-not intubatable. We have demonstrated previously that the system is easily taught to and used by pediatric otolaryngologists. For this system to be useful, it must be usable by a broader group, including first responders to a tracheostomy related airway emergency. The objective of this study is to analyze the reliability of teaching and ease of learning the CARE system among practicing otolaryngologists, otolaryngology residents, and pediatric residents., Methods: A brief tutorial was designed to introduce the scale and was presented to practicing otolaryngologists, otolaryngology residents, and pediatrics residents. A 30-point questionnaire was administered in which patient's airways and airway management techniques were described. Participants were asked to classify each example according to the CARE system. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and Fleiss' kappa reliability., Results: A total of 66 physicians participated in the study. The pediatric residents correctly identified the patients' airway class 89% of the time (26.6/30 ± SD = 2.9). Otolaryngology attendings and residents answered correctly 92% of the time (27.7/30 ± SD = 2.9), which was not statistically different (p = 0.23). Inter-rater reliability was also substantial among all groups, with a Fleiss' kappa greater than 0.7 for all groups., Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the system can be taught to pediatrics residents as effectively as it can be taught to otolaryngology residents and practicing otolaryngologists and, therefore, can be effectively utilized in inter-disciplinary handoffs to facilitate information transfer to potential first responders., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Cleft palate is one of the most common congenital anomalies, yet surgical repair remains challenging and can lead to significant complications in the hands of inexperienced surgeons. There is a great need for the development of a simulation model that will allow surgeons worldwide to learn and practice the intricate skills needed for cleft palate surgery., Objectives: 1. To develop a low-cost incomplete cleft palate simulation model using additive manufacturing technology (3D printing). 2. To evaluate its validity and utility to teach palatoplasty in a global health care setting., Methods: Three-dimensional models of a soft palate cleft and an incomplete hard and soft palate cleft were developed using 3D printing and silicone casting. The cost and time of assembly of the 3D printed models were calculated. The models were then assessed for validity by cleft surgeons and trainees during a cleft mission in Ecuador. 3D models were assessed for resemblance to anatomy and tissue characteristics, the ability to incise the soft tissue, dissect and reposition the palatal flaps, and the ease of suture placement. Models were rated using the Likeness to Human Tissue Scale., Results: Cleft palate simulators were successfully developed using 3D printing and silicone casting. Participants reported that models provided a realistic representation of human anatomy and were adequate for novice surgeons to practice the procedure. The models were portable, low cost, and easily assembled., Conclusion: The use of 3D printed haptic simulation models for teaching and learning cleft palate repair techniques could enhance skill acquisition and possibly improve surgical outcomes. In outreach settings, it could help achieve local, sustainable comprehensive care for cleft palate patients., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Objectives Burnout is a well-described psychological construct with 3 aspects: exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. The objective of this study was to assess whether faculty members of an otolaryngology residency program exhibit measurable signs and symptoms of burnout with respect to their roles as medical educators. Study Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery residency program. Subjects and Methods Faculty members from an otolaryngology residency program, all of whom are involved in resident education, completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey (MBI-ES). The surveys were completed anonymously and scored with the MBI-ES scoring key. Results Twenty-three faculty members completed the MBI-ES, and 16 (69.6%) showed symptoms of burnout, as evidenced by unfavorable scores on at least 1 of the 3 indices (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, or low personal accomplishment). The faculty consistently reported moderate to high personal accomplishment and low depersonalization. There were variable responses in the emotional exhaustion subset, which is typically the first manifestation of the development of burnout. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first application of the MBI-ES to investigate burnout among otolaryngology faculty members as related to their role as medical educators. Discovering symptoms of burnout at an early stage affords a unique and valuable opportunity to intervene. Future investigation is underway into potential causes and solutions.

Introduction: There has been a growing shift towards endoscopic management of laryngeal procedures in pediatric otolaryngology. There still appears to be a shortage of pediatric otolaryngology programs and children's hospitals worldwide where physicians can learn and practice these skills. Laryngeal simulation models have the potential to be part of the educational training of physicians who lack exposure to relatively uncommon pediatric otolaryngologic pathology., Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the utility of pediatric laryngeal models to teach laryngeal pathology to physicians at an international meeting., Methods: Pediatric laryngeal models were assessed by participants at an international pediatric otolaryngology meeting. Participants provided demographic information and previous experience with pediatric airways. Participants then performed simulated surgery on these models and evaluated them using both a previously validated Tissue Likeness Scale and a pre-simulation to post-simulation confidence scale., Results: Participants reported significant subjective improvement in confidence level after use of the simulation models (p < 0.05). Participants reported realistic representations of human anatomy and pathology. The models' tissue mechanics were adequate to practice operative technique including the ability to incise, suture, and suspend models., Conclusion: The pediatric laryngeal models demonstrate high quality anatomy, which is easy manipulated with surgical instruments. These models allow both trainees and surgeons to practice time-sensitive airway surgeries in a safe and controlled environment., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Simulation to acquire and test technical skills is an essential component of medical education and residency training in both surgical and nonsurgical specialties. High-quality simulation education relies on the availability, accessibility, and reliability of models. The objective of this work was to describe a practical pediatric laryngeal model for use in otolaryngology residency training. Ideally, this model would be low-cost, have tactile properties resembling human tissue, and be reliably reproducible., Study Design: Pediatric laryngeal models were developed using two manufacturing methods: direct three-dimensional (3D) printing of anatomical models and casted anatomical models using 3D-printed molds. Polylactic acid, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) were used for the directly printed models, whereas a silicone elastomer (SE) was used for the casted models., Methods: The models were evaluated for anatomic quality, ease of manipulation, hardness, and cost of production. A tissue likeness scale was created to validate the simulation model. Fleiss' Kappa rating was performed to evaluate interrater agreement, and analysis of variance was performed to evaluate differences among the materials., Results: The SE provided the most anatomically accurate models, with the tactile properties allowing for surgical manipulation of the larynx. Direct 3D printing was more cost-effective than the SE casting method but did not possess the material properties and tissue likeness necessary for surgical simulation., Conclusion: The SE models of the pediatric larynx created from a casting method demonstrated high quality anatomy, tactile properties comparable to human tissue, and easy manipulation with standard surgical instruments. Their use in a reliable, low-cost, accessible, modular simulation system provides a valuable training resource for otolaryngology residents., Level of Evidence: N/A. Laryngoscope, 127:E132-E137, 2017., (© 2016 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Objective: To test for ototoxicity after prolonged ototopical fluoroquinolone use in the middle ear space using a murine model., Design: Nonrandomized controlled trial., Subjects: Twelve CBA/J mice., Interventions: The mice received daily intratympanic injections of ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone otic suspension for 21 days. The contralateral ear received daily intratympanic injections of sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution (saline) as a control., Main Outcome Measures: Click-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were obtained before injection and 10 days and 3 months after injection., Results: Mean (SEM) preinjection ABR thresholds were 47.17 (2.74) dB peak equivalent sound pressure level (peSPL) in ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone-treated ears and 45.08 (1.56) dB peSPL in saline-treated ears (P = .38). Mean (SEM) postinjection ABR thresholds in ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone-treated ears were 44.25 (1.25) dB peSPL after 10 days and 43.00 (1.51) dB peSPL after 3 months. Mean (SEM) postinjection ABR thresholds in saline-treated ears were 48.00 (1.51) dB peSPL after 10 days and 45.92 (1.79) dB peSPL after 3 months. There were no significant differences in ABR thresholds for ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone-treated ears (P = .29, P = .10) or saline-treated ears (P = .07, P = .59)., Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone suspension did not cause either immediate or delayed ototoxicity after 21 days of intratympanic administration in the CBA/J mouse model.

Epiglottitis is a rare but life-threatening emergency. The etiology of epiglottitis may be infectious or, less commonly, non-infectious. Causes of non-infectious epiglottitis as reported in the literature include thermal injury, caustic ingestion, and foreign body ingestion. Epiglottitis related to foreign body ingestion has been reported in the literature as an injury due to attempts at retrieval using a blind finger sweep. We report a case of epiglottitis following ingestion and spontaneous expulsion of a bottle cap in a 15-month-old boy.