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Copyright of Monatsschrift fuer Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with a ruling by the Administrative Court of Austria (VwGH) regarding claims for compensation for loss of earnings under the Crime Victims Compensation Act (VOG). The court states that specific findings regarding health damage and causal actions must be made in order to assess claims. The ruling overturns a previous decision due to procedural errors. It was found that the plaintiff suffers from various health problems, but could not prove a causal connection between the suffered abuse and the current health problems. The court dismissed the plaintiff's complaint and declared an ordinary appeal inadmissible. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Psychosozial is the property of Psychosozial-Verlag GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Den Konstruktivismus-Artikel zusammenfassen zu wollen, heißt konsequenter- oder paradoxerweise ihn nicht letztgültig beschreiben oder einzelnen Autor:innen zuordnen zu können. Den Konstruktivismus gibt es – konstruktivistisch betrachtet – nämlich gar nicht. Es oder er ist vielmehr davon abhängig, wer ihn beschreibt (Beobachter) und wie er beschrieben wird (Sprache als Medium) und wofür er beschrieben wird (Kontextualisierung). Der folgende Beitrag entscheidet sich für die Entscheidung den Versuch einige Grundgedanken „des“ Konstruktivismus durch das Beobachten beim Beobachten (Beschreiben) aufzuzeigen (Kybernetik 2. Ordnung). Konstruktivistisches Denken ist per se nicht originell: man kann es zusammenfassend als eine Art das „Denken zu Be-denken“ begreifen, das seine Wurzel sehr stark in naturwissenschaftlich-biologischen Sichtweisen hat und in seinen Wirkungen die grundlegende Betrachtungsweise für die angewandten systemischen und hypnosystemischen Ansätze in den therapeutischen, psychologischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialwissenschaftlichen Wissenschaften ist. Metaperspektivisch formuliert sich eine Meta-Theorie aus den Gebieten der Neurobiologie/ Neurowissenschaften, der Wissenssoziologie, der Kybernetik, der erkenntnistheoretisch ausgerichteten Geschichte der Philosophie und der Psychologie. Selbst der Begriff Theorie greift, wie im Folgenden noch zu zeigen ist, zu kurz: es handelt sich vielmehr um eine eigene Art des „in und auf die Welt Empfindens, Sehens und Fühlens“: Entsprechend diesen Wurzeln kann man wissenschaftshistorisch mindestens den radikalen, den philosophischen, den (neuro)biologischen, den psychologischen, den kybernetischen, den wissens-soziologischen Konstruktivismus und den sog. Erlanger-Konstruktivismus unterscheiden. Im Folgenden folgen die Grundgedanken, die alle „Spielarten“ des Konstruktivismus miteinander verbinden bzw. teilen.

The Supreme Court in Austria has ruled that there is official liability for faulty official actions according to the Medical Devices Act. It has been determined that omission can also be considered as unlawful and negligent organizational action if there was a duty to act and proper action could have prevented the occurrence of damage. In the present case, a plaintiff suffered physical and mental pain due to a material defect in the use of a coil. The Federal Office for Safety in Health Care (BASG) is accused of unlawfully and negligently failing to take the necessary measures to prevent damage caused by defective coils. It is emphasized that the obligations of legal entities are determined in the interest of the general public and the affected patients. The BASG is responsible for monitoring the safety and quality of medical devices and has the duty to prevent harm to patients, users, and third parties. [Extracted from the article]

Throughout the history of parapsychology, complaints about a lack of a theory that would explain psi phenomena have regularly been advanced. Indeed, a theory that can explain psi in a manner comparable to robust theories in mainstream sciences does not currently exist. Moreover, the existing parapsychological theories stand largely separate and represent disconnected approaches. In this contribution, I suggest that the situation regarding theories of psi could be improved by developing a synthetic theory that posits specific core assumptions on which existing theories and models of the origins of psi could be integrated. Formulating such a theory that focuses on the communalities and compatibilities of existing models rather than on their differences would increase the coherence of parapsychological theorizing and would therefore benefit parapsychology. In order to show that such an approach has already worked in the past, I also introduce the "evolutionary synthesis" that was developed by biologists about 90 years ago. I furthermore argue that the demand that parapsychologists must develop a theory of psi that complies with contemporary mainstream sciences is principally inappropriate due to the very nature of psi. This is no reason for regret because the exceptional significance of parapsychological research lies in providing direct empirical evidence for a non-physical foundation of existence. In this respect, it holds a leading role in shaping the most accurate science-based model for understanding our world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Unfallchirurg is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Internist is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Patients ask their doctors why their illness has happened to them. Answers to this kind of question are often not only scientifically wrong but may induce feelings of guilt and despair. Starting from the deductive-nomological model of a scientific explanation suggested by Hempel and Oppenheimer, this article develops a proposal to answer the question in a scientific defendable way. In this I follow van Fraassen who conceptualizes scientific explanations as answers to why-questions. When patients formulate their why-questions, they may imply highly idiosyncratic comparison groups and reference classes. Clinicians must carefully explore the background of each question because an adequate answer depends on the original meaning of the question. When presenting evidence from clinical or epidemiological studies, physicians must be aware of the probabilistic nature of most medical knowledge. The task of the individual causal explanation in the clinical setting is contrasted with causal research conducted with groups. Answering patients' why-questions requires not only knowledge and methodological understanding, but also communication skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wirtschaftsrechtliche Blätter is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims: The new Reichenhall recommendations are primarily aimed at assisting experts as an instruction manual as well as the case processing and the social jurisdiction. They represent the current state of knowledge on the diagnostics and assessment of causal connections between effects and disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases more comprehensively and more precisely than previously. Content: The typical course of an assessment is presented which, after confirmation of the diagnosis, contains the assessment of the connection (causality) and finally the assessment of functionality (reduction in capacity to work). A differentiation between the symptomatics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma is made. The problematic of antiobstructive medication will be dealt with. Update: A new revision is planned in 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In dieser Forschung beschäftigen wir uns eng über die kausale Kohärenz mit Funktionsangemessener Konnektoren, dem Textverständnis erleichtert zu helfen. Die kausale Kohärenz wird bisherige nur im Allgemeinen untersucht, daher muss man noch darüber untersucht werden. Die vorliegende Forschung bietet einen Überblick über die textuelle Funktion kausaler Konnektoren in der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Diese Forschung beschäftigt sich auch mit einer Bezeichnung von Kohärenz und Kausalität. Danach wird die Funktion und Wichtigkeit der Kausalität in der Linguistik mit viel detailliertere besprochen. Das Thema meiner Forschung bezieht sich auf die Arbeit mit Textverstehen und erklärt, dass man mit der Textverstehen nicht nur auf zeitliche und räumliche Kohärenz basiert werden, sondern man muss mit vielen Fragen über die Sachverhalte, die mit dem Text behandelt, um dem TEXT einen überzeugenden Sinn zuordnen zu können z.B. was geschieht und mit wem es geschieht, sondern man muss auch verstehen, warum es geschieht. Dieser Teil, der mit kausalem Zusammenhalt im Text gebunden wird, heißt kausale Kohärenz, der ist bisher weniger untergesucht. Von diesem Punkt gehen wir dann um Kausalverknüpfungen zwischen Sätzen ein, der als grammatisches Ziel unserer Forschung im Bereiche Sprachwissenschaft gilt. Im Rahmen von der deutschen kausalen Konnektoren gibt es mehr als Variante, nämlich zur Bildung von Nebensätzen die Subjektionen ‚weil‘, ‚da‘, ‚zumal‘, ‚umso mehr als‘, auch zur Bildung von Hauptsätzen die Konjunktion ‚denn‘ und auch, nämlich', doch’, die Partikeln sind. Schließlich wird noch weiter auf die bedeutendsten kausalen Konnektoren des heutigen Deutsch dargelegt sowie auf ihren syntaktischen und semantischen Hauptbesonderheiten eingegangen. Danach geht es um das linguistische Konzept des Motivs basierend auf dem Hintergrund allgemeinerer philosophischer Auswirkungen über Kausalität. Das Verursachungskonzept wird zu den grundlegenden Konzepten der Umstände und der Bedingung zugeschrieben.

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kriminologisches Journal is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary Ecosystem gut The analysis of the microbiome opened a new chapter in human biology. The composition of the gut microbiome was associated with a variety of human diseases. After an analytic research phase, scientists now search for possibilities of therapeutic interventions. The high complexity of the system and the relative lack of prospective studies make it difficult to differentiate causal relationships from mere associations. Targeted health‐promoting modulations of the gut microbiome are still difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]