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In its development of one hundred years, anthropology evolved from travelogues of explorers to in-depth exploration of human from all possible angles. In its every venture, anthropologists were/are always in try to get closer to cultural affairs and dive deeper into human subjectivity. To achieve these purposes a series of theories and methods were developed, which served a lot, but with time it was also felt that readers idea of a research is anchored with and limited within the textual analysis written by the researcher. This dependency on the text was (and still) restricting the researcher to convey an actual image of the studied phenomenon, and also confining the readers from exploring their subjective self in finding meaning. The emergence of using visual aids in anthropology during the 90s opened a pathway for the researcher to make their researched visible to the audience. This visibility opens up many scopes of interpretation that are hitherto invisible. Though, researchers of other disciplines started the use of visual way before anthropologists. But its efficiency in transmitting meaning soon pulled the attention of anthropological social researchers. Since then, visual in anthropology has evolved in its use and presently one of the frontrunning methods in anthropological research. This article is systematically reviewing the history to present of visual anthropology with reference to theoretical development and practical use of the same. Keywords: visual anthropology, photograph, ethnography, movies, photovoice

The immune system must be able to respond to a myriad of different threats, each requiring a distinct type of response. Here, we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic lysine deacetylase HDAC7 in macrophages is a metabolic switch that triages danger signals to enable the most appropriate immune response. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble signals indicating distal or far-away danger trigger HDAC7-dependent glycolysis and proinflammatory IL-1β production. In contrast, HDAC7 initiates the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) for NADPH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in response to the more proximal threat of nearby bacteria, as exemplified by studies on uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). HDAC7-mediated PPP engagement via 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) generates NADPH for antimicrobial ROS production, as well as D-ribulose-5-phosphate (RL5P) that both synergizes with ROS for UPEC killing and suppresses selective inflammatory responses. This dual functionality of the HDAC7-6PGD-RL5P axis prioritizes responses to proximal threats. Our findings thus reveal that the PPP metabolite RL5P has both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities and that engagement of enzymes in catabolic versus anabolic metabolic pathways triages responses to different types of danger for generation of inflammatory versus antimicrobial responses, respectively.

TLRs reprogram macrophage metabolism, enhancing glycolysis and promoting flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to enable histone acetylation and inflammatory gene expression. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) family of lysine deacetylases regulates both TLR-inducible glycolysis and inflammatory responses. Here, we show that the TLR4 agonist LPS, as well as agonists of other TLRs, rapidly increase enzymatic activity of the class IIa HDAC family (HDAC4, 5, 7, 9) in both primary human and murine macrophages. This response was abrogated in murine macrophages deficient in histone deacetylase 7 (Hdac7), highlighting a selective role for this specific lysine deacetylase during immediate macrophage activation. With the exception of the TLR3 agonist polyI:C, TLR-inducible activation of Hdac7 enzymatic activity required the MyD88 adaptor protein. The rapid glycolysis response, as assessed by extracellular acidification rate, was attenuated in Hdac7-deficient mouse macrophages responding to submaximal LPS concentrations. Surprisingly however, reconstitution of these cells with either wild-type or an enzyme-dead mutant of Hdac7 enhanced LPS-inducible glycolysis, whereas only the former promoted production of the inflammatory mediators Il-1β and Ccl2. Thus, Hdac7 enzymatic activity is required for TLR-inducible production of specific inflammatory mediators, whereas it acts in an enzyme-independent fashion to reprogram metabolism in macrophages responding to submaximal LPS concentrations. Hdac7 is thus a bifurcation point for regulated metabolism and inflammatory responses in macrophages. Taken together with existing literature, our findings support a model in which submaximal and maximal activation of macrophages via TLR4 instruct glycolysis through distinct mechanisms, leading to divergent biological responses.

Increasingly, robots are decision makers in manufacturing, finance, medicine, and other areas, but the technology may not be trusted enough for reasons such as gaps between expectation and competency, challenges in explainable AI, users’ exposure level to the technology, etc. To investigate the trust issues between users and robots, the authors employed in this study, the case of robots making decisions in football (or “soccer” as it is known in the US) games as referees. More specifically, we presented a study on how the appearance of a human and three robotic linesmen (as presented in a study by Malle et al.) impacts fans’ trust and preference for them. Our online study with 104 participants finds a positive correlation between “Trust” and “Preference” for humanoid and human linesmen, but not for “AI” and “mechanical” linesmen. Although no significant trust differences were observed for different types of linesmen, participants do prefer human linesman to mechanical and humanoid linesmen. Our qualitative study further validated these quantitative findings by probing possible reasons for people’s preference: when the appearance of a linesman is not humanlike, people focus less on the trust issues but more on other reasons for their linesman preference such as efficiency, stability, and minimal robot design. These findings provide important insights for the design of trustworthy decision-making robots which are increasingly integrated to more and more aspects of our everyday lives.

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) are bursts of electromagnetic energy released when supermassive black holes at the center of galaxies violently disrupt stars that pass too close. TDEs provide a new window to study accretion onto supermassive black holes; in some cases, this accretion leads to launching of a relativistic jet, but the necessary conditions are not fully understood. Here, we report the optical discovery of AT2022cmc, a rapidly fading source located at redshift z=1.19325. Observations of a bright counterpart at other wavelengths, including X-rays, sub-millimeter, and radio, supports the interpretation of AT2022cmc as a jetted TDE containing a synchrotron ``afterglow.'' Using 4 years of Zwicky Transient Facility survey data, we calculated a rate of 0.02 ^{+ 0.04 }_{- 0.01 } Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1} for jetted TDEs based on the luminous, fast-fading red component, thus providing a measurement complementary to the rates derived from X--ray and radio observations (Brown et al., 2015), confirming that ~1% of TDEs have on-axis jets. Forthcoming observations of AT2022cmc could resolve the jet through high-resolution imaging, while optical surveys have the potential to unveil a population of cosmological flares of the AT2022cmc class.

This paper presents a numerical study on simulated spectra and point spread functions in the database that we constructed by moderate grouping of nine layers in a skin model. The database is used for identification of a simulated skin reflectance spectrum which seems most closed to a certain target spectrum or a measured spectrum. On the basis of the properties of absorption and scattering coefficients in a nine-layered skin tissue model, we classify nine layers into two and three groups for changing values of the absorption and scattering coefficients, respectively, and then reflectance spectra are simulated by Monte Carlo method with these five groups to build reflectance spectral database. The desired spectrum is extracted from the database by using the root mean square error. To identify uniquely the most desirable spectrum among some similar spectra contained in the database, we propose additionally the use of a point spread function of reflected intensity on the skin surface. Simulated results demonstrate that this approach is promising to identify the most likely spectrum that is fit to the target spectrum. The finally identified spectrum in the database gives its absorption and scattering coefficients in each of the nine layers which are used to estimate skin conditions.

Undernutrition and ageing may have a significant effect on body composition. A cross sectional study was conducted to explore the age-related variations among different anthropometric and body composition characteristics amongst the adult Kheria Sabar males of Purulia district of West Bengal. From fifteen villages, 304 apparently healthy adult males aged 18–60 years were selected at random. Subjects were categorized into four age groups and standard anthropometric measurements were used like height (HT), weight (WT), mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) and skinfolds of biceps (BSF), triceps (TSF) and sub-scapular (SSSF) region. Derived variables of body mass index (BMI), per cent body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were also calculated. Majority of the variables were found to be inversely correlated with age. Positive (HT, WT, MUAC, BMI, FFM and FFMI) and negative (FM and FMI) significant differences were observed across different age groups. It was also observed that the frequency of undernutrition (62.6%) was the highest among the elderly people with 47.6% overall prevalence. This study clearly indicates that among the undernourished individuals, older people were more vulnerable to malnutrition and thus immediate nutritional intervention is required.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyse removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues on both histone and non-histone proteins to control numerous cellular processes. Of the 11 zinc-dependent classical HDACs, HDAC4, 5, 7 and 9 are class IIa HDAC enzymes that regulate cellular and developmental processes through both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Over the last two decades, HDAC7 has been associated with key roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Molecular, cellular, in vivo and disease association studies have revealed that HDAC7 acts through multiple mechanisms to control biological processes in immune cells, osteoclasts, muscle, the endothelium and epithelium. This HDAC protein regulates gene expression, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell survival and consequently controls development, angiogenesis, immune functions, inflammation and metabolism. This review focuses on the cell biology of HDAC7, including the regulation of its cellular localisation and molecular mechanisms of action, as well as its associative and causal links with cancer and inflammatory, metabolic and fibrotic diseases. We also review the development status of small molecule inhibitors targeting HDAC7 and their potential for intervention in different disease contexts.

Kheria Sabars are an indigenous community living in the rural areas of Purulia, West Bengal, India. This work aims to study dietary intake and its relation to nutritional status among adult Kheria Sabar males aged 18-60. The study entails the recording of anthropometric variables like height (cm) and weight (kg) as per the standard protocol and calculating body mass index (BMI). Dietary intake was recorded on the basis of the 24-h dietary recall method. The intake of different nutrients was computed and compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Indians by the Indian Council of Medical Research Expert Committee. Results revealed a paradox where undernutrition was prevalent (44.28%) despite balanced nutrient intake. This paradox creates scope for further exploratory research among other communities living in similar habitats.

Lip print pattern (LPP) is unique to each individual. For decades, forensic experts have used LPP for personal identification to solve criminal cases. However, studies investigating ethnic variation in LPP are scanty. Our study wanted to investigate variation in LPP between two ethnic groups, Oraon tribals and Bengalee Hindus, residing in West Bengal, India. A total of 280 participants included 112 Oraons and168 Bengalee Hindus of both. Prints were taken using dark shaded lipstick and transparent cellophane tape and recorded into white A4 sheet. Prints were divided into four quadrants and examined by magnifying glass. For analysis of results, classification of Suzuki and Tsuchihashi was followed. A p value of 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. It was observed that Type II pattern was dominant in first and second quadrants in both ethnic groups, irrespective of sex. Combination of Type II+III was found to be the most common pattern in males among both Oraons (16.2%) and Bengalee Hindus (12.2%) whereas in females Type II pattern (25.0%) among Oraons and Type III pattern among Bengalee Hindus (11.4%) was the most common. Chi square test showed statistically significant difference among females (p

Background: Undernutrition, particularly Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED), among tribal males is a major health problem in India. In the recent years, prevalence of Hypertension (HT) is increasing among them. Our cross sectional study assessed the nutritional status as well as prevalence of HT and compare the association of different anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) variables with age among Sabar adult males of Purulia District, West Bengal, India. Research Methods: Measurements of height, weight, hip and waist circumferences, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate of 215 adults aged 18-63 years were taken following standard procedure and calibrated machines. Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), Conicity Index (CI) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) were calculated. The ANOVA and Chi Square tests and correlation analysis were performed to test for significant differences and association between variables. Statistical significant was set at 0.05. Results: The coexistence of high prevalence of undernutrition based on BMI (CED = 47.0%) and HT (37.7%) among adult male Sabars was observed. Conclusion: Paradoxically, there existed a high prevalence of CED and HT among Sabar men. Further research is required to fully understand the mechanism behind this paradox. Apparently, this population seems to suffer from a double burden of high CED and HT. Similar studies should also be undertaken among other tribal populations (both men and women) to determine whether such a paradox exists among them.

We examine a two-player game with two-armed exponential bandits a la (Keller et al. in Econometrica 73:39–68, 2005), where players operate different technologies for exploring the risky option. We characterise the set of Markov perfect equilibria and show that there always exists an equilibrium in which the player with the inferior technology uses a cut-off strategy. All Markov perfect equilibria imply the same amount of experimentation but differ with respect to the expected speed of the resolution of uncertainty. If and only if the degree of asymmetry between the players is high enough, there exists a Markov perfect equilibrium in which both players use cut-off strategies. Whenever this equilibrium exists, it welfare dominates all other equilibria. This contrasts with the case of symmetric players, where there never exists a Markov perfect equilibrium in cut-off strategies.

This chapter shows the design guideline of a simple calculator in the laboratory using FPGA board. Since FPGA prototyping is a promising and also challenging alternative for low cost hardware design, the authors have attempted to design some fundamental arithmetic and logical operations using FPGA. Hence, this is also the core of any multiprocessor design. Proposed architecture of the calculator is able to compute any of four basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and some logical operations as specified by the user and the output results are displayed dynamically on the LCD screen of the FPGA board. This architecture may be upgraded for more versatile use such as computation of scientific operations by adding few other sub-modules. Present design of calculator follows very simple algorithm and hardware resource requirement is also minimal. Hence, it can be successfully verified in any laboratory by using even low-level starter FPGA kit.

The present work introduces a novel segmentation approach for detection of brain tumor in presence of surrounding obscured tissues. In this view, kernel-based fuzzy clustering algorithm is employed to capture the clear boundary of the tumors. Proposed method also considers two significant features of brain MRI for segmentation; one is regional entropy and the other regional brightness. The most important issue of fuzzy clustering algorithm is the selection of optimal number of clusters prior to the clustering. This work determines the optimal cluster number by introducing the concept of cluster validity indices. Employing five different cluster validity indices, the optimal cluster number is obtained for both of the features. Then, these two features are integrated using principal component analysis method. Following this, shape characteristics of the segmented tumors are extracted for grading the benignancy/malignancy of the tumors. Finally, the superiority of the proposed segmentation approach is compared with similar research works in this field and its efficiency is studied in terms of the classification indices.

We analyze a model where the government has to decide whether to impose a lockdown in a country to prevent the spread of a possibly virulent disease. If the government decides to impose a lockdown, it has to determine its intensity, timing and duration. We find that there are two competing effects that push the decision in opposite directions. An early lockdown is beneficial not only to slow down the spread of the disease, but creates beneficial habit formation (such as social distancing, developing hygienic habits) that persists even after the lockdown is lifted. Against this benefit of an early lockdown, there is a cost from loss of information about the virulence and spread of the disease in the population in addition to a direct cost to the economy. Based on the prior probability of the disease being virulent, we characterize the timing, intensity and duration of a lockdown with the above mentioned tradeoffs. Specifically, we show that as the precision of learning goes up, a government tends to delay the imposition of lockdown. Conversely, if the habit formation parameter is very strong, a government is likely to impose an early lockdown., Highlights • We characterize the trade-offs involved in a lockdown of a nation. • Lockdown prevents disease propagation and induces changes in population habits. • Early lockdown leads to benefits from habit formation but impedes learning. • Strength of learning versus habit changes determines optimal lockdown policy. • Policy also depends on the strength of the economic loss and public backlash

The Andamans are a chain of many islands running north to south in the Bay of Bengal together with Nicobar Islands to the south. These islands are still the homeland of the most primitive, sensitive and isolated communities of the world but unfortunately left in small numbers these days. Among the major inhabitants in these areas, till date, Sentinelese are the only one being able to continue their own traditional life and livelihood by persistently disallowing outsiders in their territory. Other Negrito groups, namely the Great Andamanese, the Onges and the Jarawas, were the victims of intrusion and experienced adverse impacts during colonial period. As an inevitable effect of contact with the outside people, the survival of these hunter-gatherers has been threatened resulting in declination in population size and displacement from natural habitat, and even after independence, the additional burden of a settlement of the thousands of refugees and increasing demand for more lands pushed them to an edge of extinction. The sufferings of the natives have been documented by many administrators starting from 1789, the first British invasion in these areas. In this article, authors have attempted to examine the historical link between isolations to the interaction of the natives to the policies of the British colonial administration. Within this framework, the situation of the Great Andamanese, Onge and Jarawa was analysed as integrally intertwined with and affected by shifting agendas of development throughout British Raj.

In a recent paper by Yu (arXiv:2008.05633, 2020), higher order derivatives of self-intersection local time of fractional Brownian motion were defined, and existence over certain regions of the Hurst parameter $H$ was proved. Utilizing the Wiener chaos expansion, we provide new proofs of Yu's results, and show how a Varadhan-type renormalization can be used to extend the range of convergence for the even derivatives.

Spectral reflectance in human skin tissue has been studied through Monte Carlo simulation using the Nine-layered skin tissue model. It is important to estimate absorption and scattering parameters of human skin tissue to know the condition of human skin. In this study, we investigated a method for estimating the absorption and scattering parameters by considering the effect of specific layers on the spectral band in the spectral reflectance database of human skin generated by Monte Carlo simulation.

The report said that 30 to 40% of all of the primary energy sources used worldwide have used in buildings. This energy use may directly or indirectly affects in the environment. Also it causes the changes in climate, degrades the environment and increases the air pollution. These building do not increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. “Net” word stands for the interchanging of energy within the proposed structure and potency framework. Net ZEB is an renewable energy infrastructure. In this work we are presenting a model of Zero Energy Building which is running on renewable energy, main ingredient of buildings green concrete.

This paper reviews the state of field of nanotechnology in concrete technology field. The outstanding chemical any physical property of nanomaterials helps in structural reinforcement and redemption of environmental pollution, and also in producing self cleaning materials. Concrete is one of the most used materials in structural applications, where strength, costing, durability of playing a key role in high attribute of concrete. In this paper we tried to review the application of nanotechnology in concrete production. The paper first presents general information and definitions of nanotechnology. Then, it focuses on the most effective nano- additives that can increase the rheological and hardened properties of concrete.